Zoology Commons^™

The First Record Of Greek Endemic Weevil Hypera (Boreohypera) Moczarskii (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea, Curculionidae) In Central Serbia, With Elements For Species Redescription, Snezana Pesic

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The rare weevil species Hypera (Boreohypera) moczarskii Penecke, 1936, previously recorded only in Greece, has been registered for the first time in Central Serbia. Two adult males were collected in 1993 and 1994, in two places in the area of Kragujevac (Central Serbia). These findings extend H. moczarskii's distribution area to the north, and this rare species should no longer be considered as Greek, but rather as endemic to the Balkan Peninsula. Both specimens are males, and drawings of the aedeagus are shown for the first time. Hypera moczarskii is one of two European members of the subgenus Boreohypera Korotyaev, …

First Report Of Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus, Lilljeborg, 1861) Conjoined Twin Calves In The Eastern Pacific Ocean, Elena Tamburin, Erica Carone, Irma Gonzalez Lopez, Felipe Galvan Magaña

Turkish Journal of Zoology

In January 2014, gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) conjoined twin calves were found dead in Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon), Baja California Sur, Mexico. The thoracopagus (united ventrally at the chest) individuals were conjoined in the thorax region, sharing the navel and genital area, but with two distinct heads and flukes. Although observed in humans and domestic animals, this case is rare among cetaceans. Some conjoined twin cetacean fetuses have previously been reported; however, this is the first report of the congenital anomaly in Eschrichtius robustus.

Sightings Of Cetaceans In The Western Antarctic Peninsula During The First Joint Turkish-Ukrainian Antarctic Research Expedition, 2016, Bayram Öztürk, Mehmet Arda Tonay, Meli̇ke İdi̇l Öz, İzzet Noyan Yilmaz, Hali̇m Ayteki̇n Ergül, Ayaka Amaha Öztürk

Turkish Journal of Zoology

During the cetacean surveys of the first Turkish-Ukrainian Antarctic Research Expedition conducted on 5-8 April 2016 in Lemaire Channel, Penola Strait, Flanders Bay, southern Gerlache Strait, and southern Neumayer Channel in the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 74 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in 24 sightings and 11 Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in 6 sightings were recorded. The overall encounter rate (number of sightings/survey effort in nautical miles) was 0.333 (0.266 for humpback whale, 0.066 for Antarctic minke whale). According to the sighting distribution, the Lemaire Channel and Penola Strait are important migration and feeding habitats for whales. Five humpback whales were …

Cytogenetic Characteristic Of The Caucasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex Volnuchini) And Levant Mole (Talpa Levantis) (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) In Northern Anatolia, Turkey, Ahmet Yesari̇ Selçuk, Haluk Kefeli̇oğlu

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The karyotype of the Caucasian pygmy shrew (Sorex volnuchini) consists of 2n = 40 NFa = 54. The X chromosome is metacentric and the Y chromosome is large acrocentric. In the chromosome set, there are six metacentric/submetacentric, one large subtelocentric, one small metacentric, and 11 acrocentric autosomal chromosome pairs. C-negative and C-positive heterochromatin band regions are determined in the karyotype. NORs were localized in the secondary constriction in autosomal pair no. 17 of Sorex volnuchini. The diploid number of the Levant mole (Talpa levantis) is 2n = 34, NFa = 64. The X chromosome is medium size and metacentric. The …

Mitochondrial Evidence Indicates A Shallow Phylogeographic Structurefor Jaculus Blanfordi (Murray, 1884) Populations (Rodentia: Dipodidae), Ekaterina Melnikova, Morteza Naderi

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Our study was performed on the phylogeographic structure of Blanford's jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi (Murray, 1884)) collected from nine localities in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan and was based on mitochondrial evidence indicating a slight phylogeographic divergence among the populations. We aimed to amplify two frequently used mitochondrial markers, cytochrome b (cyt b) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) fragments, from 33 specimens obtained from the abovementioned countries. Our phylogeographic analyses uncovered two distinct groups, thus supporting the presence of two subspecies: J. b. blanfordi in Iran and J. b. turcmenicus in northern Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Finally, we discuss the intraspecies …

Contribution To The Knowledge Of The Molluscan Fauna Of Kuşadası Bay (Aegean Sea), Banu Bi̇tli̇s, Bi̇lal Öztürk, Alper Doğan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The present study was carried out in order to determine the molluscan species distributed in Kuşadası Bay. The investigated material was collected from different biotopes at 11 stations at varying depths between 0 and 180 m; it was sampled in the years 2000 and 2005 by using a van Veen grab and a dredge, and randomly by snorkeling. The study resulted in 134 molluscan species determined in Kuşadası Bay. Among them, Septifer cumingii Recluz, 1849 and Mytilaster solidus Monterosato, 1883 are new records for the Aegean coast of Turkey. Of the identified species, Bittium latreillii (Payraudeau, 1826) (1401 ind.), Musculus …

Three New Truncatelloidean Gastropod Species From Turkey(Caenogastropoda: Littorinimorpha), Mustafa Emre Gürlek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

New species of Bithyniidae (Pseudobithynia adiyamanensis sp. nov.), Hydrobiidae (Pseudorientalia ceriti sp. nov.), and Bythinellidae (Bythinella yerlii sp. nov.) are described from three different locations in Turkey. Samples were collected in 2013 and 2016 and the shell and male genital tract morphology of the new species were studied. All of these new taxa were compared to congeners that live in Turkey and adjacent countries.

A New Species Of The Genus Camponotus (Mayr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) From Turkey, Celal Karaman, Kadri̇ Kiran, Volkan Aksoy, Yilmaz Çamlitepe

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A new species, Camponotus praegracilis Karaman et Kiran sp. nov. is described; it is a member of the subgenus Tanaemyrmex, from the most species-rich ant genus in Turkey. Some biological notes for the new species are also given. Diagnostic characters of the new species, distinguishing the new species from the most similar species, are also described.

Antioxidant Defenses In Three Vesper Bats(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) During Hibernation, Ekaterina Antonova, Viktor Ilyukha, Svetlana Sergina, Evgeniy Khizhkin, Vladimir Belkin, Alina Yakimova, Artem Morozov

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Hibernation of bats is characterized by considerable changes in the oxygen supply during the torpor-arousal cycles. The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant defenses in tissues of the hibernating bats ( Eptesicus nilssonii , Myotis brandtii , and Plecotus auritus ), attempting to relate the tissue antioxidant protection with the ecophysiological characteristics of the studied species. We found that the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the heart and the catalase activity in the skeletal muscle were higher in E. nilssonii than in P. auritus and in M. brandtii. In comparison with studied hibernating bats, P. auritus had …

Mating Behaviour And Its Relationship With Morphological Features In The Millipede Pachyiulus Hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) (Myriapoda, Diplopoda, Julida), Zvezdana Jovanovic, Sofija Pavkovic-Lucic, Bojan Ilic, Vukica Vujic, Boris Dudic, Slobodan Makarov, Luka Lucic, Vladimir Tomic

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Although millipedes (Diplopoda) represent one of the most diverse classes of arthropods, data concerning details of their mating behaviour are very scarce. In this work, we explored mating behaviour of the European millipede Pachyiulus hungaricus under laboratory conditions, and its relationship with the size and shape of certain morphological traits. We conducted 3 types of behavioural tests: a mating arena test, a female choice test, and a male choice test. Premating behaviour was "sequenced" in 5 behavioural steps and, together with the duration of copulation, scored in all mating assays. Males were the more active sex in searching for mates, …

Unusual Winter Zooplankton Bloom In The Open Southern Adriatic Sea, Davor Lucic, Zrinka Ljubesic, Ivana Babic, Suncica Bosak, Ivona Cetinic, Ivica Vilibic, Hrvoje Mihanovic, Marijana Hure, Jakica Njire, Petra Lucic, Petar Kruzic

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The paper reports an unusual response of the microzooplankton community to oceanographic conditions observed during the winter of 2015 in the open southern Adriatic. Record-breaking nauplii abundance of 13,734 ind. m-3 was sampled for the open southern Adriatic by 50-\mum net sampling. This could be explained by (i) warmer-than-usual surface and intermediate ocean temperatures, (ii) higher precipitation that freshened and widened the surface layer, pushing saline Levantine Intermediate Water below a 400-m depth, and (iii) strong wind episodes that transported nutrients from the coastal zone to the open ocean and induced limited vertical mixing. Neritic tintinnids and viable photoautotrophs well …

Activity Patterns And Habitat Preference Of Eastern Hermann's Tortoise (Testudo Hermanni Boettgeri) In Serbia, Dragana Stojadinovic, Djuradj Milosevic, Katarina Sretic, Milica Cvetkovic, Tatjana Jovanovic, Bogdan Jovanovic, Jelka Crnobrnja Isailovic

Turkish Journal of Zoology

We analyzed variation in the distribution of eastern Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri) in a complex landscape consisting of both natural and human-altered habitats in a temperate climate region in Serbia. Our results indicated nonrandom distribution of tortoises within different habitat types with large and medium effect size for year and activity pattern, respectively. Additionally, the tortoises expressed relatively weak preference for habitats modified by human activity (e.g., vineyards, orchards, or gardens). The results suggested that these tortoises preferred some particular habitats more than others when performing specific activities. They also did not exhibit the same distribution pattern among habitats …

Human Activity Mediates Reciprocal Distribution And Niche Separationof Two Sympatric Mongoose Species On The Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan, Riaz Hussain, Tariq Mahmood, Faraz Akrim, Hira Fatima, Muhammad Sajid Nadeem

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Ecologically and morphologically similar species living in sympatry are predicted to partition their resources, although the resources themselves may vary in time and space and in relation to extrinsic factors. We studied two sympatric species of carnivores that vary in their distribution along a gradient of human activity, and one species exploits a wider range of food sources. We recorded the distribution of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) and the gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) through reconnaissance surveys within high, medium, and low human activity areas of the Pothwar Plateau from November 2011 to June 2013. We found that the …

A Case Of Limb Regeneration In A Wild Adult Podarcis Lilfordi Lizard, Alex Cortada, Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou, Joana Mendes, Miguel A. Carretero

Turkish Journal of Zoology

We report here a case of spontaneous limb regeneration in a wild Podarcis lilfordi lizard from the Balearic Islands. The animal had lost a hind limb, which regenerated posteriorly into a tail-like appendage. Despite not representing a functional regeneration, the growth of this structure after limb amputation suggests that survival of the individual may have been favored by the less restrictive conditions prevailing in insular environments. Nevertheless, such cases are extremely rare in lizards, with no reported cases over the last 60 years.

Distribution And Conservation Of Acomys Cilicicus (Mammalia: Rodentia) In Turkey, Ortaç Çeti̇ntaş, Ferhat Matur, Mustafa Sözen

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Acomys cilicicus is endemic to Turkey and known from a very restricted area. The exact distribution of the species was not known up to now and the IUCN status of the species was Data Deficient (DD). To determine the exact distribution area of the species, 39 localities within the historical distribution were surveyed by using 3243 Sherman traps between 2013 and 2016. Turkish spiny mouse samples were obtained from 14 of these 39 localities and the current distribution of the species was determined. We found that the Turkish spiny mouse has two isolated populations in the area between Silifke and …

Dysderocrates Tanatmisi Sp. N., A New Spider Species From Turkey (Araneae, Dysderidae), Gi̇zem Kiliç, Recep Sulhi̇ Özkütük

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A new species, Dysderocrates tanatmisi sp. n., is described on the basis of both sexes from the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Herein, we present the morphological and diagnostic characters and illustrations of the genitalia of both the male and female members of this species.

Description Of A New Species Of Lysiteles Simon From Guizhou Province,China (Araneae: Thomisidae), Hao Yu, Fengming Li, Zhenyu Jin

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A new species of the genus Lysiteles Simon, 1895, L. bicuspidatus sp. nov., is described from Guizhou Province, China. Detailed morphological characters, a distribution map, photos, and illustrations of the habitus and genital organs are given.

Prolonged Association Between A Pair And A Related Male In Breeding Whooper Swans (Cygnus Cygnus), Krzysztof Dudzik, Michal Polakowski, Michal Ciach

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Waterfowl (Anatidae) are a group of birds in which parental care is performed by both parents (a pair) or, less often, by females only. Alternative social systems in this group have been recorded only occasionally. This paper describes three unusual cases of prolonged association between a pair and an additional male (the offspring or sibling of the primary pair) in breeding Whooper Swans (Cygnus cygnus). In all instances the three birds displayed no antagonistic behaviour towards family members, participated in territorial defence, and bred successfully. These cases are unusual in light of what is currently known about the social system …

First Results Of A Faunistic Survey On The Orthoptera Of Jadovnik Mountain, Southwestern Serbia, With Data On The Calling Songs Of Some Bush Cricket Species, Slobodan Ivkovic

Turkish Journal of Zoology

During field trips conducted in 2015 and 2016 at 22 different localities on Jadovnik Mountain, 68 species were recorded. The calling songs of 4 species were studied in detail, and a new song type of Isophya clara was described. Metrioptera brachyptera and Locusta migratoria are rerecorded for the first time in 40 years for the Serbian fauna.

Macroinvertebrate Composition In The Metarhithral Zones Of The Munzur And Pülümür Rivers: A Preliminary Study, Zuhal Gülteki̇n, Rahmi̇ Aydin, Carola Winkelmann

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The aim of this work was the determination of the macroinvertebrate community in the metarhithral zones of the Munzur and Pülümür rivers. This is the first documented research on macroinvertebrates in the metarhithral zone of the Munzur and Pülümür rivers in the region of the city of Tunceli. In total, 30 taxa of 9 orders of benthic invertebrates were recorded at the four sampling sites. Larvae of Taeniopteryx caucasica (Plecoptera), Oligoneuriella baskale, and Ecdyonurus dispar (Ephemeroptera) were recorded for the first time in the province of Tunceli.

Comparison Of Two Methods For Sampling Orthopterans In Grassland: Differences In Species Representation And Sex Ratios, Stanislav Rada

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Orthopterans are convenient indicators for threatened grassland ecosystems. Many sampling methods are known; among them, sweep netting is the most common. This study compares sweep netting with less common pan trapping and quantifies differences in species representation and sex ratio between the two sampling techniques. Sampling took place in the submontane grassland in the northeastern part of the Czech Republic (Central Europe) during July, August, and September 2010. Both sweep netting and pan trapping were used concurrently in 11 meadows. Sampled orthopteran adults were determined to the species level and their sex was noted. Both methods recorded the same pool …

Diet Of The Bull Shark, Carcharhinus Leucas, And The Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo Cuvier, In The Eastern Pacific Ocean, Colombo Estupiñán-Montaño, José F. Estupiñán-Ortiz, Luis G. Cedeño-Figueroa, Felipe Galvan Magaña, Carlos J. Polo-Silva

Turkish Journal of Zoology

This study presents information on the diet of two shark species, Carcharhinus leucas and Galeocerdo cuvier, that inhabit the southeastern Pacific Ocean. The stomachs were collected from October 2003 to July 2005 in Ecuador. Stomachs of 41 C. leucas and six G. cuvier were analyzed. According to the index of relative importance (%IRI), the most important prey for C. leucas were fishes: family Ophichthidae (13.41%), Tylosurus pacificus (9.79%), Katsuwonus pelamis (4.54%), and fish remains (44.81%). G. cuvier, for its part, consumed squids: Ancistrocheirus lesueuri (45.14%), Pholidoteuthis boschmaii (7.81%), and Octopoteuthis spp. (5.17%), as well as turtles: Caretta caretta (9.7%), Lepidochelys …

The Indo-Pacific Brachyuran Charybdis (Gonioinfradens) Paucidentatus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861) (Brachyura, Portunidae) In The Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Gerasimos Kondylatos, Thodoros Kampouris, Vasilis Kouloumperis, Maria Corsini Foka

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The occurrence of the alien Charybdis (Gonioinfradens) paucidentatus is reported from Santorini Island after repeated underwater surveys carried out in 2014-2015. The findings constitute the first record of an Indo-Pacific brachyuran in the south-central Aegean Sea, showing the successful expansion of this portunid recently introduced into the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

A Comparative Analysis Of Geometric Morphometrics Across Two Pseudemys Turtle Species In East Central Virginia, Kristin C. Dillard

Theses and Dissertations

The phylogeny of the turtle genus Pseudemys is poorly understood. In Virginia, many turtles have been found with indicator traits of both eastern river cooters (Pseudemys concinna concinna) and northern red bellied cooters (Pseudemys rubriventris). This study explores morphological evidence for hybridization between the two species across three riverine sites in east central Virginia.

Museum voucher groups for each species were analyzed for relative shell height and plastron length. The shape of the plastral scutes and upper jaw were analyzed using landmark-based morphometric software. These metrics were compared with measurements taken from 188 field-caught Pseudemys specimens. …

Behavioral And Physiological Assessment Of Zoo-Housed Heterosexual Gorilla (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla) Troops With Multiple Silverbacks, Kaylin S. Tennant

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Based on recognized life history traits and ecology, zoos strive to house their gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in mixed-sex groups with one mature male or silverback, multiple females, and their offspring. However, successful captive breeding programs and a nearly 50:50 birth sex ratio has created the need to house surplus males in solitary conditions or all-male groups. It is commonly believed that male western gorillas will not tolerate one another in the presence of females; however, multi-male, mixed-sex groups have been observed in the wild. For this reason, some zoos have begun experimenting with this scenario. At the …

Vector Competence Of Aedes Sierrensis And Culex Pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) For Dirofilaria Immitis (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) In Northern California, Jeffrey Allan Kurosaka

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Dirofilaria immitis Leidy (dog heartworm) is a life-threatening parasite transmitted by mosquitoes to domestic dogs. Endemic in the eastern United States, cases have become more prevalent over the last few decades. While prevalence in California is generally low, Lake and San Joaquin Counties have reported rates comparable to the East Coast at 3.73% and 0.71%(CAPC 2017), respectively. Aedes sierrensis is thought to be responsible for transmission in California, but in some cases, it exists in inadequate quantities and temporal ranges to explain parasite activity. Based on Huang et al. (2013) and Tran (2016), bloodfeeding patterns, and other vector criteria, Culex …

Reproductive Competency And Mitochondrial Variation In Aged Syrian Hamster Oocytes, Fang Li, Frank J. Castora, Wentia Ford, Khalid Alarid, Howard W. Jones Jr., R. James Swanson

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The hamster is a useful model of human reproductive biology because its oocytes are similar to those in humans in terms of size and structural stability. In the present study we evaluated fecundity rate, ovarian follicular numbers, ova production, mitochondrial number, structure and function, and cytoplasmic lamellae (CL) in young (2–4 months) and old (12–18 months) Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Young hamsters had higher fertilisation rates and larger litters than old hamsters (100 vs 50% and 9.3 +/- 0.6 vs 5.5 +/- 0.6, respectively). Ovarian tissue from superovulated animals showed a 46% decrease in preantral follicles in old …

Nutritional Effects On Morphological Characteristics And Male-Male Competition Of Stag Beetle Aegus Chelifer Chelifer Macleay, 1819, Nut Songvorawit

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Stag beetles have great intraspecific variation in their bodies and weapon sizes, which are strongly influenced by the environment during the larval stage. However, the impacts of environmental factors affect on such variation and the links between environmental factors, morphological characteristics and behaviours are still unclear. This study first surveyed stag beetles discovered in natural habitat of a dry-evergreen forest in Chanthaburi province, Thailand, to roughly examine possible factors relating to growth of stag beetles. The occurrence and numbers of stag beetle larvae found in logs were high in those of a moderate decay class with relatively high nitrogen content …

Dna Barcoding Of Lepidopteran Hosts And Their Parasitoids At Chulalongkorn University Area, Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi Province, Pornthap Kerkig

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Relationships between caterpillars and their parasitoids are poorly known due to the limitation of insect rearing and accurate identification. However, this knowledge is very important for controlling agricultural insect pests using parasitoids as natural enemies in biological control programmes and also for understanding interactions between caterpillar hosts and their parasitoids. During the recent decades, DNA barcoding technique has been developed and used for molecular identification, it could help identify both caterpillars and their parasitoids accurately and fast, also solve the problems about insect rearing. This research aims to preliminary study the relationships between caterpillars and their parasitoids at Chulalongkorn University …

ความหลากชนิดและความชุกชุมของมดในพื้นที่ที่ใช้ประโยชน์โดยมนุษย์ในอำเภอเวียงสา จังหวัดน่าน, อนงค์นาฏ เช็งสุทธา

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยในครั้งนี้ทำการศึกษาในเขตอำเภอเวียงสา จังหวัดน่าน ตั้งแต่เดือนมกราคม 2558 ถึงเดือนมกราคม 2559 ในพื้นที่ที่มีการใช้ประโยชน์จากมนุษย์ 3 ประเภท ได้แก่ ป่าชุมชน (CF), สวนป่าสัก (TP) และพื้นที่เกษตรแบบผสมผสาน (IF) วัตถุประสงค์ของงานวิจัยนี้ต้องการที่จะเปรียบเทียบความหลากหลายและความชุกชุมของมดในพื้นที่ที่มีการใช้ประโยชน์โดยมนุษย์และเพื่อศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างปัจจัยสิ่งแวดล้อมบางประการต่อความชุกชุมของมด 3 ชนิด ได้แก่ มดน้ำผึ้ง Anoplolepis gracilipes มดแดง Oecophylla smaragdina และมดละเอียดท้องดำ Trichomyrmex destructor ทำการเก็บตัวอย่างมดทุก ๆ 2 เดือนโดยใช้วิธีเก็บตัวอย่าง 4 วิธี ได้แก่ การเก็บด้วยมือแบบกำหนดเวลา การใช้กับดักน้ำหวานผสมโปรตีน การใช้กับดักหลุม และ การร่อนดิน ผลการศึกษาพบมดจำนวนหกวงศ์ย่อย ได้แก่ วงศ์ย่อย Dolichoderinae วงศ์ย่อย Dorylinae วงศ์ย่อย Formicinae วงศ์ย่อย Myrmicinae วงศ์ย่อย Ponerinae และ วงศ์ย่อย Pseudomyrmecinae ซึ่งพบมดทั้งสิ้นจำนวน 40 สกุล 70 ชนิด (69 ชนิด และ 1 สัณฐานวิทยา) โดยที่มดชนิด Paratopula macta ได้ถูกค้นพบเป็นครั้งแรกในภาคเหนือของประเทศไทย ค่าเฉลี่ยของดัชนีความหลากหลายทางชนิดมด (Shannon - Wiener's diversity index (H')) มีค่าเท่ากับ 1.05, 0.90 และ 0.77 ในพื้นที่ IF CF และ TP ตามลำดับ ในขณะที่ค่าเฉลี่ยของดัชนีความสม่ำเสมอของชนิดมด (Pielou's evenness index (J')) มีค่า 0.31, 0.28 และ 0.26 ตามลำดับ อย่างไรก็ตามแม้ว่าจะไม่พบความแตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสำคัญในการเปรียบเทียบดัชนี …