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Articles 1 - 30 of 633
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Leveraging Mammal Mycophagy To Determine Environmental Drivers Of Truffle Diversity, Brittany Hartsock
Leveraging Mammal Mycophagy To Determine Environmental Drivers Of Truffle Diversity, Brittany Hartsock
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Many mycorrhizal fungi are hypogeous (truffle-forming), producing underground fruiting bodies. Studying truffles is inherently challenging due to their hidden nature. However, mycophagous mammals provide a unique opportunity to study hypogeous fungi because they rely on truffles as a food source. Although several truffle species have recently been described in the southern Appalachian region, their fruiting patterns remain poorly understood. To address this, we quantified truffle richness and spore loads from 670 Peromyscus scat samples collected across 42 sites spanning an environmental gradient during 2024 in the Blue Ridge Mountains of East Tennessee. We found that truffle richness and spore abundance …
Trophic Ecology Of A South Carolina Estuarine Predator Guild, Shane John Molander
Trophic Ecology Of A South Carolina Estuarine Predator Guild, Shane John Molander
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Estuaries are among the world’s most productive ecosystems in the world and are characterized by the convergence of two distinct habitats, creating a mosaic of environmental conditions from inland rivers to the nearshore ocean. Many fishes occupy estuaries during various life stages for growth, reproduction, or foraging, and may reside in them seasonally. The co-occurrence of species, particularly upper-trophic level carnivores, can result in competitive interactions for prey resources within a shared environment. Identifying the degree of these interactions as well as understanding basal energy consumption can inform food web dynamics and how overlapping species use shared spaces. I used …
Exploring Foundations Of Animal Host-Microbe Interactions In A Freshwater Sponge, Jacob S. Pawley
Exploring Foundations Of Animal Host-Microbe Interactions In A Freshwater Sponge, Jacob S. Pawley
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The most ancient eukaryotic immune defense mechanisms evolved in unicellular species. Multicellular eukaryotes, however, expanded these mechanisms to meet challenges unique to multicellular life, including barrier formation, long-distance cell signaling, and coordinated responses that eliminate microbial threats while minimizing damage to the host. As such, animal immune signaling pathways are exceptionally intricate and diverse. Though, most of what is understood about animal host–microbe interactions stems from a small handful of model systems. Here, I evaluate host–microbe interactions and innate immunity in sponges using the highly tractable freshwater sponge, Ephydatia muelleri. I report the discovery of an external host-derived matrix …
A Geometric Morphometric Analysis Of Acetabular Shape Variation Across Bat Families, Jordan L. Huff
A Geometric Morphometric Analysis Of Acetabular Shape Variation Across Bat Families, Jordan L. Huff
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Bats are the only mammals capable of powered flight, and research is concentrated on this adaptation. Their non-flight locomotion has received comparatively little attention. Previous studies show that non-flight locomotor behaviors vary across families. Members of Pteropodidae are efficient climbers but cannot effectively walk, whereas Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae are better at terrestrial locomotion but show reduced arboreal capabilities. The non-flight locomotion of Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae is less understood, although rhinolophids exhibit limited terrestrial locomotion. This study examined whether differences in locomotor behavior are associated with variation in acetabular morphology. A geometric morphometric analysis of acetabular shape was conducted across multiple …
Examining Individual Representation In Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus): Implications For Recognizing Familiarity And Presence Of Conspecifics, Elena Lawson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Elephants’ flexible cognitive abilities and fission-fusion societies make them an excellent study species to investigate individual social recognition. Despite the substantial role chemical cues play in elephant social communication, there is a considerable lack of research into their chemosensory social recognition, especially in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Using two-choice tests, I assessed Asian elephants’ chemosensory ability to discriminate between individuals by both presence and familiarity. I also used a habituation-discrimination paradigm to assess individual recognition in elephants by determining whether elephants integrate odor cues (i.e., urine and feces) to form multi-cue representations of individuals. Responses between samples were …
A Computational Micropatterning Approach To Study Caveolae And Protein Localization In Vascular Biology, Andrew B. Grespin
A Computational Micropatterning Approach To Study Caveolae And Protein Localization In Vascular Biology, Andrew B. Grespin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Caveolae are specialized, flask-shaped membrane invaginations highly expressed in endothelium and dysregulated in atherosclerosis. Caveolae play a central role in buffering membrane tension, yet the principles governing their spatial organization remain elusive. Thus, we sought to generate the most comprehensive and systematic analysis of blood vessel caveolar spatial organization. However, cell culturing, the backbone of human-focused biological research, does not standardly do well to model physiologically relevant cell behaviors such as migration or polarity-based tissue formation, particularly for punctate proteins and structures like caveolae. Micropatterns are cell-adhesive shapes that biophysically confine cell(s) to a user defined geometry which stereotype organelle …
Resource Allocation Trade-Offs Between Longevity And Reproduction In Daphnia Magna, Amelia Pearson
Resource Allocation Trade-Offs Between Longevity And Reproduction In Daphnia Magna, Amelia Pearson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Although trade-offs between longevity and reproduction have been described for a long time, the genetic mechanisms by which organisms modulate allocation of resources between these two essential processes remain poorly understood, due to their complex nature and their modification by existing nutritional states and environmental cues. Daphnia magna represents a valuable model for investigation in this area due to their moderate lifespan and cyclic parthenogenetic mode of reproduction, allowing for the easy study of gene by environment interactions. This dissertation first investigates the change in mortality, reproduction, activity, and gene expression when fully fed Daphnia and calorically restricted Daphnia are …
Body Size Variation And Floral Associations Of The American Bumble Bee, Bombus Pensylvanicus, In East Texas, Sabekun Nahar
Body Size Variation And Floral Associations Of The American Bumble Bee, Bombus Pensylvanicus, In East Texas, Sabekun Nahar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The American bumble bee, Bombus pensylvanicus, is an important pollinator species that was once widespread in much of North America but has experienced population declines in recent decades in some regions. As a species of conservation concern, it is important to understand how body size varies in response to environmental conditions and to identify the key floral resources that support this species. I examined body size variation in East Texas and floral resource use of B. pensylvanicus across Texas. In the first chapter, body size variation among queens, workers, and males was quantified using thorax width and size variation …
Further Characterization Of The Fungal Effector Mvlg-01732 In Planta And Heterologous Expression Of Fungal Effectors In Different Smut Fungi., Joseph Paul Ham
Further Characterization Of The Fungal Effector Mvlg-01732 In Planta And Heterologous Expression Of Fungal Effectors In Different Smut Fungi., Joseph Paul Ham
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Host-pathogen interactions in smut fungi are characterized by effector proteins and their role in infection. The goal of this work is to better understand these interactions by further characterizing an effector from Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae and heterologously expressing this and other effectors in heterologous species to see if the range of these effectors can play a role in pathogenicity when expressed in distantly and closely related fungal species. These effectors have been attuned over time to their host plant but have homologous interactors in other plant species. In this study, Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, Sporisorium reilianum, and Ustilago maydis, were all used …
Raptors As Secondary Dispersers Of Mycorrhizal Fungal Spores, Joseph Anderson
Raptors As Secondary Dispersers Of Mycorrhizal Fungal Spores, Joseph Anderson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Animals aid fungal dispersal by consuming fruiting bodies (e.g., truffles) and depositing spores elsewhere. Predators can act as secondary dispersers by preying on small mammals that eat truffles, although it is unclear how this dispersal may vary among species of raptors (hawks and owls) and fungal taxa. We experimentally fed four truffle taxa (with spores varying in size and wall thickness) to six raptor species (with differing gut morphology and acidity) to assess how spore viability and retention time may change between raptor casts and feces. Viability in smaller spores was more negatively affected by acidity compared to larger spores …
Site Fidelity, Seasonality, Movement, And Fish Associates Of Sand Tigers Carcharias Taurus In North Carolina, Ara L. Mcclanahan
Site Fidelity, Seasonality, Movement, And Fish Associates Of Sand Tigers Carcharias Taurus In North Carolina, Ara L. Mcclanahan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sand tigers Carcharias taurus are mackerel sharks with a disjunct global distribution in tropical and temperate seas. In the northwest Atlantic, sand tigers migrate along the coast of the eastern United States from the Gulf of Maine to Florida and occupy structurally complex benthic habitats. The long-term, underwater camera installation, SharkCam, at Frying Pan Tower, off Cape Fear, North Carolina, USA, sits atop an expanse of hard bottom reef frequented by sand tigers. The citizen-science platform Spot A Shark USA (SAS USA) uses images of sand tigers to identify and track individuals. This study utilized image encounters from SAS USA …
Gut Passage Time In Small Mammals: Influences Of Small Mammal Traits, Digesta Phase, And Particle Morphology, Noah G. Hale
Gut Passage Time In Small Mammals: Influences Of Small Mammal Traits, Digesta Phase, And Particle Morphology, Noah G. Hale
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Dispersal is crucial in maintaining healthy ecosystems, but little is known about mechanisms influencing fungal spore dispersal by animals. We aimed to develop a more mechanistic understanding of the influence of fungal spore traits and small mammal traits on gut retention time. We fed three species of small mammals (shrew, mouse, vole), which differ in gut morphologies, digestive strategies, and activity a combination of markers including: liquid digesta phase (CrEDTA), small particle (fungal spores with diverse morphologies), and large particles (glitter and beads, representing plant cells and seeds, respectively). We found that hindgut fermenters selectively retained the liquid markers, spores …
Mixture Effects On Metal Accumulation In The Asian Clam, Corbicula Fluminea, Mark A. Huff
Mixture Effects On Metal Accumulation In The Asian Clam, Corbicula Fluminea, Mark A. Huff
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Field collected Corbicula fluminea were exposed to trace level copper, lead, and zinc with the aim of examining the preferential accumulation between the soft tissue and shell. Metal levels were based on those in a permitted industrial effluent. At 1X effluent and 2X effluent exposure levels, copper was found to preferentially accumulate in the clam soft tissue, lead was found to preferentially accumulate in the clam shell, and zinc was found to excrete back into the diluent after preferentially accumulating in the clam soft tissue. When exposed as a mixture at 1X effluent levels, copper and lead were found to …
Investigating The Impact Of Psychoactive Plant Alkaloids On Bumblebee Behavior, Skylar Mathieson
Investigating The Impact Of Psychoactive Plant Alkaloids On Bumblebee Behavior, Skylar Mathieson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The relationship between plants and their pollinators is often framed as a food-for-service exchange in which plants provide pollinators with nutrients in exchange for transport of their gametes. However, in addition to essential nutrients, many floral rewards (nectar, pollen) also contain defensive toxins such as alkaloids, with largely unexplored consequences for plant-pollinator interactions. I investigated how three psychoactive and addictive plant alkaloids — caffeine, nicotine, and morphine — affect foraging behavior in generalist bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) using robotic flowers. Each of these chemicals affected pollinator foraging behavior, influencing the number and duration of their visits to flowers in …
Investigating The Multiple Enzyme Complex In The Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway, Mercy Mormor
Investigating The Multiple Enzyme Complex In The Carotenoid Biosynthesis Pathway, Mercy Mormor
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In nature, plant carotenoids are 40-carbon isoprenoids with polyene chains that may have double bonds. They are vital components of all photosynthetic organisms, playing several roles in the plant cell, including photosynthesis, pigmentation, phytohormone synthesis, signaling and photoprotection. In this study, we investigated protein-protein interactions among key enzymes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway using the Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation (BiFC) assay. Our results revealed several interactions that suggest a coordinated regulation of enzymatic activity within this pathway, highlighting potential regulatory complexes that influence carotenoid production. The study also highlights the pivotal role of Zeta-Carotene Isomerase (Z-ISO) as a key regulatory …
Isolation And Characterization Of Siderophore(S) From Pseudomonas Mosselii, Casey J. Stophel
Isolation And Characterization Of Siderophore(S) From Pseudomonas Mosselii, Casey J. Stophel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Iron is essential for growth of most microorganisms. It functions as an important cofactor in many important biological processes. However, iron found in soil is rendered insoluble and unavailable to microorganisms for use. To overcome this, many bacterial species produce siderophores, a small organic molecule that has high affinity for iron. Siderophores allow for bacterial cells to obtain otherwise insoluble iron. Pseudomonas mosselii, a Gram negative bacterium, was isolated from a local soil sample. P. mosselii was found to produce siderophore(s) under iron restricted environment, however, they have not been characterized. Therefore, it was of interest to isolate, purify and …
Life History Inhibits Deleterious Effects Of Dams On Genetic Health And Structure Of A Headwater Stream Fish, Riley Phelps
Life History Inhibits Deleterious Effects Of Dams On Genetic Health And Structure Of A Headwater Stream Fish, Riley Phelps
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Habitat loss, fragmentation, and land use changes in river networks are common globally. The resulting fragmentation of landscapes and riverscapes threatens biodiversity and can affect dispersal and subsequently, gene flow and genetic health of species. Headwater streams are an integral part of river networks and contribute to biodiversity by providing habitat for temporary and permanent residents, yet they are easily altered and fragmented. The sandhills chub (Semotilus lumbee) is an endemic headwater leuciscid that lives in highly fragmented streams of the sandhills ecoregion in North and South Carolina, USA. New knowledge on the population genetics of the sandhills chub is …
Investigating Stress Hormone Variations In Green Frogs (Lithobates Clamitans) During The Mating Season, Abby Mciver
Investigating Stress Hormone Variations In Green Frogs (Lithobates Clamitans) During The Mating Season, Abby Mciver
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Monitoring stress hormones in wildlife populations is increasingly used to understand how human activities may impact the environment. The goal of this study was to quantify corticosterone in green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) at baseline levels and in response to an acute stressor throughout the mating season. The project was conducted from May to September of 2024 at Bays Mountain Park in Kingsport, Tennessee. Corticosterone levels were determined over six consecutive days each month from May to September using a non-invasive dermal swab technique. Additionally, body metrics, water chemistry, and weather and habitat conditions were evaluated on each sampling …
Movement Ecology Of Sandhills Chub, A Carolina Endemic, Zachary Adam Ramsey
Movement Ecology Of Sandhills Chub, A Carolina Endemic, Zachary Adam Ramsey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Fish movement studies have traditionally focused on species that support commercial and recreational fisheries, but recently more focus has been given to non-game, stream fishes because of their recognized importance in maintaining biodiversity within these ecosystems. Stream fish movement is described as being “restricted” and following a leptokurtic distribution via diffusive spread related to environmental and biological factors. Many studies of stream fish movement ecology in North America have occurred in high-gradient streams with coarse substrate in mountains or in streams of the interior plains. Sandhills streams of the southeastern USA are characterized as warm-water, low gradient, and dominated by …
Flow Field Surrounding Bluegill (Lepomis Macrochirus) During Suction-Feeding, Jensine Caroline Coggin
Flow Field Surrounding Bluegill (Lepomis Macrochirus) During Suction-Feeding, Jensine Caroline Coggin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Suction-feeding is a common method for capturing prey by aquatic organisms and contributed to the diversification of fishes by enabling them to consume a wide range of prey. Suction-feeding is a complex fish-fluid interaction governed by various hydrodynamic forces: inertia, unsteady, viscous, and pressure gradients. These forces are described by the coupling between the flow physics equations (Navier-Stokes) and the dynamic behavior of the fish (motion and forces). However, the distribution of the pressure field that drives this process, and the extent to which suction-feeding is three-dimensional, remain underexplored. I estimated the pressure within the flow field surrounding the mouth …
Unraveling The Unknown: Characterization Of A Novel Antimicrobial Compound Found In Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Jasmal Cruz Perez
Unraveling The Unknown: Characterization Of A Novel Antimicrobial Compound Found In Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Jasmal Cruz Perez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Klebsiella pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacterium resistant to numerous antimicrobials, is a worldwide health issue due to its ability to cause healthcare-associated diseases such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections. This study investigated an antimicrobial compound secreted by K. pneumoniae. The compound was found to possess inhibitory activity against Enterobacteriaceae members, including other Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, Citrobacter freundii, and Enterobacter cloacae. The inhibitory activity is mediated via a secreted protein that is active across a wide range of pH and temperature conditions. Higher concentrations of the compound enhanced antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial protein suppressed biofilm formation during both …
Intraspecific Genetic Variation In Green Salamanders (Aneides Aeneus) At Bays Mountain Park, Brianna Drake
Intraspecific Genetic Variation In Green Salamanders (Aneides Aeneus) At Bays Mountain Park, Brianna Drake
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Accurate taxonomy is crucial for conserving vulnerable cryptic species like the green salamander (Aneides aeneus) in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Prior studies identified three distinct lineages within the A. aeneus complex: Northern Appalachians, Southern Appalachians, and Blue-Ridge Escarpment. One previously collected sample indicated green salamanders in northeast Tennessee fit within the Northern lineage. The present study uses molecular data of A. aeneus at Bays Mountain Park (BMP) in Kingsport, Tennessee, to determine where the BMP population fits within these lineages. It was hypothesized that individuals from BMP belong in the northern lineage. Tail tips were collected from thirty-four …
Programming Carcass Composition Through Gestational Nutrition, Sydni Elise Borders
Programming Carcass Composition Through Gestational Nutrition, Sydni Elise Borders
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation on the performance of the dam, feeding performance, carcass composition, and genetic expression in the offspring. Cows (n = 46) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments based on global nutrient intake: 1) fed to achieve and/or maintain a BCS of 5 or 6 (Positive Energy Status [PES]; n = 24) or 2) fed to lose one BCS during 99 days of mid-gestation (Negative Energy Status [NES]; n = 22). Cows in NES had greater decreases (P < 0.05) in body fat stores and muscle mass, elevated NEFA concentrations, and displayed decreased (P < 0.05) DMI, HP, and GHG emissions. There were no differences in milk components or volume produced between treatments (P > 0.05). There were no differences in …
Physiological And Genetic Studies Of Hydrotropism In The Maize Primary Root, Muyu Gu
Physiological And Genetic Studies Of Hydrotropism In The Maize Primary Root, Muyu Gu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Biotransformation Of Camelina Meal Via Pretreatment And Fermentation For Functional And Nutritional Upgrading, Ram Kumar Bhattarai
Biotransformation Of Camelina Meal Via Pretreatment And Fermentation For Functional And Nutritional Upgrading, Ram Kumar Bhattarai
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Camelina sativa, an oilseed crop of the Brassicaceae family, has seen increased cultivation in North America in response to the rising demand for biofuels over the past two decades. With this growth, camelina meal, a byproduct of oil extraction, has emerged as a promising yet underutilized resource, particularly for applications in animal nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of camelina meal as a substrate for submerged fungal fermentation and to examine how this bioconversion affects its physicochemical and nutritional properties. The influence of mild pretreatments (unwashed, washed only, and washed/dried and ground) on fermentation outcomes was also assessed. …
Enhancing Alfalfa Persistence In Rangelands: Evaluating Morphological Traits Of Medicago Sativa Subsp. Falcata Germplasm, Abdulallah Mohammed Alomair
Enhancing Alfalfa Persistence In Rangelands: Evaluating Morphological Traits Of Medicago Sativa Subsp. Falcata Germplasm, Abdulallah Mohammed Alomair
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Rangelands cover nearly half of the Earth’s surface, representing about 54% (79 million km2), and occur in different types and climates worldwide. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major component in rangelands and covers about (320 thousand km2), representing about 0.4% of total global rangeland area. As a critical perennial legume crop, alfalfa can improve soil health by fixing approximately 336 kg/ha/year of nitrogen and sequestering up to 614 kg/ha/year of carbon, while enhancing livestock production due to its high content level of vitamins, magnesium, minerals, fiber, and protein. However, environmental stresses such as drought, freezing, and grazing limit alfalfa …
Effect Of Six-Day Germination On Chemical Composition, Functional, And Nutritional Properties Of Pea Varieties, Hojjat Abdollahikhamene
Effect Of Six-Day Germination On Chemical Composition, Functional, And Nutritional Properties Of Pea Varieties, Hojjat Abdollahikhamene
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Pulses, particularly peas, have long been a crucial source of protein in vegetarian and cost-effective diets worldwide. They have gained popularity in Western diets as more people turn to plant-based proteins as alternatives to animal products. Peas are known for their high protein content; however, their use in food products has been limited due to factors like poor solubility and digestibility. Germination improves the nutritional profile of peas by enhancing protein content and digestibility. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of six days of germination on the nutritional composition and functional properties of different varieties of …
Mechanisms Leading To Cell Survival Through Membrane Repair In Pyroptosis, Prafulla Shrestha
Mechanisms Leading To Cell Survival Through Membrane Repair In Pyroptosis, Prafulla Shrestha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Interactions Of The Sars-Cov-2 Viral Genome 3’-Untranslated Region With Viral And Host Rnas, Caleb Frye, Mihaela Rita Mihailescu
Interactions Of The Sars-Cov-2 Viral Genome 3’-Untranslated Region With Viral And Host Rnas, Caleb Frye, Mihaela Rita Mihailescu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation focuses on the characterization of RNA-RNA interactions within the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome and with host microRNAs. As the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly since its appearance. This has warranted prompt characterization of the virus particularly of its single stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. By using a combination of bioinformatics, biophysics, and/or biological assays, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 viral genomic RNA and uncovered interactions of genomic RNA with host RNAs, highlighting an underutilized method of targeting RNA viruses. We showed here that the conserved elements in the viral genomic …
Heat Acclimated Algae Improves Heat Tolerance And Longevity In Daphnia, Ashit Dutta
Heat Acclimated Algae Improves Heat Tolerance And Longevity In Daphnia, Ashit Dutta
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Xenohormesis suggests that consuming stressed food provides physiological adaptation to the consumer for similar stresses. To evaluate this, Daphnia magna was provided with heat-stressed Nannochloropsis limnetica grown at 25℃ whereas the control group was provided Nannochloropsis limnetica grown at 12℃. In the heat tolerance experiment, Daphnia kept at 28℃ and 20℃ while consuming 25℃ algae had significantly higher heat tolerance compared to the control. Additionally, in stressed conditions, Daphnia consuming 25℃-grown food had significantly higher lifespan compared to the control. Next, Daphnia consuming 25℃-grown algae had significantly higher levels of antioxidants which could explain the lifespan extension. Finally, in fatty …