Meat Science Commons^™

The Influence Of Diet And Oxidation On Calcium Retention Of The Mitochondria In Fresh Beef, Emery K. Wilkerson

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Distillers grains (DG) contribute to cattle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane instability by increasing poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in the SR membrane, possibly resulting in early postmortem calcium (Ca) leakage and improved tenderness. Mitochondria are relatively easy to isolate intact and provide the opportunity to study Ca in an SR model. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of diet and oxidation on Ca release from mitochondria. Cattle (n=48) were fed a corn-based finishing diet with or without deoiled, dried DG (50% DM basis). Steaks from each strip loin were aged for 2, 8, 14, and 21 …

Effects Of Enhancement Solution Ph On Fresh And Cooked Color Of Dark-Cutting Beef, Ryan Stackhouse

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In two experiments, dark-cutting (DC) beef strip loins were used to test the effects of citric acid-enhancement pH on visual and instrumental color of fresh and cooked steaks. Dark cutting and normal pH strip loin were injected to 111% of raw product weight with pH 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 solutions by mixing citric acid in either 0.05% phosphate solution or tap water (Exp 1), or with pH 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 solutions made by mixing citric acid in either a 0.5% orthophosphate solution (PO4) or a 0.5% tripolyphosphate solution (STP) (Exp2). Loin sections were cut into 2.5-cm-thick steaks …

Effects Of Feeding Field Peas On Fresh Beef Quality, Hope Voegele

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of field peas during two phases of production (grazing and finishing) on fresh beef quality. A total of 232 crossbred steers and heifers were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 3x2 factorial consisting of 3 pasture and 2 finishing supplementations. The pasture phase consisted of 1) no supplement, 2) field peas at 0.5% BW, or 3) dry-rolled corn supplement at 0.5% of BW. The finishing phase consisted of 1) field peas at 20% DM or 2) no field peas. During this two-year study, steers (year 1) …

Antimicrobial Interventions Applied To Beef Sub-Primals For The Control Of Escherichia Coli And Their Impact On Ground Beef Quality, Kelly Ann Mccarty

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Due to their severe health implications, seven shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes were declared adulterants by USDA-FSIS in raw, non-intact beef products. Small business beef processing facilities are being asked to implement an intervention on the beef sub-primals and trim they receive for ground beef production. This study evaluates the efficacy of reducing rifampicin-resistant E. coli (E. coli^Rif) using 4.5% lactic acid (LA), 2.5% Beefxide™ (BX), and 380 ppm peroxyacetic acid (PAA) when applied by dip, spray or electrostatic spray (ESS) to the mostly fat lateral surface and mostly lean medial surface of beef shoulder clods …

Influence Of Porcine Plasma Supplementation On Gestating Sow Serum Igf-1 Concentration And Litter Weights, Mathew Vaughn, Crystal Serrano, Derris Burnett, Duane Davis, Jason Woodworth, John Gonzalez

Professional Agricultural Workers Journal

The objective of this pilot study was to determine the effect of dietary porcine plasma on circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in gestating sows and characteristics of their litters. Primiparous and multiparous sows were randomly allocated to two treatment groups of sows fed a basal diet or sows fed the basal diet plus 6 g of porcine plasma throughout gestation. On 4 periods during gestation and farrowing, blood was collected for IGF-1 analysis. After farrowing, gestation length, number born, birth weight, and total litter weight were recorded. There were no three-way or two-way interactions between treatments, day of …

Assessing Georgia Consumer Attitudes And Beliefs About Locally Or Regionally Produced Livestock And Products, Jannette R. Bartlett, Reem I. Omer, Akua Adu-Gyamfi, David Nii O. Tackie, Francisca A. Quarcoo, Bridget J. Perry

Professional Agricultural Workers Journal

Abstract

Interest in local and regional food production has been growing in the last few years. The study, therefore, assessed consumer attitudes and beliefs regarding local or regional livestock products. Data were obtained from a convenience sample of 384 participants from several counties of Georgia, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, including chi-square tests. A majority of respondents thought using chemicals and additives in locally or regionally produced beef or goat meat was a serious or somewhat serious hazard. Consequently, many were willing to pay more for meat certified as locally or regionally produced. Furthermore, a majority agreed or strongly …

Table Of Contents

Professional Agricultural Workers Journal

No abstract provided.

Assessing Florida Consumer Attitudes And Beliefs About Locally Or Regionally Produced Livestock And Products, Akua Adu-Gyamfi, Reem I. Omer, Jannette R. Bartlett, David Nii O. Tackie, Bridget J. Perry

Professional Agricultural Workers Journal

Abstract

In recent years, consumer interest in locally or regionally produced foods has been growing. This study analyzed consumer attitudes and beliefs on local or regional livestock products in Florida. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 404 participants from counties in Florida. They were assessed by descriptive statistics, including chi-square tests. Most participants believed using chemicals in locally or regionally produced beef or goat meat was at minimum a somewhat serious hazard. Thus, many were willing to pay more for meat certified as locally or regionally produced. Moreover, most agreed or strongly agreed with statements on meat attributes. …

Development Of Terminal And Maternal Economic Selection Indices In Beefmaster Cattle, Kathleen P. Ochsner

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In the design of economic selection indices, the relative importance of traits in the breeding objective is reflected by their relative economic weighting. The objective of this study was to develop two economic selection indices for Beefmaster cattle: one for a terminal production system and one for a maternal production system. The terminal index was developed assuming bulls are mated to mature cows with all resulting progeny harvested. The maternal index was developed assuming bulls are mated to a combination of heifers and mature cows, with resulting progeny retained as replacements or sold at weaning.

National average prices from 2010 …

Effects Of Salt And Nitrite Concentration On The Shelf Life Of Deli-Style Ham, Regan E. Stanley

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Deli-style hams were manufactured to measure the effects of salt and nitrite concentration on shelf life and physicochemical characteristics. Three replications of deli-style ham treatments were manufactured in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of salt concentration (0.7%, 1.4%, or 2.1%, meat block basis) and nitrite concentration and source (0 ppm, 100 ppm or 200 ppm sodium nitrite, SN, or 100 ppm sodium nitrite equivalent from pre-converted celery juice powder, CP; Veg Stable 506, Florida Food Products). Salt concentration, water activity, cook yield, and texture profile analysis (TPA) were measured on w 0. Color, pH, residual nitrite, and aerobic and …

Evaluation Of The Metabolic Response, Blood Chemistry Profile, And Cardiac Morphology Of Beef Heifers Supplemented With Zilpaterol Hydrochloride Followed By An Endocrine Induced Stress Challenge, Joe O. Buntyn

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The objective of this study was to determine the metabolic, stress, hematology, organ weights, histology and cardiac anatomical features of beef heifers supplemented with zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) when exposed to a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (VP) challenge. Crossbred heifers (n = 20; 556 ± 7 kg BW) were randomized into two treatment groups: 1) Control (CON): no ZH, and 2) Zilpaterol (ZIL): supplemented with ZH at 8.33 mg / kg (DM basis). The ZIL group was supplemented ZH for 20 d, with a 3-d withdrawal period. On d 24, heifers received an intravenous bolus of CRH (0.3 µg …

Impact Of Finishing Diets With De-Oiled Distillers Grains Or Antioxidant Containing Supplement On Beef Shelf Life, Katherine I. Domenech-Perez

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In its entirety this dissertation intended to address the impact of feeding several forms of de-oiled corn distillers grains plus solubles and the effect of supplementing OmniGen-AF as a potential antioxidant source for extending beef shelf life. In study one we learned that despite the de-oiling process, greater inclusion levels (65%, DM basis) of de-oiled wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) causes an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) similar to the levels obtained with full-fat WDGS. Lower inclusion levels (35 and 50%, DM basis) of de-oiled WDGS have intermediate PUFA content in comparison to 65% de-oiled WDGS, full-fat WDGS …

Age End-Point Effects On Performance, Carcass Measurements, And Tenderness In Goats, Kelsey Lynn Basinger

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Goat meat is consumed all across the world, especially in developing countries. Moreover, the meat goat industry is growing in popularity in the United States due to ethnic demand of an increasing immigrant population. The objective of this study was to measure age end-point effects on performance, carcass measurements, and tenderness in goats. Intact Kiko × Boer F1 male (n = 46) kids were born on pasture in the spring of 2014 and 2015, weaned at approximately 100 d of age, and weighed monthly. Creep feed was offered to kids from birth to weaning and a high concentrate diet was …

Effects Of Amino Acid Supplementation Of Reduced Crude Protein (Rcp) Diets On The Performance And Carcass Quality Of Growing-Finishing Swine, Ashley Nicole Young

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Barrows and gilts (215/gender) were used to test the effects of synthetic AA supplementation of reduced CP diets on the growth performance and quality characteristics of the LM and the fatty acid composition of the LM and s.c. jowl fat from growing-finishing swine. Pigs were blocked by BW within gender, and allocated randomly to pens (6 pigs/pen) which were then assigned randomly within each block and gender to either corn-SBM diets 1) that were devoid of synthetic lysine (Ctrl); 2) with reduced CP diets where lysine was added to all diets (RCP1); 3) with reduced CP where lysine, threonine, and …

Characterization Of Broiler Lines Divergently Selected For Breast Muscle Color, Sara Katherine Orlowski

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

An increase in the consumption of poultry has generated an increase in demand for higher yielding broilers. This has led to an increase in atypical meat and issues with appearance. Color is a direct result of a pH decline as meat goes through rigor mortis with meat generally becoming lighter. If the pH declines too rapidly or too slowly, meat quality can suffer. Physical properties of meat can be altered by pH. A fast pH decline results in pale meat with decreased tenderness. A slow pH decline can result in darker meat with a reduced shelf-life. With a known relationship …

Evaluation Of Hematological And Serum Biochemical Profiles Associated With The Supplementation Of Zilpaterol Hydrochloride To Feedlot Heifers, Sara Elizabeth Sieren

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Supplementation of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH; Zilmax^®) to cattle has been suggested to have a negative impact on well-being of cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical profiles in feedlot heifers supplemented with ZH in a minimal stress environment. Heifers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: Control (CON no ZH), or ZH (supplemented with ZH at 8.33mg/kg of feed on a DM basis). The study was conducted over a period of 25 d (-2 to 23), with three serum collection periods [-2 to 4 d (ZH supplementation began on …

Comparison Of Real-Time Pcr And Elisa-Based Methods For The Detection Of Beef And Pork In Processed Meat Products, Adam T. Perestam, Kayleigh K. Fujisaki, Omar Nava, Rosalee S. Hellberg

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

Two commonly used methodologies for species detection within processed meat products are real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a DNA-based method, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a protein-based method. In this study, a real-time PCR assay was compared to a commercial ELISA kit based on sensitivity, specificity, agreement among duplicate samples, cost, time, and ease of use. Fifteen reference samples containing known percentages (0.1–99.9%, w/w) of pork and beef were analyzed in duplicate using both methods. Thirty commercial products, including sausages, pet treats, and canned meats, were also tested in duplicate with each method. Reference sample analysis showed real-time PCR was …

Cooled Perch Effects On Performance And Well-Being Traits In Caged White Leghorn Hens, J Y. Hu, P Y. Hester, M M. Makagon, G Vezzoli, R S. Gates, Y Xiong, H W. Cheng

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

We assessed the effects of chilled water cooling perches on hen performance and physiological and behavioral parameters under “natural” high temperatures during the 2013 summer with a 4-hour acute heating episode. White Leghorns at 16 wk of age (N = 162) were randomly assigned to 18 cages (n = 9) arranged into 3 units. Each unit was assigned to one of the 3 treatments through 32 wk of age: 1) cooled perches, 2) air perches, and 3) no perches. Chilled water (10◦C) was circulated through the cooled perches when cage ambient temperature exceeded 25^◦C. At the age of …

Developing Prediction Equations For Fat Free Lean In The Presence Of An Unknown Amount Of Proportional Measurement Error, Zachary J. Hass, Bruce A. Craig, Allan Schinckel

Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture

Published prediction equations for fat-free lean mass are widely used by producers for carcass evaluation. These regression equations are commonly derived under the assumption that the predictors are measured without error. In practice, however, it is known that some predictors, such as backfat and loin muscle depth, are measured imperfectly with variance that is proportional to the mean. Failure to account for these measurement errors will cause bias in the estimated equation. In this paper, we describe an empirical Bayes approach, using technical replicates, to accurately estimate the regression relationship in the presence of proportional measurement error. We demonstrate, via …

Effects Of Two-Stage Weaning Duration On Beef Cattle Growth And Vocalization, Ashley N. Deller, Emery O. Clark, Flint Harrelson, Patricia Harrelson

Celebration of Student Scholarship Poster Sessions Archive

No abstract provided.

Genetic Parameters For Docility, Weaning Weight, Yearling Weight And Intramuscular Fat Percentage In Hereford Cattle, Jose A. Torres-Vazquez

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Temperament in cattle can be described as the reactivity or fear response to human handling, and it is important to beef cattle producers not only from a human safety but also due to potential correlations with other economically traits. Before a docility selection metric can be added to a genetic evaluation, any potential antagonisms with economically relevant traits should be quantified. The objective was to estimate genetic parameters, including genetic correlations, for chute score (CS), weaning weight (WW), yearling weight (YW), and intramuscular fat percentage (IMF) in Hereford cattle. Single-trait and bivariate animal models were used to estimate heritabilities and …

Beef Systems Management Strategies: Calving Date Selection, Estrus Synchronization, And Post-Weaning Management, Benjamin T. Tibbitts

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The objective of an invited review and four experiments was to evaluate production implications and economic efficiencies of beef systems strategies involving calving date selection, utilization of reproductive technology, and post-weaning management of heifers and steers. The invited review in chapter II considers factors that influence a producer’s decision on when to calve beef females. The calving date decision impacts the entire beef production cycle and must take into account any environmental conditions, available resources, and cite specific advantages and/or disadvantages. Understanding the importance of varying physiological state and nutrient demands associated with lactation and gestation is critical to optimizing …

The Effect Of Salt Reduction On The Microbial Composition And Quality Characteristics Of Sliced Roast Beef And Turkey, Chad G. Bower

Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

This study analyzed the effects of salt reduction on microbiological composition and quality characteristics of deli-style turkey breast and roast beef. Turkey breast and roast beef were manufactured with four different salt concentrations: 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% on a meat block basis in addition to sugar, phosphate, and water. Samples were cooked, chilled overnight, sliced, and packaged. On the day of slicing, samples were evaluated for water activity, cooking yield, proximate composition and percent salt. Samples were evaluated throughout 18w of refrigerated storage for pH, texture profile analysis, aerobic plate count (APC), and anaerobic plate count. Bacterial communities were …

Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Sheep Fetuses Exhibit Smaller Hindlimb Muscle Fibers And Lower Proportions Of Insulin-Sensitive Type I Fibers Near Term, Dustin T. Yates, Caitlin N. Cadaret, Kristin A. Beede, Hannah E. Riley, Antoni R. Macko, Miranda J. Anderson, Leticia E. Camacho, Sean W. Limesand

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Intrauterine growthrestricted sheep fetuses exhibit smaller hindlimb muscle fibers and lower proportions of insulin-sensitive Type I fibers near term. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310: R1020–R1029, 2016. First published April 6, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00528.2015.—Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) reduces muscle mass and insulin sensitivity in offspring. Insulin sensitivity varies among muscle fiber types, with Type I fibers being most sensitive. Differences in fibertype ratios are associated with insulin resistance in adults, and thus we hypothesized that near-term IUGR sheep fetuses exhibit reduced size and proportions of Type I fibers. Placental insufficiency-induced IUGR fetuses were 54% smaller (P < 0.05) than controls and exhibited hypoxemia and hypoglycemia, which contributed to 6.9- fold greater (P < 0.05) plasma norepinephrine and 53% lower (P < 0.05) plasma insulin concentrations. IUGR semitendinosus muscles contained less (P < 0.05) myosin heavy chain-I protein (MyHC-I) and proportionally fewer (P < 0.05) Type I and Type I/IIa fibers than controls, but MyHC-II protein concentrations, Type II fibers, and Type IIx fibers were not different. IUGR biceps femoris muscles exhibited similar albeit less dramatic differences in fiber type proportions. Type I and IIa fibers are more responsive to adrenergic and insulin regulation than Type IIx and may be more profoundly impaired by the high catecholamines and low insulin in our IUGR fetuses, leading to their proportional reduction. In both muscles, fibers of each type were uniformly smaller (P < 0.05) in IUGR fetuses than controls, which indicates that fiber hypertrophy is not dependent on type but rather on other factors such as myoblast differentiation or protein synthesis. Together, our findings show that IUGR fetal muscles develop smaller fibers and have proportionally fewer Type I fibers, which is indicative of developmental adaptations that may help explain the link between IUGR and adulthood insulin resistance

Adrenal Demedullation And Oxygen Supplementation Independently Increase Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Concentrations In Fetal Sheep With Intrauterine Growth Restriction, Antoni R. Macko, Dustin T. Yates, Xiaochuan Chen, Leslie A. Shelton, Amy C. Kelly, Melissa A. Davis, Leticia E. Camacho, Miranda J. Anderson, Sean W. Limesand

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

In pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal glucose and oxygen concentrations are reduced, whereas plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations are elevated throughout the final third of gestation. Here we study the effects of chronic hypoxemia and hypercatecholaminemia on β-cell function in fetal sheep with placental insufficiency-induced IUGR that is produced by maternal hyperthermia. IUGR and control fetuses underwent a sham (intact) or bilateral adrenal demedullation (AD) surgical procedure at 0.65 gestation. As expected, AD-IUGR fetuses had lower norepinephrine concentrations than intact-IUGR fetuses despite being hypoxemic and hypoglycemic. Placental insufficiency reduced fetal weights, but the severity …

Use Of The Mitochondrial Control Region As A Potential Dna Mini-Barcoding Target For The Identification Of Canned Tuna Species, Jacquelyn K. Mitchell, Rosalee S. Hellberg

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this study, a DNA mini-barcoding methodology was developed for the differentiation of species commonly found in canned tuna. Primers were designed to target a 236-base pair (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial control region (CR) and a 179-bp fragment of the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the ability to differentiate 13 tuna species on the basis of the CR mini-barcode, except in a few cases of species introgression. Supplementary use of ITS1 allowed for differentiation of introgressed Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), while differentiation of introgressed Atlantic …

Effect Of Green Tea On Interaction Of Lipid Oxidation Products With Sarcoplasmic And Myofibrillar Protein Homogenates Extracted From Bovine Top Round Muscle, Nahathai Stapornkul, Tatiana Prytkova, Lilian Were

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

The interaction between lipid oxidation products and bovine sarcoplasmic (SP) and myofibrillar protein (MP) homogenates in the presence of green tea was investigated. To monitor the effect of green tea on lipid oxidation, aldehydes were measured while effect on protein was monitored via changes in myoglobin, thiols, and tryptophan fluorescence over nine days of refrigerated storage. The presence of SP and MP decreased free aldehydes in the buffers. The SP bound more aldehydes than MP. The tea compounds exhibited more favorable binding energies than aldehydes near histidine 64 close to the heme moiety of myoglobin. Addition of tea lowered tryptophan …

Comparison Of Joint Angles For Feet And Leg Conformation Traits Between Gilts At Selection And At Their Second Gestation And Sows Parity 5 And Above, Joseph D. Stock, Julia A. Calderón Díaz, Benny E. Mote, Kenneth J. Stalder

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

This study is a portion from the validation process of an objective methodology to measure feet and leg joint angles and to evaluate their relationship with sow longevity. Joint angle measurements from five feet and leg conformation traits (knee, hock, front and rear pasterns and rear stance) that have been previously described in the literature as being related with sow longevity were obtained from maternal gilts at selection and during their second gestation and compared with those obtained from 45 crossbred sows parity 5 and above. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between parities were identified in the knee, both pasterns, hock and rear stance joint angle measurements. These results suggest that as pigs age, structural changes occur. The range of which these changes occur could carry implications for the use of objective feet and leg angles towards future selection programs and protocols.

Genomic Differences Between Preweaning Survival And Mortality Of Piglets Following Pedv Outbreaks, Francesca Bertolini, John C.S. Harding, Benny Mote, Graham S. Plastow, Max Rothschild

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) is a serious and potentially devastating disease in the US and Canadian pig industries. To investigate if there is genetic resistance to PEDV a total of 156 dead and 106 surviving neonatal piglets infected with PEDV were genotyped with over 60,000 genetic markers to investigate genetic differences between the two groups. This allows for the identification of genomic regions that could be linked to susceptibility/resistance to virus infection and in cellular components that are involved in the PED virus infection cycle, providing new insights on the genetic resistance to this disease.

Differential Contribution Of Genomic Regions To Marked Genetic Variation And Prediction Of Quantitative Traits In Broiler Chickens, Rostam Abdollaha- Arpanahi, Gota Morota, Bruno D. Valente, Andreas Kranis, Guilherme J. M. Rosa, Daniel Gianola

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Background: Genome-wide association studies in humans have found enrichment of trait-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coding regions of the genome and depletion of these in intergenic regions. However, a recent release of the ENCyclopedia of DNA elements showed that ~80 % of the human genome has a biochemical function. Similar studies on the chicken genome are lacking, thus assessing the relative contribution of its genic and non-genic regions to variation is relevant for biological studies and genetic improvement of chicken populations. Methods: A dataset including 1351 birds that were genotyped with the 600K Affymetrix platform was used. We partitioned …