Biology Commons^™

Neuroendocrine Peptides Neuropeptide-Y (Npy) And Peptide-Yy (Pyy) Suppress Cl- Secretion And K+ Secretion In Guinea Pig Distal Colon Through Action At Y2-Receptors, Susan T. Halm, Jin Zhang, Dan R. Halm

Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology Faculty Publications

Electrogenic Cl^– and K⁺ secretion in isolated mucosa from guinea pig distal colon measured as short-circuit current (I_sc) and transepithelial conductance (G_t) were stimulated by epinephrine (epi), prostaglandin-E₂ (PGE₂) and carbachol (CCh). neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and peptide-YY (PYY) inhibited by 60% Cl^– secretion activated by either PGE₂ or PGE₂+CCh with EC₅₀’s of 16nM and 6nM, respectively. Neither peptide markedly inhibited the transient component of the PGE₂+CCh response. Immunoreactivity (IR) for NPY was present in enteric ganglia and in proximity with crypts. Basolateral membranes of …

Ph-Induced Activation Of Arenavirus Membrane Fusion Is Antagonized By Small-Molecule Inhibitors, Joanne York, Dongcheng Dai, Sean M. Amberg, Jack H. Nunberg

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The arenavirus envelope glycoprotein (GPC) mediates viral entry through pH-induced membrane fusion in the endosome. This crucial process in the viral life cycle can be specifically inhibited in the New World arenaviruses by the small-molecule compound ST-294. Here, we show that ST-294 interferes with GPC-mediated membrane fusion by targeting the interaction of the G2 fusion subunit with the stable signal peptide (SSP). We demonstrate that amino acid substitutions at lysine-33 of the Junin virus SSP confer resistance to ST-294 and engender de novo sensitivity to ST-161, a chemically distinct inhibitor of the Old World Lassa fever virus. These compounds, as …

Induction Of Plant Defense Gene Expression By Plant Activators And Pseudomonas Syringae Pv. Tomato In Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes, Maryann Herman, J. K. Davidson, C. D. Smart

Biology Faculty/Staff Publications

Plant activators provide an appealing management option for bacterial diseases of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Two types of plant activators, one that induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and a second that activates induced systemic resistance (ISR), were evaluated for control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and effect on plant defense gene activation. Benzothiadiazole (BTH, SAR-inducing compound) effectively reduced bacterial speck incidence and severity, both alone and in combination with the ISR-inducing product. Application of BTH also led to elevated activation of salicylic acid and ethylene-mediated responses, based on real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of marker gene expression levels. In contrast, the ISR-inducing …

Genetic Change Following Fire In Populations Of A Seed-Banking Perennial Plant, Rebecca W. Dolan, Pedro F. Quintana-Ascencio, Eric S. Menges

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Disturbances such as fire have the potential to remove genetic variation, but seed banks may counter this loss by restoring alleles through a reservoir effect. We used allozyme analysis to characterize genetic change in two populations of the perennial Hypericum cumulicola, an endemic of the fire-prone Florida scrub. We assessed genetic variation before and 1, 2, and 3 years after fire that killed nearly all aboveground plants. Populations increased in size following fire, with most seedlings likely recruited from a persistent seed bank. Four of five loci were variable. Most alleles were present in low frequencies, but our large sample …

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Elastase Induces Il-8 Production In The Lung Cells Via The Epidermal Growth Factor/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Proteins/Nfîºb Pathway, Ali Azghani

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: The induction of chemokine secretion by fibroblasts is crucial for the migration of leukocytes into the parenchyma of the injured lung. Several bacterial products activate the lung’s structural as well as immune cells to produce pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We report that elastase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PE) evokes IL-8 mRNA expression and protein secretion in nonmalignant culture of human lung fibroblasts by activating the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. Methods: We utilized western blot analysis to detect phosphorylation of EGFR and signal transduction intermediates. Northern blot and ELISA analyses were …

Seasonal Changes In A Eutrophic Lake, Wilgreen Lake, Madison County, Kentucky, Richard D. Stockwell, Walter S. Borowski

EKU Faculty and Staff Scholarship

WilgreenLake (Madison County, Kentucky) covers ~169 acres, formed in 1966 by damming Taylor Fork. The Wilgreen watershed drains residential developments, modified woodlands, cattle pasture, and some industrial/urban areas in the city of Richmond. The lake is deemed “nutrient impaired” by the EPA.

Our main objective is to document the seasonal changes in key lake parameters from summer stratification through fall overturn over 4 months of sampling, August through November, 2008. We collect temperature, oxygen, pH, and conductivity data from 19 stations at depth intervals of 1 meter using an YSI multi-probe. Concurrent with collecting these framework data, we take water …

Spots Of Adult Male Red-Spotted Newts Are Redder And Brighter Than In Females: Evidence For A Role In Mate Selection?, Andrew K. Davis, Kristine L. Grayson

Biology Faculty Publications

As aquatic adults, eastern red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v. viridescens) are generally green with two rows of dorsal spots, which vary in number between individuals and range in colour from orange to red. The function of these spots is unknown, but it is possible that they serve as sexual ornamentations and we examined this hypothesis by testing for sexual dimorphism in spot characteristics. We used an image analysis approach that has been used previously with this and other amphibian species to compare the number, size and colour – redness (hue score) and brightness – of spots in 100 male …

Transcriptional Response Of Mexican Axolotls To Ambystoma Tigrinum Virus (Atv) Infection, Jennifer D. Cotter, Andrew Storfer, Robert B. Page, Christopher K. Beachy, S. Randal Voss

Biology Faculty Publications

Background

Very little is known about the immunological responses of amphibians to pathogens that are causing global population declines. We used a custom microarray gene chip to characterize gene expression responses of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) to an emerging viral pathogen, Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV).

Result

At 0, 24, 72, and 144 hours post-infection, spleen and lung samples were removed for estimation of host mRNA abundance and viral load. A total of 158 up-regulated and 105 down-regulated genes were identified across all time points using statistical and fold level criteria. The presumptive functions of these genes suggest a robust …

Transcriptional Response Of Mexican Axolotls To Ambystoma Tigrinum Virus (Atv) Infection, Jennifer D. Cotter, Andrew Storfer, Robert B. Page, Christopher K. Beachy, S. Randal Voss

Biology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Very little is known about the immunological responses of amphibians to pathogens that are causing global population declines. We used a custom microarray gene chip to characterize gene expression responses of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) to an emerging viral pathogen, Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV).

RESULT: At 0, 24, 72, and 144 hours post-infection, spleen and lung samples were removed for estimation of host mRNA abundance and viral load. A total of 158 up-regulated and 105 down-regulated genes were identified across all time points using statistical and fold level criteria. The presumptive functions of these genes suggest a robust innate immune …

Review Of The "Online Dictionary Of Invertebrate Zoology" From Parasites And Vectors, Les Chappell

Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology

This is a very useful dictionary, one which I wish I had had access to when, as an undergraduate student of zoology, I was required to consult Hyman’s intensely erudite prose and needed serious assistance in the explication of countless seemingly obscure terms. ... I therefore recommend that all invertebrate zoologists, old or young, mark the URL for this dictionary in their favourites section and use it whenever an unfamiliar (or even supposedly familiar) term is encountered or used.

Calculating Expected Dna Remnants From Ancient Founding Events In Human Population Genetics, Nathan C. Sheffield, Keith A. Crandall, Andrew Stacey

Faculty Publications

Background- Recent advancements in sequencing and computational technologies have led to rapid generation and analysis of high quality genetic data. Such genetic data have achieved wide acceptance in studies of historic human population origins and admixture. However, in studies relating to small, recent admixture events, genetic factors such as historic population sizes, genetic drift, and mutation can have pronounced effects on data reliability and utility. To address these issues we conducted genetic simulations targeting influential genetic parameters in admixed populations. Results- We performed a series of simulations, adjusting variable values to assess the affect of these genetic parameters on current …

Comparisons Of Lake Characteristics With The Fish Species Present, John Carrier

Honors Capstones

Capstone submitted as a graduate requirement for the BSU Honors Program.

Ambient Temperature Influences Diet Selection And Physiology Of An Herbivorous Mammal, Neotoma Albigula, M. D. Dearing, Jennifer S. Forbey, J. D. Mclister, L. Santos

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

The whitethroat woodrat (Neotoma albigula) eats juniper (Juniperus monosperma), but the amount of juniper in its diet varies seasonally. We tested whether changes in juniper consumption are due to changes in ambient temperature and what the physiological consequences of consuming plant secondary compounds (PSCs) at different ambient temperatures might be. Woodrats were acclimated to either 20ºC or 28ºC. Later, they were given two diets to choose from (50% juniper and a nontoxic control) for 7 d. Food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and body temperature (T_b) were measured over the last 2 d. Woodrats at 28ºC …

Global Analysis Of Gene Expression Changes During Retinoic Acid-Induced Growth Arrest And Differentiation Of Melanoma: Comparison To Differentially Expressed Genes In Melanocytes Vs Melanoma, Mary H. Estler, Goran Boskovic, James Denvir, Sarah Miles, Donald A. Primerano, Richard M. Niles

Biochemistry and Microbiology

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant melanoma has significantly increased over the last decade. Some of these malignancies are susceptible to the growth inhibitory and pro-differentiating effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). The molecular changes responsible for the biological activity of RA in melanoma are not well understood.

RESULTS: In an analysis of sequential global gene expression changes during a 4-48 h RA treatment of B16 mouse melanoma cells, we found that RA increased the expression of 757 genes and decreased the expression of 737 genes. We also compared the gene expression profile (no RA treatment) between non-malignant melan-a mouse melanocytes and …

The Importance Of Physiological Limits In Determining Biogeographical Range Shifts Due To Global Climate Change: The Heat-Shock Response, Lars Tomanek

Biological Sciences

Physiological processes that set an organism’s thermal limits are in part determining recent shifts in biogeographic distribution ranges due to global climate change. Several characteristics of the heat-shock response (HSR), such as the onset, maximal, and upper limit of heat-shock protein (Hsp) synthesis, contribute to setting the acute upper thermal limits of most organisms. Aquatic animals from stable, moderately variable, or highly variable thermal environments differ in their HSR. Some animals living in extremely stable thermal environments lack the response altogether. In contrast, rocky intertidal animals that experience highly variable thermal conditions start synthesizing Hsps, that is, the onset of …

Recognition Of The Activated States Of Galpha13 By The Rgrgs Domain Of Pdzrhogef, Zhe Chen, William D. Singer, Shahab M. Danesh, Paul C. Sternweis, Stephen R. Sprang

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

G12 class heterotrimeric G proteins stimulate RhoA activation by RGS-RhoGEFs. However, p115RhoGEF is a GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) toward Galpha13, whereas PDZRhoGEF is not. We have characterized the interaction between the PDZRhoGEF rgRGS domain (PRG-rgRGS) and the alpha subunit of G13 and have determined crystal structures of their complexes in both the inactive state bound to GDP and the active states bound to GDP*AlF (transition state) and GTPgammaS (Michaelis complex). PRG-rgRGS interacts extensively with the helical domain and the effector-binding sites on Galpha13 through contacts that are largely conserved in all three nucleotide-bound states, although PRG-rgRGS has highest affinity to …

Estrogen Receptors In The Medial Amygdala Inhibit The Expression Of Male Prosocial Behavior, Bruce S. Cushing, Adam Perry, Sergei Musatov, Sonoko Ogawa

Biology Faculty Research

Studies using estrogen receptor alpha(ER) knock-out mice indicate that ER alpha masculinizes male behavior. Recent studies of ER alpha and male prosocial behavior have shown an inverse relationship between ER alpha expression in regions of the brain that regulate social behavior, including the medial amygdala (MeA), and the expression of male prosocial behavior. These studies have lead to the hypothesis that low levels of ER alpha are necessary to "permit" the expression of high levels of male prosocial behavior. To test this, viral vectors were used to enhance ER alpha in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), which display high levels …

Avian Dispersal Of The Actinomycete Frankia Across A Barrier Island Landscape, Spencer Bissett

Theses and Dissertations

In the nutrient-poor soils characteristic of coastal environments, symbiotic association with the nitrogen-fixing root endosymbiont Frankia is essential to establishment and survival of the woody shrub Morella cerifera. Nutrient deficiency quickly becomes severe unless seedlings are infected by Frankia soon after germination. However, the means of arrival of Frankia prior to shrub establishment has not been determined. Using sterilized lab-grown M. cerifera seedlings and fecal samples collected from passerine birds on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, viability of avian dispersal of the bacteria was tested. Although passerine fecal samples did produce nodules on some sterilized M. cerifera seedlings, these experimental …

Conservation And Conflict Between Endangered Desert Fishes, Jennifer M. Gumm, Jennifer L. Snekser, Murray Itzkowitz

Faculty Publications

Conservation of naturally sympatric endangered species requires unique considerations. While impacts of invasive species garner much attention, interactions between endangered species must also be managed. The endangered Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus, has suffered a population decline due to decreasing natural habitat. As breeding habitat is lost, C. bovinus is also adversely affected by the sympatric, endangered Pecos gambusia, Gambusia nobilis. Here, we document interactions between these species, finding significantly more G. nobilis accumulated at pupfish spawning events than randomly distributed on breeding grounds in the absence of spawning. As a known egg predator, our results suggest that G. nobilis …

Traversing Swanton Road, 1st Ed., James A. West

Academic, Government & Associated Organizational Research Resources

Situated at the northwest end of Santa Cruz County and occupying circa 30 square miles of sharply contrasted terrain, the Scott Creek Watershed concentrates within its geomorphological boundaries, at least 10-12% of California's flora, both native and introduced. Paradoxically, the use/abuse that the watershed has sustained over the past 140+ years, has not necessarily diminished the biodiversity and perhaps parallels the naturally disruptive but biologically energizing processes (fire, flooding, landslides and erosion), which have also been historically documented for the area for +60 years. This is an early edition of an extensive document by James A. West. Please visit the …

The Stallion's Mane: The Next Generation Of Horses In Mongolia, Amanda Hund

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

Horses play a central role in Mongolian history and culture, yet there has been little academic research on breeding methods, either traditional or modern in Mongolia. The goal of good horse breeding is to maintain and improve the quality of the breed. By looking at the traditional breeding, we gain a better understanding of what Mongolian culture values in their horses and what they are hoping to pass on to the next generation. We can also learn how this information is passed on in an oral tradition from generation to generation of horse trainers and herders. In traditional Mongolian horse …

Heat-Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) Expression In Four Limpets Of The Genus Lottia: Interspecific Variation In Constitutive And Inducible Synthesis Correlates With In Situ Exposure To Heat Stress, Yunwei Dong, Luke Miller, Jon Sanders, George Somero

Faculty Publications, Biological Sciences

Limpets of the genus Lottia occupy a broad vertical distribution on wave-exposed rocky shores, a range that encompasses gradients in the frequency and severity of thermal and desiccation stress brought on by aerial emersion. Using western blot analysis of levels of heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), we examined the heat-shock responses of four Lottia congeners: Lottia scabra and L. austrodigitalis, which occur in the high-intertidal zone, and L. pelta and L. scutum, which are restricted to the low- and mid-intertidal zones. Our results suggest distinct strategies of Hsp70 expression in limpets occupying different heights and orientations in the rocky intertidal zone. …

Causes Of Mortality Of Wild Birds Submitted To The Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador From 2002-2004, Patricia Parker, Nicole Gottdenker, Timothy Walsh, Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui, Franklin Betancourt, Marilyn Cruz, Catherine Soos, R. Miller

Biology Department Faculty Works

Necropsy findings were reviewed from wild birds submitted to the Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos Archipelago between 2004 and 2006. One hundred and ninety cases from 27 different species were submitted, and 178 of these cases were evaluated grossly or histologically. Trauma and trauma-related deaths (n=141) dominated necropsy submissions. Infectious causes of avian mortality included myiasis due to Philornis sp. (n=6), avian pox (n=1), and schistosomosis (n=1).

Investigating Effects Of Invasive Species On Plant Community Structure, Wilfred A. Franklin

Biology Faculty Research and Scholarship

No abstract provided.

A Review Of Hippeutister Reichensperger With New Species From California And Costa Rica (Coleoptera: Histeridae: Hetaeriinae), Michael S. Caterino, Alexey K. Tishechkin

Publications

The myrmecophilous genus Hippeutister Reichensperger, 1935, contains six species, known from scattered localities in North, Central and South America. Two of these, H. californicus n. sp. and H. solisi n. sp. are newly described herein. The other four are H. manicatus (Lewis) (=H. solenopsidis Reichensperger, syn. nov.), H. plaumanni Reichensperger, H. castaneus (Lewis), and H. amabilis (Wenzel). The genus is likely monophyletic, and is easily recognized by the presence of a very broad prosternal keel, which is deeply triangularly incised at the base. Species of Hippeutister are unusual among hetaeriine Histeridae in their occurrence in the nests of fire ants …

Quorum-Sensing Signals In The Microbial Community Of The Cabbage White Butterfly Larval Midgut, Bradley Borlee, Grant Geske, Courtney Robinson, Helen Blackwell, Jo Handelsman

Department of Biology Faculty Publications

The overall goal of this study was to examine the role of quorum-sensing (QS) signals in a multispecies microbial community. Toward this aim, we studied QS signals produced by an indigenous member and an invading pathogen of the microbial community of the cabbage white butterfly (CWB) larval midgut (Pieris rapae). As an initial step, we characterized the QS system in Pantoea CWB304, which was isolated from the larval midgut. A luxI homolog, designated panI, is necessary for the production of N-acyl-L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) by Pantoea CWB304. To determine whether AHL signals are exchanged in the alkaline environment of the midgut, …

Global Organization Of Replication Time Zones Of The Mouse Genome, Shlomit Farkash-Amar, Doron Lipson, Andreas Polten, Alon Goren, Charles E. Helmstetter, Zohar Yakhini, Simon Itamar

Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Faculty Publications

The division of genomes into distinct replication time zones has long been established. However, an in-depth understanding of their organization and their relationship to transcription is incomplete. Taking advantage of a novel synchronization method ("baby machine") and of genomic DNA microarrays, we have, for the first time, mapped replication times of the entire mouse genome at a high temporal resolution. Our data revealed that although most of the genome has a distinct time of replication either early, middle, or late S phase, a significant portion of the genome is replicated asynchronously. Analysis of the replication map revealed the genomic scale …

Mojave Applied Ecology Notes Fall 2008, Alice Miller, Joshua Hoines, Scott R. Abella

Mojave Applied Ecology Notes

Effects of wildfires in Joshua Tree National Park, Blackbrush masting volunteer seed collection effort, new book chapter on Mojave revegetation, Natural Areas Association presentations.

Community-Based Inquiry Improves Critical Thinking In General Education Biology, Ian J. Quitadamo, Celia L. Faiola, James E. Johnson, Martha J. Kurtz

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

National stakeholders are becoming increasingly concerned about the inability of college graduates to think critically. Research shows that, while both faculty and students deem critical thinking essential, only a small fraction of graduates can demonstrate the thinking skills necessary for academic and professional success. Many faculty are considering nontraditional teaching methods that incorporate undergraduate research because they more closely align with the process of doing investigative science. This study compared a research-focused teaching method called community-based inquiry (CBI) with traditional lecture/laboratory in general education biology to discover which method would elicit greater gains in critical thinking. Results showed significant critical-thinking …

Determinants Of Success In National Programs To Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: A Perspective Identifying Essential Elements And Research Needs, Dominique Kyelem, Gautam Biswas, Moses J. Bockarie, Mark Bradley, Maged El-Setouhy, Peter U. Fischer, Ralph H. Henderson, James W. Kazura, Patrick J. Lammie, Sammy M. Njenga, Eric A. Ottesen, Kapa Ramaiah, Frank O. Richardson, Gary J. Weil, Steven A. Williams

Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was launched in 2000. To understand why some national programs have been more successful than others, a panel of individuals with expertise in LF elimination efforts met to assess available data from programs in 8 countries. The goal was to identify: 1) the factors determining success for national LF elimination programs (defined as the rapid, sustained reduction in microfilaremia/ antigenemia after repeated mass drug administration [MDA]); 2) the priorities for operational research to enhance LF elimination efforts.

Of more than 40 factors identified, the most prominent were 1) initial level of LF …