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2004

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Articles 61 - 90 of 119

Full-Text Articles in Zoology

Seasonal Effects On Diet Of Two Arid Zone Dasyurids, Dasycercus Cristicauda And Ningaui Ridei (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia), Leisa Turner Jan 2004

Seasonal Effects On Diet Of Two Arid Zone Dasyurids, Dasycercus Cristicauda And Ningaui Ridei (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia), Leisa Turner

Theses : Honours

Seasonal fluctuations in rainfall and food availability are thought to change populations of arid zone mammals dramatically over time. Competition between similar species for limited food resources is believed to be a major factor in the evolution and maintenance of population assemblages. Animals foraging in arid regions must be responsive to the unreliable distribution of nutrients and food resources to ensure the survival of viable populations. Adaptive physiological traits and behavioural mechanisms of arid zone animals allow them to survive extreme conditions and the ability to switch between prey species in adverse conditions is an advantageous strategy. This study was …


Assessment Of Thermal Infrared Detection Rates Using White-Tailed Deer Surrogates, Robert E. Kissell Jr., Philip A. Tappe Jan 2004

Assessment Of Thermal Infrared Detection Rates Using White-Tailed Deer Surrogates, Robert E. Kissell Jr., Philip A. Tappe

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

As thermal infrared imaging technology has improved, it has increasingly been used for estimating sizes of wildlife populations. The greatest bias of thermal infrared surveys is the lack of known detection rates to adjust for visibility bias. As with visual surveys, a measure of detection rate is needed to provide unbiased estimates. We assessed the detection rate of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using a thermal infrared sensor (1.2 - 5.9 /an) from an aerial platform. Similar characteristics between thermal signatures of people and deer allowed us to use people in a reclined or horizontal position as surrogates for deer. We …


Distribution, Natural History Aspects, And Status Of The Arkansas Endemic Crayfish, Fallicambarus Harpi Hobbs And Robinson, 1985, Henry W. Robison, Betty G. Crump Jan 2004

Distribution, Natural History Aspects, And Status Of The Arkansas Endemic Crayfish, Fallicambarus Harpi Hobbs And Robinson, 1985, Henry W. Robison, Betty G. Crump

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Recent fieldwork in west central Arkansas has revealed the Arkansas endemic crayfish, Fallicambarus harpi Hobbs and Robison, to be more abundant than formerly believed. New localities and county records are provided in addition to information on the habitat preferences, sex ratio, color variation, reproductive biology, and conservation status of this burrowing crayfish.


Human Rabies Post-Exposure Treatment In Arkansas, 1994-2000, D. Blake Sasse Jan 2004

Human Rabies Post-Exposure Treatment In Arkansas, 1994-2000, D. Blake Sasse

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The Arkansas Department of Health recorded 118 incidents where humans in Arkansas were treated following exposure to confirmed rabid animals from 1994-2000. Domestic species accounted for 64% of incidents and 76% of total human exposures with the ratio of human exposures per rabid animal 17 times higher for domestic animals than wild animals. Records of 218 cases of human exposure to potentially rabid wild animals during this period were also examined to determine method of contact. While 72% of cases involving raccoons (Procyon lotor), skunks (Mephitis mephitis and Spilogale putorius), and foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus and Vulpes vulpes) were initiated by …


New Geographic Distribution Records For The Flier, Centrarchus Macropterus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), From Southwestern Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister, Stephanie F. Barclay, Henry W. Robison Jan 2004

New Geographic Distribution Records For The Flier, Centrarchus Macropterus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae), From Southwestern Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister, Stephanie F. Barclay, Henry W. Robison

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.


Parasites (Coccidia, Trematoda, Nematoda) From Selected Bats Of Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister, Steve J. Upton, Charles R. Bursey Jan 2004

Parasites (Coccidia, Trematoda, Nematoda) From Selected Bats Of Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister, Steve J. Upton, Charles R. Bursey

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.


Noteworthy Records Of The Seminole Bat, Lasiurus Seminolus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), From Southwestern Arkansas And Northeastern Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister, Zachary D. Ramsey, Nancy E. Solley Jan 2004

Noteworthy Records Of The Seminole Bat, Lasiurus Seminolus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), From Southwestern Arkansas And Northeastern Arkansas, Chris T. Mcallister, Zachary D. Ramsey, Nancy E. Solley

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.


Geographic Range Expansion And Feeding Response By The Leech Macrobdella Diplotertia (Annelida: Hirudinea) To Wood Frog And Spotted Salamander Egg Masses, Stanley E. Trauth, Robert G. Neal Jan 2004

Geographic Range Expansion And Feeding Response By The Leech Macrobdella Diplotertia (Annelida: Hirudinea) To Wood Frog And Spotted Salamander Egg Masses, Stanley E. Trauth, Robert G. Neal

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.


Características Histológicas De La Tumefacción Frontal De Melanophryniscus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), Daniel E. Naya, José A. Langone, Rafael O. De Sá Jan 2004

Características Histológicas De La Tumefacción Frontal De Melanophryniscus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), Daniel E. Naya, José A. Langone, Rafael O. De Sá

Biology Faculty Publications

Se analizó la histología tegumentaria de la región cefálica en seis especies del género Melanophryniscus, pertenecientes a los grupos stelzneri (4) y tumifrons (2), con el objetivo de esclarecer la estructura de la tumefacción frontal y su posible función. Las características generales de la histología del grupo stelzneri, coincidieron con las descripciones tegumentarias existentes para el género. Sin embargo, la región cefálica frontal en las dos especies del grupo tumifrons muestran cambios histológicos correlacionados a la tumefacción frontal. Esta estructura presenta una organización similar a otras macroglándulas presentes en la dermis de anuros (e.g., parotoides, paracnémicas), y por tanto se …


On The Engimatic Distribution Of The Honduran Endemic Leptodactylus Silvanimbus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae), W. R. Heyer, Rafael O. De Sá, Sarah Muller Jan 2004

On The Engimatic Distribution Of The Honduran Endemic Leptodactylus Silvanimbus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae), W. R. Heyer, Rafael O. De Sá, Sarah Muller

Biology Faculty Publications

Most species of the frog genus Leptodactylus occur in South America, and all authors who have treated the zoogeography of the genus have concluded that it originated somewhere in South America (e.g., Savage 1982). Savage (1982, 518) summarized the historical herpetofaunal units of the Neotropics as follows: "All evidence points to an ancient contiguity and essential similarity of a generalized tropical herpetofauna that ranged over tropical North, Middle, and most of South America in Cretaceous-Paleocene times. Descendents of this fauna are represented today by the South and Middle American tracks (Elements). To the north of this fauna ranged a subtropical-temperate …


On The Current Status And Distribution Of Blanford's Fox, Vulpes Cana Blanford, 1877, In Jordan (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae), Mohammad Adnan Abu Baker, Khaldoun Al Omari, Mayas Qarqaz, Yahya Khaled, Mohammad Yousef, Zuhair Sami Amr Jan 2004

On The Current Status And Distribution Of Blanford's Fox, Vulpes Cana Blanford, 1877, In Jordan (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae), Mohammad Adnan Abu Baker, Khaldoun Al Omari, Mayas Qarqaz, Yahya Khaled, Mohammad Yousef, Zuhair Sami Amr

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The current status and distribution of Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana, in Jordan is reviewed based on recent field observations and specimen collections. New distribution records along with morphometric data are given.


A Contribution To The Knowledge Of The Tenthredinidae (Symphyta, Hymenoptera) Fauna Of Turkey Part I: The Subfamily Tenthredininae, Önder Çalmaşur, Hi̇kmet Özbek Jan 2004

A Contribution To The Knowledge Of The Tenthredinidae (Symphyta, Hymenoptera) Fauna Of Turkey Part I: The Subfamily Tenthredininae, Önder Çalmaşur, Hi̇kmet Özbek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The subfamily Tenthredininae in the family Tenthredinidae was treated in this part of the study regarding the sawfly (Symphyta, Hymenoptera) fauna of Turkey. The materials were collected from various localities around the country, though examples from eastern Turkey are predominant. After examining more than 2500 specimens, 57 species in 8 genera were recorded. Eleven species were new for Turkish fauna; of these 3 species were recorded for the first time as Asian fauna. Furthermore, 3 species were endemic for Turkey. The distribution and new areas as well as the host plants of some species around Turkey and the world were …


First Records Of Some Naididae (Oligochaeta) Species For Turkey, Nai̇me Arslan, Yalçin Şahi̇n Jan 2004

First Records Of Some Naididae (Oligochaeta) Species For Turkey, Nai̇me Arslan, Yalçin Şahi̇n

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Samples were collected from 79 stations in the Sakarya River Basin between September 1995 and August 1998. A total of 34 species of aquatic Oligochaeta were determined and 15 of them (Chaetogaster langi Bretscher, 1896, Paranais frici Hrabe, 1941, Nais communis Piguet, 1906, N. bretscheri Michaelsen, 1899, N. barbata Müller 1773, N. simplex Piguet, 1906, N. pseudobtusa Piguet, 1906, Dero (Aulophorus) furcatus (O. F. Müller, 1773), Dero (Aulophorus) borellii Michaelsen, 1900, Spericaria josinae (Vejdovsky, 1883), Pristinella rosea (Piguet, 1906), P. amphibiotica Lastockin, 1927, Pristinella sima (Marcus, 1944), Allonais pectinata (Stephenson, 1910) and A. gwaliorensis (Stephenson, 1920), are new records for …


Histological, Histochemical And Ultrastructural Investigations On The Esophagus Of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), Fati̇me Geyi̇koğlu, Özgen Vuraler, Aysel Temelli̇ Jan 2004

Histological, Histochemical And Ultrastructural Investigations On The Esophagus Of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), Fati̇me Geyi̇koğlu, Özgen Vuraler, Aysel Temelli̇

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The histology of the esophagus of Oncorhynchus mykiss was studied. The structure of the esophagus exhibited differences as well as similarities when compared with previous studies. In this study, the histochemical and ultrastructural structure of the tunica muscularis externa in the esophagus of this fish is investigated. The muscle fibers are described as red and intermediate fibers according to the pH stability of their mATPase activities. The red fibers showed intense staining, while intermediate fibers showed moderate staining with succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and toluidine blue. In addition, small diameter fibres were seen. These indicated to be the continuation of development …


Inhibitory Effect Of Bursa Propolis On Dental Caries Formation In Rats Inoculated With Streptococcus Sobrinus, Gamze Bozcuk Erdem, Seval Ölmez Jan 2004

Inhibitory Effect Of Bursa Propolis On Dental Caries Formation In Rats Inoculated With Streptococcus Sobrinus, Gamze Bozcuk Erdem, Seval Ölmez

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The effect of propolis on the growth of Lactobacillus casei RSKK 591, Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449 and Streptococcus sobrinus DSN sobrinus 20742 was investigated in vitro. Bursa propolis had the most inhibitory effect on S. sobrinus. The effect of Bursa propolis on rats inoculated with S. sobrinus was also studied. In rats inoculated with the bacteria and given propolis, the severity of sulcal enamel and superficial dentine lesions was significantly less than that in the control group, but colony forming unit numbers and the caries scores in other levels were not different. Weight gains, and the food and water consumption …


A Contribution To The Knowledge Of Tenthredinidae (Symphyta, Hymenoptera) Fauna Of Turkey Part Ii: Subfamilies Blennocampinae, Dolerinae, Nematinae And Selandrinae, Önder Çalmaşur, Hi̇kmet Özbek Jan 2004

A Contribution To The Knowledge Of Tenthredinidae (Symphyta, Hymenoptera) Fauna Of Turkey Part Ii: Subfamilies Blennocampinae, Dolerinae, Nematinae And Selandrinae, Önder Çalmaşur, Hi̇kmet Özbek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

In the second part of this contribution to the fauna of the typical sawfly, Tenthredinidae in Turkey, the subfamilies Blennocampinae, Dolerinae, Nematinae and Selandrinae are discussed. Twenty-seven species in 13 genera of Blennocampinae, 7 species in 2 genera of Dolerinae, 9 species in 6 genera of Nematinae, and 4 species in 4 genera of Selandrinae, a total of 47 species, are recorded. Of these, 7 species were new to the Turkish fauna. New data on geographical distribution and host plants are given for some species. For each species, a chorotype is reported.


A New Record For The Cereal Pests In Turkey: Phorbia Securis Tiensuu, 1935 (Diptera, Anthomyiidae), Erhan Koçak, Mustafa Özdemi̇r Jan 2004

A New Record For The Cereal Pests In Turkey: Phorbia Securis Tiensuu, 1935 (Diptera, Anthomyiidae), Erhan Koçak, Mustafa Özdemi̇r

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Phorbia securis Tiensuu, 1935 (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) is a new pest found in the cereal areas of the Thrace region in Turkey. In this paper, its morphology, short biology, hosts and distribution in Turkey are presented.


Investigation Of Some Biological Characteristics Of The Silver Crucian Carp, Carassius Gibelio (Bloch 1782) Population In Lake Eğirdir, İsmet Balik, Remzi̇ye Özkök, Hidir Çubuk, Rahmi̇ Uysal Jan 2004

Investigation Of Some Biological Characteristics Of The Silver Crucian Carp, Carassius Gibelio (Bloch 1782) Population In Lake Eğirdir, İsmet Balik, Remzi̇ye Özkök, Hidir Çubuk, Rahmi̇ Uysal

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Biological characteristics such as sex, age and length compositions, growth, condition factor, reproduction, mortality and exploitation rates of the silver crucian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch 1782), population in Lake Eğirdir were investigated between March 2001 and February 2002. According to the 616 specimens ranged in age groups from I to VI, the percentages of male and female individuals in the population were 53.4% and 46.6%, respectively. The fork lengths of the samples ranged from 9 to 33 cm. Allometric growth was also determined among the lengths and weights of both sexes. Incremental growth rates in length and weight for both …


First Record Of Graptodytes Bilineatus (Sturm, 1835) (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) From Turkey, Ömer Köksal Erman, Orhan Erman Jan 2004

First Record Of Graptodytes Bilineatus (Sturm, 1835) (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) From Turkey, Ömer Köksal Erman, Orhan Erman

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Graptodytes bilineatus (Sturm, 1835) is newly recorded from Turkey. Its identification according to our specimens and distribution around the world is reviewed.


Contributions To The Knowledge Of Malacostraca (Crustacea) Fauna Of The Taurus Mountains District (Southern Anatolia), Mustafa Ruşen Ustaoğlu, Süleyman Balik, Murat Özbek Jan 2004

Contributions To The Knowledge Of Malacostraca (Crustacea) Fauna Of The Taurus Mountains District (Southern Anatolia), Mustafa Ruşen Ustaoğlu, Süleyman Balik, Murat Özbek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

In order to determine the Malacostraca fauna of water bodies in the Taurus Mountains, southern Anatolia, 2 field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997. As a result, Asellus aquaticus (L. 1758), Gammarus balcanicus Schäferna 1922, Gammarus longipedis G.S. Karaman & Pinkster 1987 and Stygobromus ambulans (F. Müller 1846) were determined from the investigated area. All the determined taxa are recorded for the first time from these localities.


A Newly Recorded Gregarine Parasite Of Chaetocnema Tibialis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) From Turkey, Mustafa Yaman Jan 2004

A Newly Recorded Gregarine Parasite Of Chaetocnema Tibialis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) From Turkey, Mustafa Yaman

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A gregarine parasite of Chaetocnema tibialis (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) is reported for the first time.


The Gastropods Of Lake Eğirdir, M. Zeki̇ Yildirim Jan 2004

The Gastropods Of Lake Eğirdir, M. Zeki̇ Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The Gastropoda species and its distribution was investigated in Lake Eğirdir. It was determined that 5 species belonging to Gastropoda, order Prosobranchia (Theodoxus heldreichi, Valvata naticina, Graecoanatolica lacustristurca, Falsipyrgula pfeiferi and Bithynia pseudemmericia) and 7 species belonging to the order Pulmonata (Radix peregra, Stagnicola palustris, Physa fontinalis, Physa acuta, Planorbis planorbis, Planorbis carinatus and Gyraulus albus) were present. Gastropoda species from 9 freshwater stations connected with Lake Eğirdir and 10 freshwater stations that not connected obviously with lake were investigated to determine the effect of aquatic systems around the lake to the malacofauna of Lake Eğirdir. In addition trophic level …


A First Record For The Bighead Goby (Neogobius Kessleri Günther, 1861) Along The Turkish Eastern Black Sea Coast, Süleyman Balik, Davut Turan Jan 2004

A First Record For The Bighead Goby (Neogobius Kessleri Günther, 1861) Along The Turkish Eastern Black Sea Coast, Süleyman Balik, Davut Turan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The, bighead goby is reported for the first time from the Turkish Eastern Black Sea coast in Kale (Taşlı ) Stream (Rize), Erenler Stream (Çayeli-Rize), Kantarlı Stream (Pazar-Rize), Fırtına Stream (Ardeşen-Rize), Işıklı Stream (Ardeşen-Rize), Çağlayan Stream (Fındıklı-Rize) and Yeşil Stream (Fındıklı-Rize). A total of 70 individuals from different sampling stations were caught by an electro-shocker. Systematic characteristics of this species were examined and then compared with those reported in previous studies.


The Isopoda Species Found At The Coast Of Bozcaada Island (Ne Aegean Sea), Herdem Aslan, Hüsametti̇n Balkis Jan 2004

The Isopoda Species Found At The Coast Of Bozcaada Island (Ne Aegean Sea), Herdem Aslan, Hüsametti̇n Balkis

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The purpose of this study was to identify Isopoda (Crustacea) fauna at the coast of Bozcaada Island (NE Aegean Sea). Samples were collected at 20 stations in 2000 and 2001, from depths of 0-10 m, using dredges and scoop nets. Ten species were identified belonging to 4 families and 8 genera. Eight of these species were new records for the Isopoda fauna at the coast of Bozcaada Island.


Oppia Nitens C.L. Koch, 1836, A New Species For The Turkish Fauna (Acari, Oribatida, Oppiidae), Şule Baran, Nusret Ayyildiz Jan 2004

Oppia Nitens C.L. Koch, 1836, A New Species For The Turkish Fauna (Acari, Oribatida, Oppiidae), Şule Baran, Nusret Ayyildiz

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The characteristic features and the figures for Oppia nitens C.L. Koch, 1836, recorded for the first time from Turkey, have been given on the basis of specimens collected from Erzurum province.


Three New Localities For Rana Bedriagae Caralitana Arıkan, 1988 (Anura: Ranidae) In The West Mediterranean Region, Serdar Düşen, Mehmet Öz, Mehmet Rizvan Tunç, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Hakan Durmuş Jan 2004

Three New Localities For Rana Bedriagae Caralitana Arıkan, 1988 (Anura: Ranidae) In The West Mediterranean Region, Serdar Düşen, Mehmet Öz, Mehmet Rizvan Tunç, Yusuf Kumlutaş, Hakan Durmuş

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Thirty adult (16 males 14 females) Rana bedriagae caralitana specimens were investigated morphologically. According to results of the morphological analysis, the Kırkgöz (Antalya), Taşkesiği (Korkuteli/Antalya) and Girdev Plateau (Elmalı/Antalya) populations were included in Rana bedriagae caralitana. Furthermore, the distribution range of R. b. caralitana was extended to the northern part of the west Mediterranean Region.


Comparison Of Female Antennules In Some Genera Of Cyclopidae (Copepoda, Cyclopoida): Their Significance For Phylogeny, Süphan Karaytuğ, Serdar Sak, Alp Alper Jan 2004

Comparison Of Female Antennules In Some Genera Of Cyclopidae (Copepoda, Cyclopoida): Their Significance For Phylogeny, Süphan Karaytuğ, Serdar Sak, Alp Alper

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The homology of the antennulary segments of species belonging to some genera of Cyclopidae is determined by comparing the common setation patterns on female antennules. Comparison of the setation pattern has confirmed that there are always 44 setae and 3 aesthetascs on the female antennules of all the genera examined. This study shows that the strict application of homology is essential in order to resolve the phylogenetic relationships between the genera of Cyclopidae. Although both Ectocyclops phaleratus and Paracyclops canadensis have 11-segmented antennules, the analysis of segmental homologies has shown that the 11-segmented condition has occurred due to convergent evolution …


A Study On The Chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Parasitoids Of Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) In Ankara Province, Lütfi̇ye Gençer Jan 2004

A Study On The Chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Parasitoids Of Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) In Ankara Province, Lütfi̇ye Gençer

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The objective of this study was to determine parasitoids attacking leafminers (Agromyzidae: Diptera) in Ankara province. Seven parasitoids species belonging to the Eulophidae (Chalcidoidea) were found. These species were Diglyphus iseae (Walker), D. chabrias (Walker), Neochyrsocharis formosa (Westwood), N. arvensis Graham, Pediobius acantha (Walker), Chrysocharis sp. and Hemiptarsenus sp. Of these, D. isaea, N. formosa and N. arvensis were found to be the most common parasitoids of leafminers. Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) and Phytomyza lappae Goureau putatively appeared to be the host species. However, parasitoids were only reared from the first two species. The last species from which …


The Avifauna Of Termessos National Park (Antalya-Turkey), Hakan Sert, Ali̇ Erdoğan Jan 2004

The Avifauna Of Termessos National Park (Antalya-Turkey), Hakan Sert, Ali̇ Erdoğan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The bird fauna of Termessos National Park, in south-central Anatolia about 37 km north-west of Antalya city centre, was studied between October 1998 and April 2000. In the study area, 113 species of forest and mountain birds, belonging to 32 families, were recorded. Their residence status is as follows: 50 residents (R), 40 summer (S) and 14 winter visitors (W), 5 vagrants (V) and 4 passage migrants (Pm). To show the national and international importance of Termessos National Park, the numbers of threatened bird species are compared with the Red Data Book of Turkey (total 51 threatened species: A.1.2 = …


Parasitic Copepod Lernaeopoda Galei Krøyer, 1837 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida): A First Record From Turkish Seas, Süphan Karaytuğ, Serdar Sak, Alp Alper Jan 2004

Parasitic Copepod Lernaeopoda Galei Krøyer, 1837 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida): A First Record From Turkish Seas, Süphan Karaytuğ, Serdar Sak, Alp Alper

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The parasitic copepod Lernaeopoda galei and corresponding order Siphonostomatoida are recorded from Turkish seas for the first time. The parasites were collected from the cloacal region of Mustelus mustelus from Edremit Bay in the Aegean Sea. Descriptions of both sexes were given in detail and the differences observed in the present specimens were compared with previous descriptions of L. galei.