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2014

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Articles 1081 - 1110 of 1587

Full-Text Articles in Biology

The Mechanical Strength Of Malosma Laurina Leaves Corresponds With Survivability During Extreme Drought, Alexander Booth, Alexander Corwin, Matthew Chung Jan 2014

The Mechanical Strength Of Malosma Laurina Leaves Corresponds With Survivability During Extreme Drought, Alexander Booth, Alexander Corwin, Matthew Chung

Featured Research

With the recent extreme drought that Southern California is facing, many plants’ survivability adaptations have proven insufficient. The Malosma laurina plant is known for it’s incredible ability to survive through droughts and wildfires with it’s adaptations of resprouts regeneration and it’s roots that can reach a depth of 40 feet to gather deep ground waters. We theorized that the mechanical strength of the leaves directly relates to its survivability during droughts. To explore this theory we took focused our theory specifically on M. laurina resprouts. With two groups, one fully alive and one dying, we took six samples from six …

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Ethnobotanical Promotion Of Fibroblast Growth Using Yerba Santa Extract, Carlie F. Dobbins, Paige A. Sutherland, Emily A. Woods Jan 2014

Ethnobotanical Promotion Of Fibroblast Growth Using Yerba Santa Extract, Carlie F. Dobbins, Paige A. Sutherland, Emily A. Woods

Featured Research

Ethnobotany is a promising way of discovering new drugs, drawing on the knowledge of generations of traditional healers. The healing qualities of Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon crassifolium) have been recognized for hundreds of years by Chumash Indians and Spanish missionaries, so much so that they came to call it “holy herb”. We decided to determine the efficacy of Yerba Santa by extracting potentially bioactive molecules in methanol and then using this extract to treat scales from goldfish (Carassius auratus) to test the hypothesis that the Yerba Santa extract would alter the growth of fibroblasts. Compared to scales treated with only modified …

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Leaf Mechanical Strength Corresponds To Tissue Water Relations In Twelve Species Of California Ferns, Breahna M. Gillespie, Stephen D. Davis, Jarmila Pitterman Jan 2014

Leaf Mechanical Strength Corresponds To Tissue Water Relations In Twelve Species Of California Ferns, Breahna M. Gillespie, Stephen D. Davis, Jarmila Pitterman

Featured Research

The dominant vegetation types in southern California’s coastal foothills are chaparral and costal sage scrub. Chaparral shrubs have mechanically strong evergreen leaves whereas coastal sage scrubs bear mechanical weak, facultative deciduous leaves. What about the ferns that live in the understory of these vegetation types, especially considering their adaptations to a summer dry, Mediterranean-type climate? We tested the hypothesis that some fern leaves are stronger than others and mechanically strong leaves are associated with greater dehydration tolerance. Twelve fern species were examined. Tissue water relations were assessed via pressure volume curves using Scholander-Hammel pressure chambers. We estimated osmotic potential at …

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Ethnobotanical Promotion Of Fibroblast Growth Using Yerba Santa Extract, Carletta F. Dobbins, Paige A. Sutherland, Emily A. Woods Jan 2014

Ethnobotanical Promotion Of Fibroblast Growth Using Yerba Santa Extract, Carletta F. Dobbins, Paige A. Sutherland, Emily A. Woods

Featured Research

Ethnobotany is a promising method for discovering new drugs, drawing on the knowledge of generations of traditional healers. For hundreds of years, the Chumash people have lived in the coastal regions of California, becoming experts on the many uses of its natural resources. One such resource is the Yerba Santa plant (Eriodictyon crassifolium), which was used by the Chumash to treat a myriad of conditions including coughs, chest pain, and fever. It was also used as a poultice on wounds and cuts, suggesting that the plant has a stimulating effect on the growth of skin cells. Because of these qualities, …

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Planetary Heat Sink Uncouples Temperature Increase From Rising Co2: Climate Change Hiatus Explained, Monica Houweling, Megan Gavitt, Jean Kim Jan 2014

Planetary Heat Sink Uncouples Temperature Increase From Rising Co2: Climate Change Hiatus Explained, Monica Houweling, Megan Gavitt, Jean Kim

Featured Research

The current hiatus in terms of global climate change has been linked to a greater phenomenon of a change in climate than seen in previous historical trends. The globe was rising in temperature throughout the beginning of the 21st century, but has entered into a hiatus, a period where the CO2 levels continue to rise but the global temperature is remaining constant. It is predicted that temperatures will continue to rise once this hiatus passes. The main cause of this hiatus, known as planetary heat sink, is the concept that the ocean is absorbing more heat to offset the increasing …

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Nutrient Return To Soil In The Santa Monica Mountains After Combustion, Taylor Brooke Shapiro, Antonia Freund, Megan Chou Jan 2014

Nutrient Return To Soil In The Santa Monica Mountains After Combustion, Taylor Brooke Shapiro, Antonia Freund, Megan Chou

Featured Research

In this study, levels of phosphorus, nitrogen, and PH from eight uniform soil samples from the Santa Monica Mountain swere assessed. Our first testing group contained four uniform samples of soil, which were tested under regular drought conditions. Our second testing group contained four identical samples, which we tested under regular drought conditions and also exposed to fire. Our hypothesis was that soil after wildfire will have different amounts of phosphorous, nitrogen, and Ph. Our research found that average phosphorus uptake in unburned samples vs. burned samples were significantly different at a P<0.0001. Nitrogen and pH levels however, were not found significantly different between burned and unburned samples.

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Circadian Rhythms Using A Non-Insulin-Dependent Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Mouse Model, Danielle Amaral Jan 2014

Circadian Rhythms Using A Non-Insulin-Dependent Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Mouse Model, Danielle Amaral

Undergraduate Review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects the lives of millions. A type 2 diabetic is unable to properly produce insulin, a hormone that helps glucose enter the cells. As a result, there are high levels of glucose in the bloodstream, which can lead to heart disease, kidney and nerve damage and loss of eyesight. It is well known that some individuals are genetically prone to the disease, and studies have shown that a disrupted sleep/ wake cycle can increase an individual’s chance of developing diabetes. Insulin is secreted in a predictable daily (i.e., circadian) pattern from …

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Pcr Based Fetal Sex Determination In Bovine Circulating Maternal Plasma, E. Barkat, M. Labram, L. Rickords Jan 2014

Pcr Based Fetal Sex Determination In Bovine Circulating Maternal Plasma, E. Barkat, M. Labram, L. Rickords

Biology Posters

PCR-based fetal sex determination by use of fetal DNA in maternal plasma in bovine is a novel scientific method that has some cost advantages in the animal production industry. In this study, our objective was to determine fetal sex in pregnant cows and establish the lower boundary at which Y-chromosome specific fetal DNA could be detected in the circulating maternal plasma using Bov97M primers. In this experiment, our results showed that 10 pg was the limit in which the Y-chromosome specific DNA was detectable in the circulating maternal plasma. Future experiments will be conducted to determine the earliest gestational age …

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Preventing Parasites: Developing A Deworming Protocol And Screening Animals At The Willow Park Zoo, Sydney Greenfield Jan 2014

Preventing Parasites: Developing A Deworming Protocol And Screening Animals At The Willow Park Zoo, Sydney Greenfield

Biology Posters

The primary object of this project was to research AZA and American Association of Zoo Veterinarian guidelines, write up a deworming protocol and schedule for the zoo, and finally begin screening collection animals.

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Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Modulates Platelet Function, Nilaksh Gupta Jan 2014

Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Modulates Platelet Function, Nilaksh Gupta

ETD Archive

Atherothrombotic diseases are responsible for more than 25 of all deaths worldwide. Anti-platelet drugs are the mainstay treatment because of the direct involvement of platelets in the initiation and propagation of thrombosis. However, the currently available anti-platelet drugs, such as antagonists of platelet receptors or of effector systems participating in platelet activation, have their own limitations. A new mode of affecting platelet reactivity may prove to offer unique advantages in a host of clinical settings. Proteasome inhibitors are in clinical use to treat hematologic cancers, but also reduce thrombosis. Whether the proteasome participates in platelet activation or function is opaque …

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Acute And Chronic Rejection: Compartmentalization And Kinetics Ff Counterbalancing Signals In Cardiac Transplants, Anupurna Kaul Jan 2014

Acute And Chronic Rejection: Compartmentalization And Kinetics Ff Counterbalancing Signals In Cardiac Transplants, Anupurna Kaul

ETD Archive

Heart disease is the major cause of mortality in the United States and other parts of the world. Heart transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end stage heart failure. However, transplanted organs fail due to either acute or chronic rejection. This acute and chronic rejection impacts distinct compartments of cardiac allografts. Acute rejection is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells whereas chronic rejection is characterized by progressive narrowing of coronary arteries. In a minor histoincompatibility mismatch mouse model we found hearts transplanted from male to female C57BL/6 mice undergo an acute rejection with diffuse interstitial infiltrates at …

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Circadian Regulation Of Mtor Signaling Via Bmal1 Dependent Mechanism, Rohini Vishal Khapre Jan 2014

Circadian Regulation Of Mtor Signaling Via Bmal1 Dependent Mechanism, Rohini Vishal Khapre

ETD Archive

Understanding mechanisms of aging is important for the treatment and prevention of age-associated pathologies. However, these mechanisms are not well understood. Recently we have demonstrated that the circadian clock (an internal time keeping system) regulates longevity in mammals, but the molecular mechanisms are not known. The aim of our current study is to investigate a possible interconnection between the circadian clock and mTORC1 (mammalian target of Rapamycin) signaling pathway. mTORC1 pathway is a nutrient response pathway involved in many cellular processes many recent studies indicate a role of mTORC1 pathway in aging. Here we demonstrate that circadian system regulates mTORC1 …

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Trypanosoma Brucei Telomere Functions In Antigenic Variation, Unnati M. Pandya Jan 2014

Trypanosoma Brucei Telomere Functions In Antigenic Variation, Unnati M. Pandya

ETD Archive

Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in cattle. They evade the host's immune defense by periodically switching their major surface antigen, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), a phenomenon termed antigenic variation. Inside its mammalian host, bloodstream form (BF) T. brucei monoallelically expresses its major surface molecule VSG from the VSG Expression Sites (ESs) located at subtelomeric loci. Monoallelic VSG expression ensures effective antigenic variation and maximizes the efficiency of T. brucei pathogenesis. In the mid-gut of its insect host (tsetse), procyclic form (PF) T. brucei expresses procyclins as the major surface molecules and …

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Study Of Role Of Ribosomal Protein L13a In Resolving Inflammation, Darshana Poddar Jan 2014

Study Of Role Of Ribosomal Protein L13a In Resolving Inflammation, Darshana Poddar

ETD Archive

Inflammation is an obligatory attempt of the host immune system to protect the body against infection. However, unregulated synthesis of pro-inflammatory products can have detrimental effects. Though mechanisms which contribute to inflammation are well appreciated, those that resolve inflammation are poorly understood. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of such pathways will provide an entirely novel approach to treat and prevent inflammatory diseases. Transcript-selective translational control can regulate the expression of a set of inflammatory genes. We have identified one such mechanism in a novel animal model which relies on the abrogation of ribosomal protein L13a-dependent translational silencing by creating macrophage-specific …

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Role Of Mtorc1 And Autophagy In The Regulation Of Chemoresistance In Leukemic B-Cells, Arishya Sharma Jan 2014

Role Of Mtorc1 And Autophagy In The Regulation Of Chemoresistance In Leukemic B-Cells, Arishya Sharma

ETD Archive

Deregulated mTORC1 contributes to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. However, mTORC1-specific inhibitors (rapalogs) show modest efficacy in the clinic, as they unleash the feedback inhibition on upstream, prosurvival pathways. An alternative approach is to target downstream functions of mTORC1. We investigated acquired resistance to fludarabine (Flu), a purine analog, active agent for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Elevated phospho-p70S6k (T389), an mTORC1 activation marker, predicted Flu resistance in a panel of B-cell tumor lines, and primary CLL cells. However, the rapalogs induced moderate cell death in Flu-resistant (FluR) and primary CLL cells. Activation of oncogenic pathways, including mTORC1, induces profound metabolic reprogramming to …

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Frequency-Dependent Mate Selection In The Guppy (Poeciliidae: Poecilia Reticulata), Andre Porter, Jack Frankel Jan 2014

Frequency-Dependent Mate Selection In The Guppy (Poeciliidae: Poecilia Reticulata), Andre Porter, Jack Frankel

Department of Biology Faculty Publications

Heterogeneity within a population enhances its long-term survival. A fundamental method of maintaining population heterogeneity is the retention of rare or uncommon phenotypes by selective mating strategies. Employing two color morphs, red tuxedo and red, of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae), this study was designed to investigate whether P. reticulata females would preferentially seek out heterogeneous groupings of males exhibiting two color morphs. Adult female guppies were exposed simultaneously to two groups of males (n=10); one comprised of only the tuxedo color morph (n=5) and the other of both color morphs (n=5). For the latter group, the ratio of males …

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Design, Synthesis And Applications Of Fluorescent And Electrochemical Probes, Giri K. Vegesna Jan 2014

Design, Synthesis And Applications Of Fluorescent And Electrochemical Probes, Giri K. Vegesna

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open

“Seeing is believing” the proverb well suits for fluorescent imaging probes. Since we can selectively and sensitively visualize small biomolecules, organelles such as lysosomes, neutral molecules, metal ions, anions through cellular imaging, fluorescent probes can help shed light on the physiological and pathophysiological path ways. Since these biomolecules are produced in low concentrations in the biochemical pathways, general analytical techniques either fail to detect or are not sensitive enough to differentiate the relative concentrations. During my Ph.D. study, I exploited synthetic organic techniques to design and synthesize fluorescent probes with desirable properties such as high water solubility, high sensitivity and …

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Effects Of River Current Inflow On Dissolved Oxygen And Temperature Of Refuge Zones For Cisco In Lake Bemidji, Bryant C. Swenson Jan 2014

Effects Of River Current Inflow On Dissolved Oxygen And Temperature Of Refuge Zones For Cisco In Lake Bemidji, Bryant C. Swenson

Journal of Earth and Life Science

The objectives of this study were to (1) determine if the inflow current from the Mississippi River affects temperature and dissolved oxygen in Lake Bemidji, (2) determine how the amount of suitable cisco Coregonus artedi habitat changes over the summer in Lake Bemidji, and (3) predict how much cisco habitat would be available under a climate warming scenario. Summer fish kill of cisco occurs in most years on Lake Bemidji resulting from low dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion and high water temperatures in the epilimnion. Dissolved oxygen and temperature profiles provided evidence to suggest the north basin is more suitable …

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The Effect Of Barometric Pressure On Feeding Activity Of Yellow Perch, Daniel Vanderweyst Jan 2014

The Effect Of Barometric Pressure On Feeding Activity Of Yellow Perch, Daniel Vanderweyst

Journal of Earth and Life Science

This is the first study to our knowledge that has attempted to relate feeding activity of fish to barometric pressure. This study was conducted with the expectation that a difference in food ingestion would occur in a game fish species at different barometric pressures. The overall objective of this study is to determine if barometric pressure influences the feeding activity of a popular game fish. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were collected by seine and trap net from Lake Bemidji 12 September through 24 October 2013. The range in size and weight of yellow perch used for this study …

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Use Of Cast Nets And Seine Hauls To Estimate Abundance Of Age-0 Yellow Perch, Michael Vaske Jan 2014

Use Of Cast Nets And Seine Hauls To Estimate Abundance Of Age-0 Yellow Perch, Michael Vaske

Journal of Earth and Life Science

Knowledge about fish population dynamics is essential for developing management plans and evaluating management success. In many lakes, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) are the main forage for many upper level predators and recreational fish species. To better manage recreational fisheries, an accurate estimate of prey abundance is necessary. The objectives of the study were to sample the littoral and limnetic zone to better estimate population of age-0 yellow perch, and obtain an estimate of the proportion of yellow perch being missed by traditional littoral seining methods. Littoral seines were conducted at three randomly selected locations in the south …

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Changing Body Condition In Walleye With Reference To Ideal Sample Size Requirements, Kevin Longtin Jan 2014

Changing Body Condition In Walleye With Reference To Ideal Sample Size Requirements, Kevin Longtin

Journal of Earth and Life Science

The objective of this study was to determine if walleye Sander vitreus percent dry weight, a measure of condition, differed among summer months of 2014 on Maple Lake, Minnesota. A second objective was to determine if there was a relationship between condition and body temperature, total length, or wet weight. Between three and six walleyes were collected per month by hook and line methods. All fish had internal body temperatures taken at the time of capture and were oven dried in the laboratory at 80 °C in order to measure percent dry weight. There was no relationship between condition and …

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Cardiac Repair And Regenerative Potential In The Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) Heart, Jamie Grivas, Maria Haag, Adedoyin Johnson, Trina Manalo, Julia Roell, Lala Tanmoy Das, Pascal J. Lafontant Jan 2014

Cardiac Repair And Regenerative Potential In The Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) Heart, Jamie Grivas, Maria Haag, Adedoyin Johnson, Trina Manalo, Julia Roell, Lala Tanmoy Das, Pascal J. Lafontant

Biology Faculty publications

The remarkable ability of the heart to regenerate has been demonstrated in the zebrafish and giant danio, two fish members of the cyprinid family. Here we use light and electron microscopy to examine the repair response in the heart of another cyprinid, the goldfish (Carassius auratus), following cautery injury to a small portion of its ventricularmyocardium. We observed a robust inflammatory response in the first two weeks consisting primarily of infiltrating macrophages, heterophils, and melanomacrophages. These inflammatory cells were identified in the lumen of the spongy heart, within the site of the wound, and attached to endocardial cells adjacent to …

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Protein 14-3-3 (Ywha) Isoforms And Their Roles In Regulating Mouse Oocyte Maturation, Santanu De Jan 2014

Protein 14-3-3 (Ywha) Isoforms And Their Roles In Regulating Mouse Oocyte Maturation, Santanu De

Biology Faculty Books and Book Chapters

The 14-3-3 (YWHA) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein family regulating important cellular processes including cell cycle. This work, for the first time, explored the differential expression and roles of 14-3-3 isoforms during mouse oocyte maturation.

All seven mammalian 14-3-3 isoforms were identified in mouse eggs and ovarian follicular cells including oocytes, by Western blotting. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of all 14-3-3 isoforms in oocytes, eggs and ovarian follicles with characteristic similarities and differences in their distributions.

Mammalian oocytes are arrested at meiosis prophase I by an inhibitory phosphorylation on Cyclin-Dependent Kinase I (CDK1), released by …

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Drought-Induced Mortality In Malosma Iaurina And Ceanothus Megacarpus In Response To California's Changing Climate, Stefano Berrios, Stefani Francisco, Olivia Kim Jan 2014

Drought-Induced Mortality In Malosma Iaurina And Ceanothus Megacarpus In Response To California's Changing Climate, Stefano Berrios, Stefani Francisco, Olivia Kim

Featured Research

The hypothesis of this research and experiment is that Malosma laurina is better adapted to drought than Ceanothus megacarpus due to its adaptation of deep roots. This addressed the question of which plants are better adapted to drought and by which adaptations are they superior. We decided to choose these two types of chaparral due to their differences in adaptations: Malosma laurina having deep roots and Ceanothus megacarpus utilizing cavitation resistance. Our method of investigation was to study the findings of scientific journal articles and to conduct our own experiment involving the mortality of Malosma laurina on the Pepperdine University …

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Comparison Of Downstream Cell Survival Responses In Huvecs And Hlecs During Vegf Signaling, Haley M. Smith, Thomas Vandergon Jan 2014

Comparison Of Downstream Cell Survival Responses In Huvecs And Hlecs During Vegf Signaling, Haley M. Smith, Thomas Vandergon

Featured Research

Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are vital processes that allow the formation of new blood and lymph vessels from existing vessels to bring oxygen and vital nutrients to the body. These processes occur through Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling to vascular endothelial cells where they bind to cell surface receptors. There are a variety of responses to these signals including cell proliferation, migration and survival. In this study Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (HLECs) were stressed with Tunicamycin and supplemented with various VEGF signals to examine how cell survival pathways might respond during VEGF signaling. …

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Reduced Ability Of Drought-Effected Plants To Assimilate Carbon Dioxide, Adrian Alvarado, Francisco De Mendiola, Julia Namkoong, Yunni Zhai Jan 2014

Reduced Ability Of Drought-Effected Plants To Assimilate Carbon Dioxide, Adrian Alvarado, Francisco De Mendiola, Julia Namkoong, Yunni Zhai

Featured Research

As a group, we hypothesized that plants affected by the drought will absorb less CO2 compared to those that are irrigated regularly by Pepperdine University. In order to test this out we used the Carbon Dioxide CO2 transmitter which analyzed the carbon dioxide levels and conduction of three leaves that are under the drought and three leaves that are fully irrigated. The results were outstanding. As we hypothesized, the irrigated leaves had significantly higher CO2 and photosynthesis values than the leaves that were in the drought. The results are clearly reflected in the data, and consistent with the initial hypothesis. …

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What You Can Do About The Negative Effects Of Methane, Jb Maza, Laurel Rodewald, Ashley Thurmond Jan 2014

What You Can Do About The Negative Effects Of Methane, Jb Maza, Laurel Rodewald, Ashley Thurmond

Featured Research

Our central objective was to investigate the apparent rise in methane emissions and whether or not they are having a negative effect on the environment. By themselves, methane emissions are natural and self-regulating (and thus do not cause damage to the atmosphere), but our thesis is that a build up of methane emissions as a result of increased human activity/negligence poses a threat to the environment, and needs to be addressed in the quest to live sustainably. In our research, we chose to focus specifically on one source of methane emissions: permafrost, both because there is a significant amount of …

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Initial Post-Fire Resprout Success Of Q. Agrifolia, J. Californica, And P. Racemosa In Sycamore Canyon, Frida Morales, Sawyer Mcgale, Drew Bowers, Zahra Madraswala, Michael Mori Jan 2014

Initial Post-Fire Resprout Success Of Q. Agrifolia, J. Californica, And P. Racemosa In Sycamore Canyon, Frida Morales, Sawyer Mcgale, Drew Bowers, Zahra Madraswala, Michael Mori

Featured Research

Resprouting after fire and during a drought can be one of the greatest challenges a plant faces. This phenomena was observed and recorded in three different species of trees: P. racemosa, Q. agrifolia, and J. californica, all located in the Sycamore Canyon study site in Pt. Mugu State Park. P. racemosa was hypothesized to initially be the most successful post fire resprouter. The rationale for this is that the DBH and deciduous factor would cause the tree's vascular system to survive and possess usable starches to power resprouting. The data was analyzed and found to support the hypothesis.

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Community Structure And Differential Mortality Of Chaparral During Extreme Drought, Keb Doak, Allison Hubbard, Alawna Jamison Jan 2014

Community Structure And Differential Mortality Of Chaparral During Extreme Drought, Keb Doak, Allison Hubbard, Alawna Jamison

Featured Research

We have set out to find, in extreme drought, which species of chaparral are dominant and why they are dominating. We thought that the indicator species of chaparral, Adenostoma fasciculatum, would have highest relative density, relative frequency, and dominance in our research area. Additionally, plants with higher water potential values would have lower percentages of mortality. Chaparral with stronger ability to fluoresce (higher Fv/Fm value) would have lower mortality percentages due to their ability to dissipate excess energy, and therefore reduce water loss. By analyzing our vegetation area using point-quarter sampling system, we were able to record data that show …

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Effects Of Personal Gardens On The Reduction Of Atmospheric Co2 And Climate Change, Jacqueline N. Brody, Paige L. Elson, Brittany V. New Jan 2014

Effects Of Personal Gardens On The Reduction Of Atmospheric Co2 And Climate Change, Jacqueline N. Brody, Paige L. Elson, Brittany V. New

Featured Research

This study aims to explore the long-term benefits of home gardening if every student at Pepperdine were to hypothetically sustain their own home garden in the state of California and the effect that this would have on state carbon absorption as a means of decreasing atmospheric CO2 and reducing further climate change.

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