Biology Commons^™

Fouling And Its Next Generation Management: A Perspective, Daniel Rittschof, Christina Chai, Serena Lay Ming Teo, James Maki

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

The last 50 years of fouling research and management taught us that indiscriminate use of toxic approaches damages ecosystem services of estuaries and oceans critical to man’s existence. Next generation environmentally benign management requires knowledge of the fouling process and an understanding of the consequences of different management options. An intermediate step may be additives that fit with existing business models and distribution systems, but that carry a much reduced environmental footprint. Subsequently, the evolution of a next generation hull fouling management system with limited toxicity easy clean surfaces should replace or augment the existing commercial easy-release coatings. These new …

Liana Competition With Tropical Trees Varies Seasonally But Not With Tree Species Identity, Leonor Álvarez-Cansino, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Joseph P. Reid, Jennifer S. Powers

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Lianas in tropical forests compete intensely with trees for above‐ and belowground resources and limit tree growth and regeneration. Liana competition with adult canopy trees may be particularly strong, and, if lianas compete more intensely with some tree species than others, they may influence tree species composition. We performed the first systematic, large‐scale liana removal experiment to assess the competitive effects of lianas on multiple tropical tree species by measuring sap velocity and growth in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. Tree sap velocity increased 60% soon after liana removal compared to control trees, and tree diameter growth increased 25% …

The Ecology Of Lianas In Tropical Forests, Stefan A. Schnitzer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

No Evidence That Elevated Co2 Gives Tropical Lianas An Advantage Over Tropical Trees, David C. Marvin, Klaus Winter, Robyn J. Burnham, Stefan A. Schnitzer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Recent studies indicate that lianas are increasing in size and abundance relative to trees in neotropical forests. As a result, forest dynamics and carbon balance may be altered through liana‐induced suppression of tree growth and increases in tree mortality. Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is hypothesized to be responsible for the increase in neotropical lianas, yet no study has directly compared the relative response of tropical lianas and trees to elevated CO₂. We explicitly tested whether tropical lianas had a larger response to elevated CO₂ than co‐occurring tropical trees and whether seasonal drought alters the response of either …

A Quinol Oxidase, Encoded By Cyoabcd, Is Utilized To Adapt To Lower O2 Concentrations In Rhizobium Etli Cfn42, Zachary Ryan Lunak, K. Dale Noel

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Bacteria have branched aerobic respiratory chains that terminate at different terminal oxidases. These terminal oxidases have varying properties such as their affinity for oxygen, transcriptional regulation and proton pumping ability. The focus of this study was a quinol oxidase encoded by cyoABCD. Although this oxidase (Cyo) is widespread among bacteria, not much is known about its role in the cell, particularly in bacteria that contain both cytochrome c oxidases and quinol oxidases. Using Rhizobium etli CFN42 as a model organism, a cyo mutant was analysed for its ability to grow in batch cultures at high (21 % O2) and low …

Type I Interferons Link Viral Infection To Enhanced Epithelial Turnover And Repair, Lulu Sun, Hiroyuki Miyoshi, Sofia Origanti, Timothy J. Nice, Alexandra C. Barger, Nicholas A. Manieri, Leslie A. Fogel, Anthony R. French, David Piwnica-Worms, Helen Piwnica-Worms, Herbert W. Virgin, Deborah J. Lenschow, Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

The host immune system functions constantly to maintain chronic commensal and pathogenic organisms in check. The consequences of these immune responses on host physiology are as yet unexplored, and may have long-term implications in health and disease. We show that chronic viral infection increases epithelial turnover in multiple tissues, and the antiviral cytokines type I interferons (IFNs) mediate this response. Using a murine model with persistently elevated type I IFNs in the absence of exogenous viral infection, the Irgm1^−/− mouse, we demonstrate that type I IFNs act through nonepithelial cells, including macrophages, to promote increased epithelial turnover and wound …

Different Sites Of Alcohol Action In The Nmda Receptor Glun2a And Glun2b Subunits, Yulin Zhao, Hong Ren, Donard S. Dwyer, Robert W. Peoples

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

The NMDA receptor is a major target of alcohol action in the CNS, and recent behavioral and cellular studies have pointed to the importance of the GluN2B subunit in alcohol action. We and others have previously characterized four amino acid positions in the third and fourth membrane-associated (M) domains of the NMDA receptor GluN2A subunit that influence both ion channel gating and alcohol sensitivity. In this study, we found that substitution mutations at two of the four corresponding positions in the GluN2B subunit, F637 and G826, influence ethanol sensitivity and ion channel gating. Because position 826 contains a glycine residue …

The Role Of Biotin And Oxamate In The Carboxyltransferase Reaction Of Pyruvate Carboxylase, Adam D. Lietzan, Yi Lin, Martin St. Maurice

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the MgATP-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, an important anaplerotic reaction in central metabolism. During catalysis, carboxybiotin is translocated to the carboxyltransferase domain where the carboxyl group is transferred to the acceptor substrate, pyruvate. Many studies on the carboxyltransferase domain of PC have demonstrated an enhanced oxaloacetate decarboxylation activity in the presence of oxamate and it has been shown that oxamate accepts a carboxyl group from carboxybiotin during oxaloacetate decarboxylation. The X-ray crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase domain from Rhizobium etli PC reveals that oxamate is positioned in the active site …

Lianas In Gaps Reduce Carbon Accumulation In A Tropical Forest, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Geertje M. F. Van Der Heijden, Joseph Mascaro, Walter P. Carson

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Treefall gaps are the “engines of regeneration” in tropical forests and are loci of high tree recruitment, growth, and carbon accumulation. Gaps, however, are also sites of intense competition between lianas and trees, whereby lianas can dramatically reduce tree carbon uptake and accumulation. Because lianas have relatively low biomass, they may displace far more biomass than they contribute, a hypothesis that has never been tested with the appropriate experiments. We tested this hypothesis with an 8‐yr liana removal experiment in central Panama. After 8 years, mean tree biomass accumulation was 180% greater in liana‐free treefall gaps compared to control gaps. …

Water‐Use Advantage For Lianas Over Trees In Tropical Seasonal Forests, Ya-Jun Chen, Kun-Fang Cao, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Za-Xin Fan, Jiao-Lin Zhang, Frans Bongers

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

• Lianas exhibit peak abundance in tropical forests with strong seasonal droughts, the eco‐physiological mechanisms associated with lianas coping with water deficits are poorly understood.
• We examined soil water partitioning, sap flow, and canopy eco‐physiological properties for 99 individuals of 15 liana and 34 co‐occurring tree species in three tropical forests that differed in soil water availability.
• In the dry season, lianas used a higher proportion of deep soil water in the karst forest (KF ; an area with severe seasonal soil water deficit (SSWD )) and in the tropical seasonal forest (TSF , moderate SSWD ), permitting them to maintain …

Chloride Channels In Stellate Cells Are Essential For Uniquely High Secretion Rates In Neuropeptide-Stimulated Drosophila Diuresis, Pablo Cabrero, Selim Terhzaz, Michael F. Romero, Shireen A. Davies, Edward M. Blumenthal

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Epithelia frequently segregate transport processes to specific cell types, presumably for improved efficiency and control. The molecular players underlying this functional specialization are of particular interest. In Drosophila, the renal (Malpighian) tubule displays the highest per-cell transport rates known and has two main secretory cell types, principal and stellate. Electrogenic cation transport is known to reside in the principal cells, whereas stellate cells control the anion conductance, but by an as-yet-undefined route. Here, we resolve this issue by showing that a plasma membrane chloride channel, encoded by ClC-a, is exclusively expressed in the stellate cell and is required …

Identification Of Sex‐Specific Molecular Markers Using Restriction Site‐Associated Dna Sequencing, Tony Gamble, David Zarkower

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

A major barrier to evolutionary studies of sex determination and sex chromosomes has been a lack of information on the types of sex‐determining mechanisms that occur among different species. This is particularly problematic in groups where most species lack visually heteromorphic sex chromosomes, such as fish, amphibians and reptiles, because cytogenetic analyses will fail to identify the sex chromosomes in these species. We describe the use of restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) sequencing, or RAD‐seq, to identify sex‐specific molecular markers and subsequently determine whether a species has male or female heterogamety. To test the accuracy of this technique, we examined the …

Living Close To Your Neighbors: The Importance Of Both Competition And Facilitation In Plant Communities, Alexandra Wright, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Peter B. Reich

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Recent work has demonstrated that competition and facilitation likely operate jointly in plant communities, but teasing out the relative role of each has proven difficult. Here we address how competition and facilitation vary with seasonal fluctuations in environmental conditions, and how the effects of these fluctuations change with plant ontogeny. We planted three sizes of pine seedlings (Pinus strobus) into an herbaceous diversity experiment and measured pine growth every two weeks for two growing seasons. Both competition and facilitation occurred at different times of year between pines and their neighbors. Facilitation was important for the smallest pines when …

Disturbance And Clonal Reproduction Determine Liana Distribution And Maintain Liana Diversity In A Tropical Forest, Alicia Ledo, Stefan A. Schnitzer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Negative density dependence (NDD) and habitat specialization have received strong empirical support as mechanisms that explain tree species diversity maintenance and distribution in tropical forests. In contrast, disturbance appears to play only a minor role. Previous studies have rarely examined the relative strengths of these diversity maintenance mechanisms concurrently, and few studies have included plant groups other than trees. Here we used a large, spatially explicit data set from Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI) to test whether liana and tree species distribution patterns are most consistent with NDD, habitat specialization, or disturbance. We found compelling evidence that trees responded to …

Writing Assignments With A Metacognitive Component Enhance Learning In A Large Introductory Biology Course, Michelle Mynlieff, Anita Manogaran, Martin St. Maurice, Thomas J. Eddinger

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Writing assignments, including note taking and written recall, should enhance retention of knowledge, whereas analytical writing tasks with metacognitive aspects should enhance higher-order thinking. In this study, we assessed how certain writing-intensive “interventions,” such as written exam corrections and peer-reviewed writing assignments using Calibrated Peer Review and including a metacognitive component, improve student learning. We designed and tested the possible benefits of these approaches using control and experimental variables across and between our three-section introductory biology course. Based on assessment, students who corrected exam questions showed significant improvement on postexam assessment compared with their nonparticipating peers. Differences were also observed …

Targeted Ngs Gene Panel Identifies Mutations In Rsph1 Causing Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia And A Common Mechanism For Ciliary Central Pair Agenesis Due To Radial Spoke Defects, Alexandros Onoufriadis, Amelia Shoemark, Miriam Schmidts, Mitali Patel, Gina Jimenez, Hui Liu, Biju Thomas, Mellisa Dixon, Robert A. Hirst, Andrew Rutman, Thomas Burgoyne, Christopher Williams, Juliet Scully, Florence Bolard, Jean-Jacques Lafitte, Philip L. Beales, Claire Hogg, Pinfen Yang, Eddie M.K. Chung, Richard D. Emes, Christopher O’Callaghan, Uk 10k, Patrice Bouvagnet, Hannah M. Mitchison

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited chronic respiratory obstructive disease with randomized body laterality and infertility, resulting from cilia and sperm dysmotility. PCD is characterized by clinical variability and extensive genetic heterogeneity, associated with different cilia ultrastructural defects and mutations identified in >20 genes. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies therefore present a promising approach for genetic diagnosis which is not yet in routine use. We developed a targeted panel-based NGS pipeline to identify mutations by sequencing of selected candidate genes in 70 genetically undefined PCD patients. This detected loss-of-function RSPH1 mutations in four individuals with isolated central pair (CP) …

Expression Patterns Of Aba And Ga Metabolism Genes And Hormone Levels During Rice Seed Development And Imbibition: A Comparison Of Dormant And Non-Dormant Rice Cultivars, Yang Liu, Jun Fang, Fan Xu, Jinfang Chu, Cunyu Yan, Michael Schläppi, Youping Wang, Chengcai Chu

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Seed dormancy is an important agronomic trait in cereals. Using deep dormant (N22), medium dormant (ZH11), and non-dormant (G46B) rice cultivars, we correlated seed dormancy phenotypes with abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) metabolism gene expression profiles and phytohormone levels during seed development and imbibition. A time course analysis of ABA and GA content during seed development showed that N22 had a high ABA level at early and middle seed developmental stages, while at late developmental stage it declined to the level of ZH11; however, its ABA/GA ratio maintained at a high level …

Certain Adenylated Non-Coding Rnas, Including 5′ Leader Sequences Of Primary Microrna Transcripts, Accumulate In Mouse Cells Following Depletion Of The Rna Helicase Mtr4, Jane E. Dorweiler, Ting Ni, Jun Zhu, Stephen Munroe, James T. Anderson

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

RNA surveillance plays an important role in posttranscriptional regulation. Seminal work in this field has largely focused on yeast as a model system, whereas exploration of RNA surveillance in mammals is only recently begun. The increased transcriptional complexity of mammalian systems provides a wider array of targets for RNA surveillance, and, while many questions remain unanswered, emerging data suggest the nuclear RNA surveillance machinery exhibits increased complexity as well. We have used a small interfering RNA in mouse N2A cells to target the homolog of a yeast protein that functions in RNA surveillance (Mtr4p). We used high-throughput sequencing of polyadenylated …

The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation Potential Of Gulf Of Mexico Native Coastal Microbial Communities After The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Anthony D. Kappell, Yin Wei, Ryan J. Newton, Joy D. Van Nostrand, Jizhong Zhou, Sandra L. Mclellan, Krassimira R. Hristova

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout resulted in oil transport, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the Gulf of Mexico shoreline. The microbial communities of these shorelines are thought to be responsible for the intrinsic degradation of PAHs. To investigate the Gulf Coast beach microbial community response to hydrocarbon exposure, we examined the functional gene diversity, bacterial community composition, and PAH degradation capacity of a heavily oiled and non-oiled beach following the oil exposure. With a non-expression functional gene microarray targeting 539 gene families, we detected 28,748 coding sequences. Of these sequences, 10% were uniquely associated with the severely oil-contaminated beach …

Context-Dependent Remodeling Of Rad51–Dna Complexes By Srs2 Is Mediated By A Specific Protein–Protein Interaction, Anna K. Lytle, Sofia S. Origanti, Yupeng Qiu, Jeffrey Vongermeten, Sua Myong, Edwin Antony

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

The yeast Srs2 helicase removes Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments from single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), preventing DNA strand invasion and exchange by homologous recombination. This activity requires a physical interaction between Srs2 and Rad51, which stimulates ATP turnover in the Rad51 nucleoprotein filament and causes dissociation of Rad51 from ssDNA. Srs2 also possesses a DNA unwinding activity and here we show that assembly of more than one Srs2 molecule on the 3′ ssDNA overhang is required to initiate DNA unwinding. When Rad51 is bound on the double-stranded DNA, its interaction with Srs2 blocks the helicase (DNA unwinding) activity of Srs2. Thus, in different …

Effects Of Low Cell Ph And Elevated Inorganic Phosphate On The Pca-Force Relationship In Single Muscle Fibers At Near-Physiological Temperatures, Cassandra R. Nelson, Robert H. Fitts

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Intense muscle contraction induces high rates of ATP hydrolysis with resulting increases in P_i, H⁺, and ADP, factors thought to induce fatigue by interfering with steps in the cross-bridge cycle. Force inhibition is less at physiological temperatures; thus the role of low pH in fatigue has been questioned. Effects of pH 6.2 and collective effects with 30 mM P_i on the pCa-force relationship were assessed in skinned fast and slow rat skeletal muscle fibers at 15 and 30°C. At 30°C, pH 6.2 + 30 mM P_i significantly depressed peak force in all fiber types, …

Anolis Sex Chromosomes Are Derived From A Single Ancestral Pair, Tony Gamble, Anthony J. Geneva, Richard E. Glor, David Zarkower

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

To explain the frequency and distribution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the lizard genus Anolis, we compared the relative roles of sex chromosome conservation versus turnover of sex‐determining mechanisms. We used model‐based comparative methods to reconstruct karyotype evolution and the presence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes onto a newly generated Anolis phylogeny. We found that heteromorphic sex chromosomes evolved multiple times in the genus. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of repetitive DNA showed variable rates of Y chromosome degeneration among Anolis species and identified previously undetected, homomorphic sex chromosomes in two species. We confirmed homology of sex chromosomes in the genus …

Formation Of A Salsolinol-Like Compound, The Neurotoxin, 1-Acetyl-6,7-Dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, In A Cellular Model Of Hyperglycemia And A Rat Model Of Diabetes, De-Wei Song, Nian Xin, Bing-Jie Xie, Yu-Juan Li, Ling-Yan Meng, Hong-Mei Li, Michael Schläppi, Yu-Lin Deng

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

There are statistical data indicating that diabetes is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Methylglyoxal (MG), a biologically reactive byproduct of glucose metabolism, the levels of which have been shown to be increase in diabetes, reacts with dopamine to form 1-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (ADTIQ); this formation may provide further insight into the connection between PD and diabetes. In this study, we investigated the role of ADTIQ in these two diseases to determine in an aim to enhance our understanding of the link between PD and diabetes. To this end, a cell model of hyperglycemia and a rat model of diabetes were …

Potent Inhibition Of Mandelate Racemase By A Fluorinated Substrate-Product Analogue With A Novel Binding Mode, Mitesh Nagar, Adam D. Lietzan, Martin St. Maurice, Stephen L. Bearne

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Mandelate racemase (MR) from Pseudomonas putida catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent 1,1-proton transfer that interconverts the enantiomers of mandelate. Because trifluorolactate is also a substrate of MR, we anticipated that replacing the phenyl rings of the competitive, substrate-product analogue inhibitor benzilate (Ki = 0.7 mM) with trifluoromethyl groups might furnish an inhibitor. Surprisingly, the substrate-product analogue 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)propanoate (TFHTP) was a potent competitive inhibitor [Ki = 27 ± 4 μM; cf. Km = 1.2 mM for both (R)-mandelate and (R)-trifluorolactate]. To understand the origins of this high binding affinity, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the MR–TFHTP complex to 1.68 Å resolution. …

Functionally Diverse Biotin-Dependent Enzymes With Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase Activity, Adam D. Lietzan, Martin St. Maurice

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Biotin-dependent enzymes catalyze carboxylation, decarboxylation and transcarboxylation reactions that participate in the primary metabolism of a wide range of organisms. In all cases, the overall reaction proceeds via two half reactions that take place in physically distinct active sites. In the first half-reaction, a carboxyl group is transferred to the 1-N′ of a covalently tethered biotin cofactor. The tethered carboxybiotin intermediate subsequently translocates to a second active site where the carboxyl group is either transferred to an acceptor substrate or, in some bacteria and archaea, is decarboxylated to biotin and CO₂ in order to power the export of sodium …

Successful Treatment Of An Mtbe-Impacted Aquifer Using A Bioreactor Self-Colonized By Native Aquifer Bacteria, Kristin A. Hicks, Radomir Schmidt, Michael G. Nickelsen, Susan L. Boyle, Jeffrey M. Baker, Paul M. Tornatore, Krassimira R. Hristova, Kate M. Scow

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

A field-scale fixed bed bioreactor was used to successfully treat an MTBE-contaminated aquifer in North Hollywood, CA without requiring inoculation with introduced bacteria. Native bacteria from the MTBE-impacted aquifer rapidly colonized the bioreactor, entering the bioreactor in the contaminated groundwater pumped from the site, and biodegraded MTBE with greater than 99 % removal efficiency. DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified MTBE-degrading bacteria Methylibium petroleiphilum in the bioreactor. Quantitative PCR showed M. petroleiphilum enriched by three orders of magnitude in the bioreactor above densities pre-existing in the groundwater. Because treatment was carried out by indigenous rather than introduced organisms, …

Sorting Out The Trash: The Spatial Nature Of Eukaryotic Protein Quality Control, Emily M. Sontag, Willianne Im Vonk, Judith Frydman

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Failure to maintain protein homeostasis is associated with aggregation and cell death, and underlies a growing list of pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and cancer. Misfolded proteins can be toxic and interfere with normal cellular functions, particularly during proteotoxic stress. Accordingly, molecular chaperones, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy together promote refolding or clearance of misfolded proteins. Here we discuss emerging evidence that the pathways of protein quality control (PQC) are intimately linked to cell architecture, and sequester proteins into spatially and functionally distinct PQC compartments. This sequestration serves a number of functions, including enhancing the efficiency of quality control; …

Is Logarithmic Transformation Necessary In Allometry? Ten, One-Hundred, One-Thousand-Times Yes, Joseph Mascaro, Creighton M. Litton, R. Flint Hughes, Amanda Uowolo, Stefan A. Schnitzer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Phenotypic Correlates Of The Lianescent Growth Form: A Review, Tomasz P. Wyka, Jacek Oleksyn, Piotr Karolewski, Stefan A. Schnitzer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Background

As proposed by Darwin, climbers have been assumed to allocate a smaller fraction of biomass to support organs in comparison with self-supporting plants. They have also been hypothesized to possess a set of traits associated with fast growth, resource uptake and high productivity.

Scope

In this review, these hypotheses are evaluated by assembling and synthesizing published and unpublished data sets from across the globe concerning resource allocation, growth rates and traits of leaves, stems and roots of climbers and self-supporting species.

Conclusions

The majority of studies offer little support for the smaller allocation of biomass to stems or greater …

Insights Into The Carboxyltransferase Reaction Of Pyruvate Carboxylase From The Structures Of Bound Product And Intermediate Analogs, Adam D. Lietzan, Martin St. Maurice

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the MgATP- and bicarbonate-dependent carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, an important anaplerotic reaction in central metabolism. The carboxyltransferase (CT) domain of PC catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group from carboxybiotin to the accepting substrate, pyruvate. It has been hypothesized that the reactive enolpyruvate intermediate is stabilized through a bidentate interaction with the metal ion in the CT domain active site. Whereas bidentate ligands are commonly observed in enzymes catalyzing reactions proceeding through an enolpyruvate intermediate, no bidentate interaction has yet been observed in the CT domain of PC. Here, we …