Poultry or Avian Science Commons^™

Unique Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiles Of Chicken Macrophages Exposed To Salmonella-Derived Endotoxin, Ceren Ciraci, Christopher K. Tuggle, Michael J. Wannemeuhler, Dan Nettleton, Susan J. Lamont

Dan Nettleton

Background: Macrophages play essential roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Bacteria require endotoxin, a complex lipopolysaccharide, for outer membrane permeability and the host interprets endotoxin as a signal to initiate an innate immune response. The focus of this study is kinetic and global transcriptional analysis of the chicken macrophage response to in vitro stimulation with endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium-798.

Results: The 38535-probeset Affymetrix GeneChip Chicken Genome array was used to profile transcriptional response to endotoxin 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours post stimulation (hps). Using a maximum FDR (False Discovery Rate) of 0.05 to declare genes as differentially …

Whole Egg Consumption Impairs Insulin Sensitivity In Rat Model Of Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes, Cassondra J. Saande, Megan A. Steffes, Joseph L. Webb, Rudy J. Valentine, Matthew J. Rowling, Kevin Schalinske

Rudy Valentine

Background: The literature regarding the relation between egg consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent and there is limited evidence pertaining to the impact of egg consumption on measures of insulin sensitivity. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary whole egg on metabolic biomarkers of insulin resistance in T2D rats. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cdn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cdn/nzz015/5374517 by Iowa State University user on 28 March 2019 Methods: Male Zucker diabetic fatty rats (n=12; 6 wk of age) and their lean controls (n=12; 6 wk of age) were randomly assigned to a casein- or whole egg-based diet. At …

Variation In Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Colonization Levels In Chickens, Melissa Monson, Michael Kaiser, Susan Lamont

Melissa Monson

Colonization levels in five tissues after avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) inoculation were investigated in chickens to generate phenotypic data for a genome wide association study (GWAS). Bacterial loads were measured in 370 birds and varied among individuals and tissues. Mean bacterial levels were significantly different between tissues (right lung > spleen > left lung and liver > blood). There were also significant correlations in bacterial load between tissues. These data suggest that colonization levels could be used as phenotypes in GWAS and could help identify markers associated with poultry resistance to APEC infections. After verification, these markers could be used for genetic …

In Ovo Serial Skeletal Muscle Diffusion Tractography Of The Developing Chick Embryo Using Dti: Feasibility And Correlation With Histology, Zien Zhou, Zachary Delproposto, Lianming Wu, Jianrong Xu, Jia Hua, Yan Zhou, Yongquan Ye, Zishu Zhang, Jiani Hu, E Mark Haacke

Yan Zhou 周彦文档

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance imaging is a noninvasive method of evaluating embryonic development. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), based on the directional diffusivity of water molecules, is an established method of evaluating tissue structure. Yet embryonic motion degrades the in vivo acquisition of long-duration DTI. We used a dual-cooling technique to avoid motion artifact and aimed to investigate whether DTI can be used to monitor chick embryonic skeletal muscle development in ovo, and to investigate the correlation between quantitative DTI parameters fractional anisotropy (FA) and fiber length and quantitative histologic parameters fiber area percentage (FiberArea%) and limb length. Results From 84 …

A Critical Review Of Electrical Water-Bath Stun Systems For Poultry Slaughter And Recent Developments In Alternative Technologies, Sara J. Shields, A. B. M. Raj

Sara Shields, PhD

Prior to slaughter, most farmed birds move through a constant-voltage, multiple- bird, electrical water-bath stun system. Using this system subjects live birds to stressful and painful shackling, and the potential exists for them to receive prestun electric shocks and induction of seizures while still conscious. The existing elec- trical water-bath stunner settings, particularly those used in U.S. slaughter plants, are not necessarily based on sound scientific data that they produce a consistent, immediate stun, and research indicates that they are not effective in all birds. Further, in multiple-bird, electrical water-bath systems, birds may miss the stunner completely. Evidence suggests that …

The Human/Animal Interface: Emergence And Resurgence Of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Michael Greger

Michael Greger, MD, FACLM

Emerging infectious diseases, most of which are considered zoonotic in origin, continue to exact a significant toll on society. The origins of major human infectious diseases are reviewed and the factors underlying disease emergence explored. Anthropogenic changes, largely in land use and agriculture, are implicated in the apparent increased frequency of emergence and reemergence of zoonoses in recent decades. Special emphasis is placed on the pathogen with likely the greatest zoonotic potential, influenzavirus A.

Avma Guidelines For The Euthanasia Of Animals: 2013 Edition, Steven Leary, Wendy Underwood, Raymond Anthony, Samuel Cartner, Douglas Corey, Temple Grandin, Cheryl B. Greenacre, Sharon Gwaltney-Bran, Mary Ann Mccrackin, Robert Meyer, David Miller, Jan Shearer, Roy Yanong

Cheryl B Greenacre DVM

No abstract provided.

Repeated Sampling Affects Tree Swallow Semen Characteristics, Michael Lombardo, M.L. Green, P.A. Thorpe, M.R. Czarnowski, H.W. Power

Michael P Lombardo

Male Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) face intense sperm competition because mated pairs copulate frequently, extra-pair copulations are common, and females store sperm. We examined the effects of repeated sampling on the characteristics of Tree Swallow semen by manually expressing semen from 15 males immediately after capture (T₀) and then hourly for 4 h (T₁-T₄). The semen characteristics of individual males varied in response to repeated sampling. The total number of sperm cells we obtained from each male over the 4-h sampling period varied from 10⁴-10⁷. Semen samples lacking …

Communities Of Cloacal Bacteria In Tree Swallow Families, Michael Lombardo, Patrick Thorpe, R. Cichewicz, M. Henshaw, C. Millard, C. Steen, T. Zeller

Michael P Lombardo

Our aim in this study was to survey the communities of bacteria found in the cloacae of adult and nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), determine if there were familial patterns of prevalence, and determine if there were relationships between bacteria loads and nestling size when 12 days old and fledging success.

Individual, Temporal, And Seasonal Variation In Sperm Concentration In Tree Swallows, Michael Lombardo, Armetris Forman, Matthew Czarnowski, Patrick Thorpe

Michael P Lombardo

We determined sperm concentrations in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) by manually expressing semen samples from males during prelaying, egg-laying, incubation, and nestling periods. Sperm concentrations varied by orders of magnitude (0-109 sperm mL-1) among males. Sperm concentrations were highest during the incubation period and lowest during the prelaying period. None of the samples collected during the prelaying, egg-laying, and incubation periods were devoid of sperm. In contrast, 45% of samples collected during the nestling period lacked sperm. Sperm concentrations (1) did not vary over the course of the morning during prelaying, egg-laying, and incubation periods but significantly increased during the …

Comparison Of The Effect Of Different Opsonins On The Phagocytosis Of Fluorescein-Labeled Staphylococcal Bacteria By Chicken Heterophils, Claire B. Andreasen, James R. Andreasen Jr., Anita E. Sonn, Julie A. Oughton

Claire B. Andreasen

Heterophil phagocytosis of fluorescein-labeled staphylococcal bacteria was analyzed by flow cytometry. Opsonization with two types of normal pooled sera and staphylococcal antisera significantly increased bacterial phagocytosis compared to samples without an opsonin. The staphylococcal antisera did not significantly increase bacterial phagocytosis compared to the normal pooled sera. Opsonization appears to increase bacterial phagocytosis but specific antisera may not increase phagocytosis beyond that caused by pooled normal sera.

Heterophil Chemotaxis In Chickens With Natural Staphylococcal Infections, James R. Andreasen Jr., Claire B. Andreasen, Mohammad Anwer, Anita E. Sonn

Claire B. Andreasen

Heterophil chemotaxis using heterophils isolated from the peripheral blood of five commercial broiler chickens naturally infected with staphylococcal bacteria was compared by the modified Boyden-chamber technique with chemotaxis of heterophils from two chickens from the same flock not infected with Staphylococcus (field controls) and from four healthy laboratory control broiler chickens. The infected chickens had gross and histologic lesions of staphylococcal tenosynovitis and osteomyelitis. Staphylococci were isolated from the lesions. Hematologic parameters and histologic lesions of infected chickens also were examined. Compared with field and laboratory controls, Staphylococcus-infected chickens had heterophilic leukocytosis. The heterophils of Staphylococcus-infected chickens had significantly lower …

Chicken Heterophil Chemotaxis Using Staphylococcus-Generated Chemoattractants, James R. Andreasen Jr., Claire B. Andreasen, Mohammad Anwer, Anita E. Sonn

Claire B. Andreasen

Heterophil chemotaxis, in response to chemotactic factors generated by three different strains of staphylococcal bacteria, was measured using the modified Boyden-chamber technique. Heterophils were obtained from healthy 6-to-8-week-old broiler chickens. Each bacterial strain generated factors that were chemotactic for chicken heterophils. Factors generated by two pathogenic isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, however, induced significantly greater chemotaxis in chicken heterophils than those generated by a nonpathogenic Staphylococcus isolate.

Intestinal Adenocarcinoma Of The Ileocecal Junction In A Chicken, James R. Andreasen Jr., Claire B. Andreasen

Claire B. Andreasen

An 89-week-old male chicken was presented with signs of depression, emaciation, and weakness. At necropsy, a stricture was found at the ileocecal junction that resulted in blockage and dilation of the ileum proximal to the stricture. Histologically, neoplastic epithelial cells that contained mucin had invaded the intestinal wall and produced a fibrous connective tissue reaction. The lesion was diagnosed as scirrhous intestinal adenocarcinoma.

Evaluation Of Chicken Heterophil Adherence, Claire B. Andreasen, Kenneth S. Latimer, W. L. Steffens

Claire B. Andreasen

Adherence of chicken heterophils was evaluated at 37 C using preconstructed columns containing various weights of nylon fiber (75 mg, 100 mg, or 125 mg) and whole blood anticoagulated with sodium heparin or 10% disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additionally, 50-mg and 75-mg nylon fiber columns incubated at 41 C were used to evaluate heterophil adherence at an increased temperature. The mean percent adherence for heparin-anticoagulated blood applied to 75-mg, 100-mg, and 125-mg nylon fiber columns at 37 C was 76%, 92% and 97.4%, respectively. Samples applied to 50-mg and 75-mg columns at 41 C had adherence values of 27% …

Separation Of Turkey Heterophils From Blood Using Two-Step Ficoll-Hypaque Discontinuous Gradients, Kenneth S. Latimer, Ingrid M. Kircher, Claire B. Andreasen

Claire B. Andreasen

A method is presented to separate turkey heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood using two-step Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients and ammonium chloride lysis of contaminating erythrocytes. Heterophils can be isolated from multiple blood samples within 3 to 4 hours. Using this technique, 66.4 +- 18.4% (mean +- standard deviation) of blood heterophils were harvested. Final cell isolates averaged 96.0 +- 2.9% heterophils with few contaminating eosinophils (2.5 +- 2.3%) or basophils (1.6 +- 1.8%). Cell viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, was 98.0 +- 1.4%.

Separation Of Avian Heterophils From Blood Using Ficoll-Hypaque Discontinuous Gradients, Claire B. Andreasen, Kenneth S. Latimer

Claire B. Andreasen

Rapid separation of avian heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood was achieved using Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients. An average of 14.4% of blood heterophils was harvested with a mean purity exceeding 99%. Heterophil viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, averaged 99.8%. The integrity of isolated heterophils was evaluated by cytochemical staining and ultrastructural examination. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils in whole blood and of isolated cell suspensions were similar. No ultrastructural abnormalities were observed. Using this procedure, viable intact heterophils were rapidly isolated from blood with an acceptable cell yield and purity for cell function studies.