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Articles 331 - 360 of 396
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Religious Naturalism And Naturalizing Morality, Ursula Goodenough
Religious Naturalism And Naturalizing Morality, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
I first offer some reflections on the term religious naturalism. I then outline how moral thought might be configured in the context of religious naturalism. It is proposed that the goal of morality is to generate a flourishing community and that humans negotiate their social interactions using moral capacities that are cultivated in the context of culture. Six such capacities are considered: strategic reciprocity, humaneness, fair–mindedness, courage, reverence, and mindfulness. Moral capacities are contrasted with moral susceptibilities, fueled by self–interest, and brought to the fore in times of stress and humiliation. The essay is in two parts. I first respond …
The Evolution Of Social And Reproductive Monogamy In Peromyscus, Evidence From Peromyscus Californicus (The California Mouse), David O. Ribble
The Evolution Of Social And Reproductive Monogamy In Peromyscus, Evidence From Peromyscus Californicus (The California Mouse), David O. Ribble
Biology Faculty Research
The genus Peromyscus (deer mice) is an attractive group in which to study the evolution of social and mating behaviours. This genus includes over 50 species (Carleton, 1989) that are widely distributed across North and Central America from coast to coast and from the northern subarctic to Panama (Kirkland & Layne, 1989). The diversity in body sizes among Peromyscus ranges from 13 to 77 g (Millar, 1989) and exceeds that of most other genera. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Peromyscus are relatively well understood (Stangl & Baker, 1984), although the systematics of Peromyscus is an active area of study (e.g., …
Competition For Pollination Between An Invasive Species (Purple Loosestrife) And A Native Congener, Beverly J. Brown, Randall J. Mitchell, Shirley A. Graham
Competition For Pollination Between An Invasive Species (Purple Loosestrife) And A Native Congener, Beverly J. Brown, Randall J. Mitchell, Shirley A. Graham
Biology Faculty Research
Invasive species are frequently regarded as Superlative competitors that can vegetatively crowd Out natives, but little is known about whether invasives call compete for pollination services with native plants. We hypothesized that, when the showy invasive species Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) was present, pollinator visitation and seed set would be reduced in a native congener, L. alatum (winged loosestrife). To test this hypothesis, we constructed mixed and monospecific plots of the two species. Over two years of study, we found that L. salicaria significantly reduced both pollinator visitation and seed set in L. alatum. Furthermore, pollinators moved frequently between the …
Heterochromatin: New Possibilities For The Inheritance Of Structure, Shiv Grewal, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Heterochromatin: New Possibilities For The Inheritance Of Structure, Shiv Grewal, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Biology Faculty Research
Significant portions of the eukaryotic genome are heterochromatic, made up largely of repetitious sequences and possessing a distinctive chromatin structure associated with gene silencing. New insights into the form of packaging, the associated histone modifications, and the associated nonhistone chromosomal proteins of heterochromatin have suggested a mechanism for providing an epigenetic mark that allows this distinctive chromatin structure to be maintained following replication and to spread within a given domain.
Chromosome And Expression Mechanisms: A Year Dominated By Histone Modifications, Transitory And Remembered, Jerry Workman, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Chromosome And Expression Mechanisms: A Year Dominated By Histone Modifications, Transitory And Remembered, Jerry Workman, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Biology Faculty Research
No abstract provided.
Cold Acclimation Strategy Is Highly Variable Among The Sunfishes (Centrarchidae), Deidra R. Tschantz, Elizabeth L. Crockett, Peter H. Niewiarowski, Richard L. Londraville
Cold Acclimation Strategy Is Highly Variable Among The Sunfishes (Centrarchidae), Deidra R. Tschantz, Elizabeth L. Crockett, Peter H. Niewiarowski, Richard L. Londraville
Biology Faculty Research
We tested the hypothesis that the physiological strategy for acclimating to low body temperature is similar among closely related fish. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), black crappie (Pomonix nigromaculatus), and white crappie (Pomonix annularis), all members of the family Centrarchidae, were acclimated to 5degrees and 25degreesC. Morphometric variables (total mass, total length, organ masses) and enzyme activities (hexokinase; lactate dehydrogenase; and cytochrome oxidase in heart, liver, and muscle) were measured in 5degreesC- and 25degreesC- acclimated fish at 5degrees and 25degreesC assay temperatures. Each species displayed a distinct physiological response to cold acclimation that …
Subjective, Cultural, And Natural Ecology, Ursula Goodenough
Subjective, Cultural, And Natural Ecology, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
No abstract provided.
Mindful Virtue, Mindful Reverence, Ursula Goodenough, Paul Woodruff
Mindful Virtue, Mindful Reverence, Ursula Goodenough, Paul Woodruff
Biology Faculty Research
How does one talk about moral thought and moral action as a religious naturalist? We explore this question by considering two human capacities: the capacity for mindfulness, and the capacity for virtue. We suggest that mindfulness is deeply enhanced by an understanding of the scientific worldview and that the four cardinal virtues—courage, fairmindedness, humaneness, and reverence—are rendered coherent by mindful reflection. We focus on the concept of mindful reverence and propose that the mindful reverence elicited by the evolutionary narrative is at the heart of religious naturalism. Religious education, we suggest, entails the cultivation of mindful virtue, in ourselves and …
Differential Expression Of Cadherin-2 And Cadherin-4 In The Developing And Adult Zebrafish Visual System, Qin Liu, S. G. Babb, Z. M. Novince, A. L. Doedens, J. Marrs, P. A. Raymond
Differential Expression Of Cadherin-2 And Cadherin-4 In The Developing And Adult Zebrafish Visual System, Qin Liu, S. G. Babb, Z. M. Novince, A. L. Doedens, J. Marrs, P. A. Raymond
Biology Faculty Research
Cadherins are homophilic cell adhesion molecules that control development of a variety of tissues and maintenance of adult structures. Although cadherins have been implicated in the development of the brain, including the visual system, in several vertebrate species, little is known of their role in zebrafish. In this study, we examined distribution of cadherin-2 (Cdh2, N-cadherin) in the visual system of developing and adult zebrafish using both immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization methods, and we compared Cdh2 distribution to that of the previously reported and closely related cadherin-4 (Cdh4, R-cadherin). As in other vertebrates, in zebrafish embryos Cdh2 was widely …
Genomes, Gould, And Emergence, Ursula Goodenough
Genomes, Gould, And Emergence, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
The publication of the human genome has elicited commentary to the effect that, since fewer genes were identified than anticipated, it follows that genes are less important to human biology than anticipated. The flaws in this syllogism are explained in the context of a treatise on how genomes operate and evolve and how genes function to produce embryos and brains. Most of our most cherished human traits are the result of the emergence of new properties from preexisting genetically scripted ideas, offering countless opportunities to celebrate the evolutionary process.
A Heat-Shock-Activated Cdna Encoding Gaga Factor Rescues Some Lethal Mutations In The Drosophila Melanogaster Trithorax-Like Gene, H Granok, B Leibovitch, Sarah C.R. Elgin
A Heat-Shock-Activated Cdna Encoding Gaga Factor Rescues Some Lethal Mutations In The Drosophila Melanogaster Trithorax-Like Gene, H Granok, B Leibovitch, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Biology Faculty Research
GAGA factor is an important chromosomal protein involved in establishing specific nucleosome arrays and in regulating gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. We developed a transgenic system for controlled heat-shock-dependent overexpression of the GAGA factor 519 amino acid isoform (GAGA-519) in vivo. Efficient production of stable protein from these transgenes provided genetic rescue of a hypomorphic Trithorax-like (Trl) lethal allele to adulthood. Nevertheless, supplemental GAGA-519 did not suppress position effect variegation (PEV), a phenomenon commonly used to measure dosage effects of chromosomal proteins, nor did it rescue other lethal alleles of Trl. The results suggest requirements for the additional isoforms of …
A Setback To The Dialogue: Response To Huston Smith, Ursula Goodenough
A Setback To The Dialogue: Response To Huston Smith, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
Huston Smith's book, Why Religion Matters, offers an eloquent evocation of mystical sensibility. Unfortunately, along the way, he offers a strongly negative and often inaccurate account of the scientific worldview, the claim being that the science is laying siege to the spiritual.
Energy Budgets, Growth Rates, And The Rmal Constraints: Toward An Integrative Approach To The Study Of Life-History Variation, Peter H. Niewiarowski
Energy Budgets, Growth Rates, And The Rmal Constraints: Toward An Integrative Approach To The Study Of Life-History Variation, Peter H. Niewiarowski
Biology Faculty Research
Variation in thermal constraints on activity has been hypothesized to be an important ecological source of geographic variation in growth rates of juvenile eastern fence lizards Sceloporus undulatus. However, most of the evidence to support this hypothesis is either inferential or indirect. In this study, I quantitatively compared thermal constraints on activity and their relationship to growth rates of free-ranging juvenile fence lizards from two extremes of the range of variation in growth rate (Nebraska and New Jersey) used in a reciprocal transplant experiment. I also examined energy allocation made to growth and storage by yearling lizards. Reduced growth rates …
Vertical And Horizontal Transcendence, Ursula Goodenough
Vertical And Horizontal Transcendence, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
Transcendence is explored from two perspectives: the traditional concept wherein the origination of the sacred is “out there,” and the alternate concept wherein the sacred originates “here.” Each is evaluated from the perspectives of aesthetics and hierarchy. Both forms of transcendence are viewed as essential to the full religious life.
Causality And Subjectivity In The Religious Quest, Ursula Goodenough
Causality And Subjectivity In The Religious Quest, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
The dynamics of seeking causation and the dynamics of subjectivity are presented and then brought together in a consideration of the three core components of the religious quest: the search for and experience of ultimate explanations, the interiority of religious experience (“spirituality”), and the empathic experience of religious fellowship.
Religiopoiesis, Ursula Goodenough
Religiopoiesis, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
Religiopoiesis describes the crafting of religion, a core activity of humankind. Each religion is grounded in its myth, and each myth includes a cosmology of origins and destiny. The scientific worldview coheres as such a myth and calls for a religiopoietic response. The difficulties, opportunities, and imperatives inherent in this call are explored, particularly as they impact the working scientist.
Chromatin Organization And Transcriptional Control Of Gene Expression In Drosophila, G Farkas, B Leibovitch, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Chromatin Organization And Transcriptional Control Of Gene Expression In Drosophila, G Farkas, B Leibovitch, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Biology Faculty Research
It is increasingly clear that the packaging of DNA in nucleosome arrays serves not only to constrain the genome within the nucleus, but also to encode information concerning the activity state of the gene. Packaging limits the accessibility of many regulatory DNA sequence elements and is functionally significant in the control of transcription, replication, repair and recombination. Here, we review studies of the heat-shock genes, illustrating the formation of a specific nucleosome array at an activatable promoter, and describe present information on the roles of DNA-binding factors and energy-dependent chromatin remodeling machines in facilitating assembly of an appropriate structure. Epigenetic …
Reflections On Scientific And Religious Metaphor, Ursula Goodenough
Reflections On Scientific And Religious Metaphor, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
The importance of scientific conflicts for theology and philosophy is difficult to judge. In many disputes of significance, prominent scientists can be found on both sides. Profound philosophical and religious implications are sometimes said to be implied by the new theory as well. This article examines the dispute over natural selection between Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould as a contemporary instance of such a conflict. While both claim that profound philosophical conclusions flow from their own alternative account of evolution, I suggest that the implication is not as great as is claimed and that the alleged implications have as …
The Hp1 Protein Family: Getting A Grip On Chromatin, J Eissenberg, Sarah C.R. Elgin
The Hp1 Protein Family: Getting A Grip On Chromatin, J Eissenberg, Sarah C.R. Elgin
Biology Faculty Research
HP1 was first described in Drosophila as a heterochromatin-associated protein with dosage-dependent effects on heterochromatin-induced gene silencing. Recently, membership of the HP1 protein family has expanded tremendously. A number of intriguing interactions between HP1 and other proteins have been described, implicating HP1 in gene regulation, DNA replication, and nuclear architecture.
Effects Of The Zebra Mussel On Nitrogen Dynamics And The Microbial Community At The Sediment-Water Interface, Peter J. Lavrentyev, Wayne S. Gardner, Longyuan Yang
Effects Of The Zebra Mussel On Nitrogen Dynamics And The Microbial Community At The Sediment-Water Interface, Peter J. Lavrentyev, Wayne S. Gardner, Longyuan Yang
Biology Faculty Research
A flow-through experiment was conducted on intact cores of sediments from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, to examine how trophic interactions between filter-feeding bivalve mussels and microbial populations could affect nitrogen dynamics at the sediment-water interface. The zebra mussels used in this experiment removed a large proportion of protozoa and phytoplankton from the overlying water, particularly heterotrophic nanoplankton (up to 82%), while bacterial populations showed less change. A 3-fold decrease in the protozoan to bacterial carbon ratio corresponded to a 2.5-fold increase in relative ammonium removal rates as estimated from the dark loss of N-15-ammonium. Excretion by the bivalves also increased …
Reflections On Science And Technology, Ursula Goodenough
Reflections On Science And Technology, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
Science and technology are frequently confused. This essay points out the bases for this confusion and then focuses on a basic distinction, namely, that whereas science brings us information that we have little choice but to absorb and reflect upon, technology is something that humans elect to do and, hence, can also elect not to do. It is proposed that technological ethics are most cogently undertaken with scientific understanding as the linchpin and religious/artistic sensibilities as the muse.
Contribution Of Autosomal Loci And The Y Chromosome To The Stress Response In Rats, Pierre Dumas, Zdenka Pausova, Vladimir Kren, Drahomira Krenova, Michal Pravenec, Marc Dumont, Daniel Ely, Monte E. Turner, Yulin Sun, Johanne Tremblay, Pavel Hamet
Contribution Of Autosomal Loci And The Y Chromosome To The Stress Response In Rats, Pierre Dumas, Zdenka Pausova, Vladimir Kren, Drahomira Krenova, Michal Pravenec, Marc Dumont, Daniel Ely, Monte E. Turner, Yulin Sun, Johanne Tremblay, Pavel Hamet
Biology Faculty Research
Stress is a critical contributor to cardiovascular diseases through its impact on blood pressure variability and cardiac function. Familial clustering of reactivity to stress has been demonstrated in human subjects, and some rodent models of hypertension are hyperresponsive to stress. Therefore, the present study was designed to uncover the genetic determinants of the stress response. We performed a total genome linkage search to identify the loci of the body temperature response to immobilization stress in a set of recombinant inbred strains (RIS) originating from reciprocal crosses of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with a normotensive Brown Norway Lx strain. Two quantitative …
Phenotypic Effects Of Leptin In An Ectotherm: A New Tool To Study The Evolution Of Life Histories And Endothermy?, Peter H. Niewiarowski
Phenotypic Effects Of Leptin In An Ectotherm: A New Tool To Study The Evolution Of Life Histories And Endothermy?, Peter H. Niewiarowski
Biology Faculty Research
Leptin is a hormone that regulates energy expenditure and body mass in mammals, and it has attracted considerable attention because of its potential in treating human obesity. Comprehensive data from both pathological and non-pathological systems strongly support a role for leptin in regulating energy metabolism, in thermoregulation and in regulating the onset of puberty. We report here that daily injections of recombinant murine leptin in fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) produce phenotypic effects similar to those observed when leptin injections are given to mice, Lizards injected with leptin had body temperatures 0.6 degrees C higher, ate 30 % less food and …
The Holes In Gould's Semipermeable Membrane Between Science And Religion, Ursula Goodenough
The Holes In Gould's Semipermeable Membrane Between Science And Religion, Ursula Goodenough
Biology Faculty Research
Book review: Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life. Stephen Jay Gould. 241 pp. Ballantine Publishing Group, 1999.
Characterization Of Sequences Associated With Position-Effect Variegation At Pericentric Sites In Drosophila Heterochromatin, D Cryderman, M Cuaycong, Sarah C.R. Elgin, L Wallrath
Characterization Of Sequences Associated With Position-Effect Variegation At Pericentric Sites In Drosophila Heterochromatin, D Cryderman, M Cuaycong, Sarah C.R. Elgin, L Wallrath
Biology Faculty Research
In a variety of organisms, euchromatic genes brought into juxtaposition with pericentric heterochromatin show position-effect variegation (PEV), a silencing of gene expression in a subset of the cells in which the gene is normally expressed. Previously, a P-element mobilization screen identified transgenic Drosophila stocks showing PEV of an hsp70-white+ reporter gene; transgenes in many of these stocks map to the chromocenter of polytene chromosome. A screen at an elevated temperature identified two stocks that under standard culture temperatures show complete repression of the hsp70-white+ transgene. The transgenes in both cases map to the chromocenter of polytene chromosomes. Different types of …
Responses Of Mole Salamanders To Clearcutting: Using Field Experiments In Forest Management, Anne C. Chazal, Peter H. Niewiarowski
Responses Of Mole Salamanders To Clearcutting: Using Field Experiments In Forest Management, Anne C. Chazal, Peter H. Niewiarowski
Biology Faculty Research
Impacts of forest management practices on amphibian populations have received growing attention in the last 10 yr. However, to date, measured responses include only comparisons of species diversity indices and population counts without true spatial and temporal controls. We used an experimental approach to test for differences in growth rate, fecundity, age at maturity, and whole-body storage lipids in individual mole salamanders, Ambystoma talpoideum, placed in differently managed habitats. Four 100-m(2) field enclosures were built in each of two habitats, a 4-mo-old clearcut and an adjacent 40-yr-old pine forest. On 19 July 1994, 80 recently metamorphosed and individually marked, weighed, …
Testosterone Effects On Renal Norepinephrine Content And Release In Rats With Different Y Chromosomes, Thomas J. Jones, Gail Dunphy, Amy Milsted, Daniel Ely
Testosterone Effects On Renal Norepinephrine Content And Release In Rats With Different Y Chromosomes, Thomas J. Jones, Gail Dunphy, Amy Milsted, Daniel Ely
Biology Faculty Research
The Y chromosome in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone rats has been shown to contain a locus that contributes to the hypertensive effect; both the sympathetic nervous system and testosterone may be involved. The objective of this study was to look at the effects of testosterone on renal norepinephrine (NE) release and content in the isolated perfused kidney in different Y chromosome backgrounds. The study involved male SHR, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), and 2 consomic strains with different Y chromosomes (n=5 to 8 per group). Adult animals were castrated, and implants containing testosterone propionate were placed at the base of …
Pollinator Selection, Quantitative Genetics, And Predicted Evolutionary Responses Of Floral Traits In Penstemon Centranthifolius (Scrophulariaceae), Randall J. Mitchell, Ruth G. Shaw, Nickolas M. Waser
Pollinator Selection, Quantitative Genetics, And Predicted Evolutionary Responses Of Floral Traits In Penstemon Centranthifolius (Scrophulariaceae), Randall J. Mitchell, Ruth G. Shaw, Nickolas M. Waser
Biology Faculty Research
Much of the remarkable diversity of angiosperm flowers is thought to have evolved in response to selection by animal pollinators. Selection during pollination can readily be documented, but the extent to which it leads to evolutionary change depends on the genetic basis of floral traits. Here we combine estimates of genetic variance and covariance for several traits of flowers and inflorescences in a wild plant species, with estimates of natural selection by hummingbird pollinators. Analysis of phenotypic selection through two components of pollination success indicates direct selection of plants toward larger size and toward bearing shorter flowers that produce more …
Effects Of Cutting Ashe Juniper Woodlands On Small Mammal Populations In The Texas Hill Country, K. A. Schnepf, J. A. Heselmeyer, David O. Ribble
Effects Of Cutting Ashe Juniper Woodlands On Small Mammal Populations In The Texas Hill Country, K. A. Schnepf, J. A. Heselmeyer, David O. Ribble
Biology Faculty Research
We studied the effects of cutting Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei Bucholz) woodlands on populations of small mammals at Friedrich Wilderness Park, north of San Antonio, Texas. Three patches of juniper ranging from 1.8 ha to 2.4 ha were cut to provide habitat for endangered black-capped vireos (Vireo atricapillus Woodhouse). We trapped small mammals along transects placed in the treated patches and in untreated areas of the park from October 1995 to May 1996 and again from October 1996 to March 1997. Three species of small mammals were trapped, but Peromyscus pectoralis Osgood (white-ankled mouse) was the …
An Actin-Related Protein In Drosophila Colocalizes With Heterochromatin Protein 1 In Pericentric Heterochromatin, S Frankel, E Sigel, C Craig, Sarah C.R. Elgin, M Mooseker, S Artavanis-Tsakonas
An Actin-Related Protein In Drosophila Colocalizes With Heterochromatin Protein 1 In Pericentric Heterochromatin, S Frankel, E Sigel, C Craig, Sarah C.R. Elgin, M Mooseker, S Artavanis-Tsakonas
Biology Faculty Research
The actin-related proteins have been identified by virtue of their sequence similarity to actin. While their structures are thought to be closely homologous to actin, they exhibit a far greater range of functional diversity. We have localized the Drosophila actin-related protein, Arp4, to the nucleus. It is most abundant during embryogenesis but is expressed at all developmental stages. Within the nucleus Arp4 is primarily localized to the centric heterochromatin. Polytene chromosome spreads indicate it is also present at much lower levels in numerous euchromatic bands. The only other protein in Drosophila reported to be primarily localized to centric heterochromatin in …