Zoology Commons^™

An Electrophysiological Study Of The Oral Plate Sensory Organs Of The Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.), Rodney R. Seeley

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The oral plate sense organs of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., have been investigated employing an electrophysiological technique which allows simultaneous stimulation and recording.

The results of the study present evidence that the four bipolar sense cells innervating the sensory papillae on the oral surface of the hypopharynx are chemoreceptors. The sensory papillae respond to cations, glucose, water, and amino acids. Evidence for the absence of a mechanosensory cell is presented. The data concerning the sensory structures agree with the current theories of chemoreception.

Isolation And Characterization Of Autosomal Male Sterile Mutants In Drosophila Melanogaster, Lynn J. Romrell

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In order to study the genetic control of spermiogenesis, recessive, male-sterile, autosomal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster were induced with ethyl methanesulfonate. A total of 31 mutants were recovered, 15 of which were located on the second chromosome and 16 on the third chromosome. Eight second- and 6 third-chromosome mutants demonstrating sterility in all homozygous males were used for further analysis.

Complementation tests showed that 2 of the 8 second chromosome mutants (and none of the 6 third chromosome mutants) were noncomplementing, indicating that two of the mutants produced were alleles of the same locus. Mapping of the second chromosome mutants …

The Development Of The Endogenous Stages Of Eimeria Ninakohlyakimovae (Yakimoff And Rastegaieff, 1930) In Domestic Sheep, Richard S. Wacha

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Forty-five mixed breed lambs, 1 to 4 months of age, were used to study the patent period and endogenous stages in the life cycle of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae. The lambs were inoculated with oocysts of this species and killed at daily intervals from 1 through 14 days after inoculation. From all lambs of the study sections of intestinal tissue were prepared by routine methods for histological examination.

E. ninakohlyakimovaewas observed to have 2 generations of schizonts in its endogenous development. Mature, first-generation schizonts had an average diameter of about 290 μ and had many thousands of merozoites, averaging 11.9 …

Growth Of Eimeria Alabamensis From Cattle In Vitro And The Changes In Fine Structure Associated With Schizogony, J. Robert Sampson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Monolayer primary cultures of cells from bovine embryonic intestine (BEint), kidney (BEK), spleen (BES), and thyroid (BET) and cell line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea ( EBTr) and synovium (BESy)as well as established cell line cultures of Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), human intestine (Int 407), and Syrian hamster kidney (BHK-21) were inoculated with freshly excysted sporozoites of Eimeria alabamensis and observed for 4 days. Sporozoites penetrated all cell types during the first 24 hours in culture. Numerous intracellular sporozoites, trophozoites, and binucleate schizonts were seen in all cell cultures except Int 407. The best development occurred in BES and MDBK …

The Effects Of Formaldehyde On The Frequency Of Reversion Of The White-Ivory Mutant Of Drosophila Melanogaster, Ruth Ellen D. Wood

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study is an analysis of the effects of formaldehyde, a chemical which is both recombinogenic and mutagenic, on white-ivory (wⁱ) a highly mutable allele of the white locus of Drosophila. Formaldehyde is shown to significantly increase the reversion frequency of wⁱ. The results of this investigation differ from earlier observations in three respects: (1) there is a positive correlation between RNA (ribonucleic acid) concentration and reversion frequency in the presence of formaldehyde, but reversion does not appear to be totally RNA dependent; (2) female germ cells are more sensitive than those of the male; …

Summer Distribution And Food Habits Of Microtus In The Logan Canyon Area, Utah, James B. Monroe

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Field work for the study was conducted in Logan Canyon and the valley at the base of that canyon in Cache County, Utah, during the three summer months of both 1968 and 1969, Microtus pennsylvanicus, found only in the valley, inhabits wet marshy areas. Microtus longicaudus is found in mixed deciduous woods a long the Logan River in the canyon. Microtus richardsoni, which occurs only at the higher elevations, inhabits the subalpine meadows. Microtus montanus inhabits mesic grassy fields in both the valley and Logan Canyon and also inhabits a mixed deciduous woods and tall canary grass ( …

Amprolium For Control Of Experimental Coccidiosis In Six- And Twelve-Month-Old Calves, William R. Jolley

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

One hundred Hereford calves were used in 2 experiments, with each experiment lasting approximately 3 months. In the first experiment, 40 yearling heifers were each inoculated with approximately 50,000 E. bovis oocysts daily for 10 days (500,000 oocysts, mixed with water, were poured over the morning dry feed allotment for each pen of 10 animals). Amprolium was given in the feed at 25 mg/kg of body weight daily for 30 days to 20 of the calves; the remaining 20 were not treated. Treatment was started one day before inoculation. The untreated calves had some diarrhea, discharged moderate numbers of oocysts …

The Development Of Eimeria Auburnensis In Cell Culture, Wayne Norris Clark

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In vitro development of Eimeria auburnensis was studied in cell cultures. The cell types used were established cell lines of adult bovine kidney (Madin-Darby) and embryonic human intestine cells (Int 407); also cell line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea and embryonic bovine spleen cells were used. Monolayer cell cultures were serially propagated in disposable prescription bottles and transferred to Leighton tubes for use in experiments. Coverslips from Leighton tubes cultures inoculated with sporozoites were examined at regular intervals with phase-contrast microscopy for as long as 20 days after inoculation. After examination, coverslips were fixed in Schaudinn's fluid or Stieve's fixative …

A Description Of The Planarian Phagocata Crenophila, New Species, From Utah, Jerry H. Carpenter

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A new species of planaria in the genus Phagocata was found in several springs and spring-fed streams in Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah. This species was named Phagocata crenophila because it greatly prefers to live in springs and it seems to be adapted behaviorally to this type of habitat. Serial sections and whole mounts were made by standard methods in order to study the anatomical features which are necessary for identification of planarians. The distinguishing features of this species are the following: testes ventral and extending from near the brain to near the posterior end, ejaculatory duct opening ventrally from …

Comparisons Of Phytoseiid Predator Populations In Sprayed And Unsprayed Apple Orchards In Cache Valley, Utah, Yeboa A. Dodoo

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A comparative study of phytoseiid populations was made of two well-cultivated and regularly sprayed apple orchards with two unsprayed orchards in Cache Valley, northern Utah.

Two phytoseiid species, Typhlodromus mcgregori Chant and T. occidentalis Nesbitt were observed on the apple leaves, under the bark, and occasionally in the litter and soil. Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) occurred in the soil and litter and occasionally under bark. T. mcgregori was dominant in the unsprayed orchards, and T. occidentalis in the sprayed.

Of the phytophagous mites, which served as food for the phytoseiids, the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch was dominant. Other phytophagous mites …

The Asexual And Sexual Stages Of Eimeria Auburnensis In Calves, Bill Chobotar

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In a study of the life cycle of Eimeria auburnensis, 51 of 57 Holstein-Friesian calves were used to study endogenous stages, and the remainder to investigate the prepatent and patent periods. In vitro excysted sporozoites of E. auburnensis were introduced into intestinal fistulas in 8 calves and into the intestine via laparotomy in 2 others. One or more of the 51 calves were killed at daily intervals beginning on the second day and continuing until the 19th day after inoculation. The tissues from calves were prepared by routine histological techniques for nicroscopic examination. First-generation asexual endogenous stages were located …

An Examination Of A Putative System For The In Vitro Synthesis Of Drosophila Tryptophan Pyrrolase, John P. Phillips

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A system, reported by Morrison (1964), for the in vitro synthesis of Drosophila tryptophan pyrrolase has been critically studied. This putative system is based on the addition of a Drosophila "RNA" extract to a Drosophila cell-free protein synthesizing system; the synthesized enzyme is then allowed to catalyze a specific reaction, the product of which is measured by direct adsorption.

The results of this study present a three-fold argument against the interpretation of synthesis of tryptophan pyrrolase in the Morrison in vitro system: (1) RNA from a null-allele, v^36f, stimulated the same tryptophan pyrrolase "activity" in the in vitro …

Feeding Ecology And Territorial Behavior Of The Yellow Warbler, Merrill J. Frydendall

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A controversy dating from the appearance of Altum's book, Der Vogel und sein Leben, 1868 (Mayr, 1935) is that of the biological function or functions of the territorial behavior in birds. However, attention was not focused upon this problem until the advent of Howard's book, Territory in Bird Life, published in 1920. In a general review of the problem Hinde (1956) discussed several functions of the territory and presented evidence both for and against their importance. The more important of these presumed functions are: (1) limitation of population density; (2) facilitation of pair formation and maintenance of the …

The Incidence And Life Cycle Of Eimeria Utahensis Sp. N. From Kangaroo Rats Of Northwestern Utah, John V. Ernst

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A total of 176 kangaroo rats (151 Dipodomys ordii and 25 D. microps) were captured in northwestern Utah and examined for coccidia. Of these 176 rats, four D. ordii (2.6%) and four D. microps (16.0%) were infected with Eimeria utahensis, a new species of coccidia. Little seasonal difference was found in the infection rate of either species. The characteristics of the sporulated oocysts of this species were described. A sporocyst plug was reported for the first time in an eimerian oocyst.

Artificially excysted sporozoites were studied by various methods. Thirty living sporozoites averaged 22.5 𝜇 in length by …

Life Cycles Of Three Species Of Eimeria From The Uinta Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus Armatus, Kenneth S. Todd Jr.

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A study of the coccidia of the Uinta ground squirrel, Spermophilus (Citellus) armatus, was undertaken to determine the incidence of coccidia in a population of these ground squirrels, the life cycle and pathogenicity of the coccidia, and the host specificity of certain of the species of coccidia found in this and five other species of ground squirrels (S. richardsoni, S. variegatus, S. lateralis, S. columbianus, and S. beecheyi).

Uinta ground squirrels were live trapped and their feces examined to determine the incidence of coccidian infection. Specimens of S. armatus were maintained in the laboratory and given a pure inoculum of …

Effects Of Temperature On In Vitro Excystation Of Various Eimeria Species, Larry E. Hibbert

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Cleaned oocysts of Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. auburnensis, and E. zurnii of cattle, E. ahsata and E. ninakohlyakimovae of sheep, E. bilamellata and E. callospermophili of the ground squirrel, and E. tenella of chickens were pretreated with 50 percent carbon dioxide/50 percent air at temperatures ranging from 29 to 45 C with 2 degree intervals for 4, 6, 8, 10, and 30 hours and treated with bile and trypsin.

The optimum temperature in species of ruminant coccidia was 39 to 41 C. In E. bovis, excystation occurred from 29 to 43 C. At 43 C and above, …

The Initiation Of Infection By Dna From Bacteriophage Lambda, Gerald D. Elseth

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from bacteriophage λ can infect Escherichia coli K12 in the presence of adsorbed helper phage (Kaiser and Hogness, 1960; Kaiser, 1962). The manner in which λ DNA enters the cell and the possible role of helper phage in the penetration process is still not clear. Kinetic studies conducted in this laboratory during the initial stages of infection by λ DNA demonstrate a requirement for helper function during the penetration of an infectious molecule. Further investigation into this problem is needed and was the major objective of this study.

A Cytological Study Of Certain Life Cycle Stage Of Eimeria Bovis, John V. Ernst

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Although much research has been done on the bovine coccidia little has been reported on the cytological nature of the different stages. Few descriptions of cytoplasmic structures occur in the literature. Because of the impermeability of the oocyst wall a definitive study of the nucleus in the unsporulated oocyst has not been made, nor have the nuclear changes during the two successive divisions which occur during the process of sporulation been described.

The Use Of Amprolium In Controlling Coccidiosis In Lambs, Joseph E. Kuta

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Young lambs are subject to severe infections with coccidiosis, which cause weight loss, morbidity, woolbreaking, and death (Christensen, 1940b; Shumard, 1957; Lotze, 1959; Smith et al., 1960). Dunlap et al. (1949) have shown that the adult sheep are reservoir hosts and are a constant source of infection to lambs. Outbreaks of coccidial infections, especially under feedlot conditions, are frequent (Newsom and Cross, 1931; Piras, 1934; Deem and Thorp, 1940; Mahrt and Sherrick, 1965).

Immunity To Ostertagiasis In Calves, Leo F. Lejambre

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Parasites are responsible for heavy economic loss to the livestock industry. The losses in cattle due to parasitism can only be roughly estimated, since many cattle do not die or become visibly sick. However, there are more subtle losses such as reduced growth rate, and decreased meat and milk production (Levine, 1961). In 1954 the U. S. Department of Agriculture published an estimate of the losses in agriculture over the 10 year period, 1942-1951. At that time, the best judgement of specialists in the Department of Agriculture placed the annual loss to parasitism in cattle at $19,026,000 of which $8,989,000 …

Deviations In Serum Proteins Associated With Eimeria Bovis Infections In Calves And Some Related Immune Reactions, Paul R. Fitzgerald

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Bovine coccidiosis is a serious threat to the economy of the cattle industry in the United States. In 1954 the United States Department of Agriculture reported that over $10,000,000 was lost annually as a result of mortality and morbidity in cattle due to this parasite (1). These losses alone amounted to more than one fourth of the total loss in cattle due to parasitism.

The Life Cycle And Pathogenicity Of Eimeria Auburnensis, Wayne Norris Clark

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Coccidiosis in cattle is caused by microscopic one-celled sporozoa belonging to the order Coccidia and the genus Eimeria. Coccidiosis is a common disease of young calves that weakens or kills them, but the disease also occurs in older animals. Eleven species have been reported in cattle of the U.S.A.(Davis and Bowman, 1956). Of this number only two species, Eimeria bovis(Hammond et al., 1946) and Eimeria zurnii(Davis and Bowman, 1957) have been proven pathogenic for cattle, but except for Eimeria alabamensis(Davis et al., 1955) no experimental work has been done on other species.

Blood Changes In Calves Experimentally Infected With Haemonchus Placei And Ostertagia Ostertagi, Darrell J. Graff

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Parasitic diseases of livestock have long been a subject of considerable interest. Great economic losses are inflicted each year on our growing livestock industry. If these parasitic diseases proceed undetected or untreated the hosts may suffer retardation in weight gain or succumb.

A Study Of The Parasites From Rainbow Trout Of A Commercial Fish Farm In Cache Valley, Utah, Kenneth L. Jones

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

During the biennial period July 1, 1956 to June 30, 1958 the 12 state fish hatcheries in Utah produced and stocked in the waters of the state 20,092,902 fish weighing a total of 1,528,787 pounds, at a cost varying between 69 and 75 cents per pound. The cost figure depends upon what expenditures are included (Don Andriano, 1960). A substantial mortality occurs at the fish hatcheries in the state of Utah. The determination of the cause of any given loss is complicated by a number of factors. This is especially true of losses which may be due secondarily to parasites …

Treatment Of Experimental Bovine Coccidiosis With Nitrofurazone And Sulfamethazine, Donald L. Ferguson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Coccidiosis in cattle is caused by microscopic, one-celled parasites known as coccidia (genus Eimeria). It is a common disease that weakens or kills calves or older cattle, with greater loses generally occurring in young animals. Eleven species have been reported in cattle in this country (1). At least two species, Eimeria bovis and E. zurnii, are known to be pathogenic to cattle (9).

A Study Of Aquatic Insects Of Logan River, Utah, Daood Salman Mutlag

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The field of aquatic biology requires intensive work and investigation for getting the important insects for biologic a l studies in laboratory and for estimating the quantity needed as food for fish population in the river.

An Economic Study Of Rats (Genus Rattus) In Cache County, Utah, John Vincent Bruce

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The most destructive animals in the world are rats (Rattus sp.). The annual destruction caused by rats in the United States is not known. but it has been estimated to be $189,000,000, according to Silver (1942) of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Silver states that our nation’s farmers lose approximately $6,000,000 annually. Rats not only eat vast amounts of food meant for human and livestock consumption, but they contaminate and waste as much or more than they eat. Rats are able to gnaw into buildings, grain bins, and other places were food and shelter are available to …

Hive And Field Mortality Of Honey Bees In Northern Utah Due To Effects Of Certain Ecological And Chemical Factors, Shih Chun Ma

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The honey bee is the most important pollinating insect in Utah, because various important crops such as fruits, legumes, and vegetable seed crops depend chiefly on it for pollination. In the past, honey bees have suffered repeated severe death losses through contact with arsenic and other agricultural chemicals. Recently the newer insecticides, such as DDT, chlordane, parathion, benzene hexachloride, lindane, toxaphene, and several kinds of miticides have further complicated the problem of bee survival. In addition, natural enemies such as predators and parasites and some unfavorable environmental conditions, including unfavorable temperature and humidity, wind, storm, and other changeable weather conditions, …

A Study Of A Heron Nesting Colony, Linden J. Leatham

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Herons are well known because of their gregarious nesting habits. Like many others of the lower orders of birds they nest together in pure or mixed colonies of many different combinations and under diverse living conditions. The population of different colonies may vary from a few pairs to many thousands of pairs depending upon the nature and extent of the breeding area, the food supply available and the protection afforded either by natural or artificial means.

In Utah and adjacent areas of bordering states, many types of heron associations have been studied and reported by ornithological workers. Breeding colonies of …

Bird Studies Of The Bear River Marshes, Ernest W. Parkinson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The establishment of the Bear River Bay Bird Refuge has created for the state of Utah an immense and valuable biological field, a veritable paradise for naturalist and sportsman alike. The naturalist wants a place to study wild life and the sportsman desires game. With the proper control of open seasons on wild fowl the hunting instinct and incentive for the sport should be satisfied for the sportsman. To the naturalist this region will open up bountiful treasures of knowledge that is to be gained only by intense and prolonged scientific study.

Within this new field, and the limited time …