Meat Science Commons^™

Using Enspira™ To Improve Fiber Digestion, Jana L. Harding, Galen E. Erickson, James C. Macdonald Donald

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two experiments evaluated the effectof treating various feedstuffs with an enzyme(Enspira) on digestibility. Twelve feeds commonly fed to beef cattle were treated with four levels of the enzyme(0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 lb of enzyme per ton of DM). Enzyme treatment increased in vitro DMD of high moisture corn (HMC), wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), corn bran, and husks. There was a quadratic increasein gas production for corn leaves, as well as a linear increase in gas production for corn bran treated with increasing levels of Enspira. Treating feeds with the commercial enzyme Enspiraimproved in vitro digestibility of feeds …

Dryland Cover Crops As A Grazing Option For Beef Cattle, Alex H. Titlow, Jake A. Hansen, Matt K. Luebbe Luebbe, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Karla H. Jenkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A two-year grazing study was conducted to evaluate forage quality and utilization of cover crops (CC) in dryland cropping systems compared to crested wheatgrass pastures (CWP). The CC mixture consisted of oats, peas and turnips planted in March with a no-till drill. Both CC and CWP were grazed during the month of June. Total tract dry matter digestibility and CP were greater for CC compared to CWP while NDF and ADF of CC were less. The CC was observed to have greater forage quality over both years and may produce similar amounts of forage as crested wheatgrass pastures allowing deferred …

Effect Of Irrigation Allocation On Perennial Grass Production And Quality, Gary W. Hergert, Karla H. Jenkins, James Margheim Margheim, Alex Pavlista, Rex Nielsen, Murali Darapuneni

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cool-season grass mixtures and warm-season grass mixtures were evaluated in 2010, 2011, and 2012 under varying irrigation levels to determine dry matter yield, CP, and TDN for beef cattle in the Nebraska Panhandle. As a generalization, when seasonal precipitation was average, irrigation levels over 10 inches resulted in no significant increase in either grass production or quality. Cool-season grasses produced more dry matter yield and maintained greater CP and TDN than warm-season grasses. In all three years, a mixture of wheatgrasses had greater forage yield than an orchardgrass monoculture or a mixture dominated by bromegrasses. In 2010 and 2011, treatments …

Effect Of Distillers Grains Supplementation On Calves Grazing Irrigated Or Non-Irrigated Corn Residue, Mandi Jones, James C. Macdonald, Galen Erickson Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Andrea K. Watson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Steer calves grazing irrigated or non-irrigated corn residue received supplementation of dried or modified distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) at 0.3, 0.7, or 1.1% of BW . Steers were individually supplemented daily through Calan gates. Daily gain improved quadratically with increasing supplementation (1.55 lb/day to 2.12 lb/day) and for calves grazing non-irrigated (2.02 lb/day) compared to irrigated (1.77 lb/day) corn residue. Feeding dry instead of modified DGS did not significantly impact ADG. Supplementing DGS to calves grazing corn residue increased gain during the winter period.

Nutrient And Tenderness Differences Of Beef From Heifers Due To Mutation Of The Myostatin Genehypothesized, Michelle E. Semler, Chris R. Calkins, Galen E. Erickson Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Strip loins and eye of rounds were obtained from heifers genotyped with variations of the myostatin gene; 19 homozygous dominant (Angus), 20 heterozygous dominant (Angus x Piedmontese), and 20 homozygous recessive (Piedmontese). Steaks were aged for 14 days, cooked fresh (never frozen), and nutrient steaks were frozen three days postmortem. Meat from homozygous recessive heifers was equal in tenderness to homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant heifers. Fat content of meat from homozygous recessive heifers decreased while moisture and protein increased compared to homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant. Calorie content decreased with increasing copies of the recessive gene. Thus, meat from …

Effect Of Feeding De-Oiled Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles On Beef Fatty Acid Profiles, Katherine I. Domenech, Kim A. Varnold, Michelle E. Semler Semler, Michael D. Chao, Tommi F. Jones, Galen E. Erickson, Chris R. Calkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A total of 336 steers were fed one of seven finishing diets: a corn-based control, 35%, 50%, or 65% inclusion of wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), either traditional (full-fat) or de-oiled. At harvest, 15 low USDA Choice carcasses within each dietary treatment (n = 105) were selected to evaluate the effect of diet on the fatty acid profile of strip loin steaks aged seven days. Feeding WDGS increased the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in comparison to a corn based diet. Feeding de-oiled WDGS resulted in less PUFA’s than the full-fat WDGS diets. It seems that the removal …

Effects Of Feeding Distillers Grains In A Yearling Beef System On Meat Quality, Kelby M. Sudbeck, Kimberly A. Varnold, James C. Macdonald Donald, Chris R. Calkins, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Distillers grains use while wintering on cornstalks during summer grazing and during the finishing period was evaluated to determine the effects of lifetime exposure to distillers grains on meat characteristics. Finishing diets with distillers grains increased discoloration in steaks following six days of retail display for steaks aged seven days, and after four days of retail display for steaks aged 21 days. Supplementation during summer grazing increased discoloration when cattle were not finished using distillers grains. There were no differences in oxidative rancidity among dietary treatments. Supplementing with distillers grains prior to finishing was not additive in impacting the color …

Effect Of Natural Antioxidant Concentration On Lipid Oxidation Of Ready-To-Eat Ground Beef Links From Cattle Fed Distillers Grains In Different Phases Of Production, Brandy D. Cleveland, Joe O. Buntyn, Amy L. Redfield Redfield, James C. Macdonald, Galen E. Erickson, Tommi F. Jones, Ty B. Schmidt, Gary A. Sullivan

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Shelf life of cooked ground beef links with no, low, or high concentrations of a blend of natural plant extract antioxidant were compared to evaluate lipid oxidation over time. When no antioxidants were added, samples stored nine days or beyond were more oxidized than the samples with the addition of an antioxidant. No differences in lipid oxidation were observed between 0.13% and 0.20% antioxidant concentrations during similar days of refrigerated storage days. Therefore, the addition of natural antioxidants were effective at reducing oxidative rancidity, regardless the concentration of antioxidant.

Lipid Oxidation In Cooked Ground Beef Links From Cattle Fed Distillers Grains In Different Phases Of Production, Brandy D. Cleveland, Joe O. Buntyn, Amy L. Redfield Redfield, James C. Macdonald, Galen E. Erickson, Tommi F. Jones, Ty B. Schmidt, Gary A. Sullivan

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Ground beef links from cattle fed high or low levels of distillers grains during backgrounding and Sweet Bran^® or modified wet distillers grains in finishing diets were compared to analyze oxidation over time. Ready-to-eat beef links from cattle fed 5 lb/head/day (DM basis) of wet distillers grains during backgrounding had greater oxidative rancidity with extended storage than those from cattle fed 2 lb/head/day (DM basis). Beef links from cattle finished with wet distillers grains oxidized more rapidly than those fed Sweet Bran. Therefore, cooked beef from cattle fed distillers grains during either phase of production (backgrounding or finishing) showed …

Replacement Of Grazed Forage And Animal Performance When Distillers Grains Are Fed In A Bunk Or On The Ground On Summer Range, Kari L. Gillespie, L. Aaron Stalker, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Jerry D. Volesky, Jacki A. Musgrave

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Forage savings and supplement loss caused by feeding on the ground were estimated when spayed yearling heiferswere fed modified distillers grains with solubles (MDGS) while grazing Sandhills summer range. Across two years, heifers fed 0.6% BW MDGS had 1.39 lb greater ADG and consumed approximately 17% less forage than non-supplemented heifers. Calculated loss of MDGS when fed on the ground was 5.6%. Supplementing MDGS decreased forage consumption approximately 17% and increased summer gains.

Effects Of Dietary Change On Viral-Bacterial Interactions In The Rumen Of Cattle, Christopher L. Anderson, Melissa L. Jolly, Adam L. Shreck Shreck, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Samodha C. Fernando

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

This ongoing study investigates the impact of diet and bacteriophage activity on the structuring of rumen microbial community composition and diversity. Fistulated cattle were acclimated to a given diet for 21 days before samples were collected and subsequently enriched for viral particles with tangential flow filtration. Taxonomic identification, abundance, and functional attributes were assigned to both bacterial and viral communities. Principle coordinate analysis of the bacterial communities revealed significant clustering based on diet. While diet drives the structuring of rumen bacterial communities, bacteriophages may maintain high, constant bacterial diversity.

Effect Of Micro-Aid® Supplementation On Nitrogen Losses From Manure, Andrea K. Watson, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Mike J. Rincker

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A 2x2 factorial designed experiment was used to study the effects of Micro-Aid and time on OM and N losses from manure, in a simulated feedlot pen setting. Manure was collected from cattle on a common diet, except for the addition of 1 g Micro-Aid /steer daily. Losses of OM were greater at 60 d than 30 d, and greater for control than Micro-Aid. Nitrogen losses at d 30 were similar between treatments but control pans had greater N losses at d 60. Feeding Micro-Aid to cattle may inhibit N volatilization from manure, enhancing the fertilizer value of manure.

The Effects Of Diet And Cooler Aging On Consumer Panel Scores For Beef, Kimberly A. Varnold, Chris R. Calkins, Rhonda K. Miller Miller, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Crossbred steers (n = 64) grazed warm- or cool-season grasses, without or with energy supplementation of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS), and were finished on a corn-based diet with or without 35% WDGS. Finishing cattle on WDGS, especially after beingsupplemented with WDGS, caused declinesin flavor desirability scores of L. dorsi steaks. Conversely, grass type was more influential in B. femoris steaks with warm-season grasses generating lower consumer panel scores. Scores were not different from each other when supplementation was provided. It is recommended that producers provide WDGS supplementation and finish on an all-corn diet in order to create the …

The Effects Of Diet On The Biochemical Constituents Of Beef, Kimberly A. Varnold, Chris R. Calkins, Brandon L. Nuttelman Nuttelman, Lasika S. Senaratne-Lenagala, Justine J. Stevenson, Michelle E. Semler, Michael D. Chao, Tommi F. Jones, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Crossbred steers (n = 64) were grazed on warm- or cool-season grasses, without or with energy supplementation of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS), and were finished on a corn-based diet with or without 35% WDGS. Grass-type was the major contributor in determining the biochemical composition of L. dorsi steaks, with warm-season grasses causing increased concentrations of moisture and zinc and decreased concentrations of magnesium. Aging 28 days instead of 7 days increased pH and caused an increased concentration of carbohydrates, and non-heme and heme iron in B. femoris steaks. Diet, especially grass type, during grazing, can alter the end …

Grass Type, Grazing Supplementation, And Finishing Diets Affect Beef Fatty Acids, Kimberly A. Varnold, Chris R. Calkins, Brandon L. Nuttelman Nuttelman, Lasika S. Senaratne-Lenagala, Tommi F. Jones, Timothy P. Carr, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Crossbred steers (n = 64) were grazed on warm- or cool-season grasses, without or with energy supplementation of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS), and were finished on a corn-based diet with or without 35% WDGS. Grass type was the major contributor in determining the fatty acid profile, especially in the neutral lipid layer. Warm-season grasses decreased concentrations of most fatty acids compared to cool-season grasses. The provision of WDGS as an energy supplement while grazing dissipated any differences caused by grass type.

Vein Steak Differences In Strip Loins Of Heifers Due To Mutation Of The Myostatin Gene, Michelle E. Semler, Chris R. Calkins, Galen E. Erickson Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Strip loins from heifers with variations of the myostatin gene; 19 homozygous dominant (Angus), 20 heterozygous dominant (Angus x Piedmontese), and 20 homozygous recessive (Piedmontese) were studied. Strip loins were cut into 1-inch thick steaks and total number of steaks and number of steaks with Gluteusmedius (often called vein steaks) were recorded. Strip loins from heterozygous dominant heifershad a greater number of non-vein steaks and decreased percentage of vein steaks compared to homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive samples. Differences in percentage of vein steaks were inconsistent and showed no meaningful pattern.

Effect Of Feeding Distillers Grains And Supplementing With Dietary Antioxidants On Ground Beef Color During Retail Display, Brandy D. Cleveland, Chad G. Bower, Amy L. Redfield Redfield, Gary A. Sullivan

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Ground beef patties from cattle fed corn-based diets with no wet distillers grains (control), wet distillers grains (WDGS), WDGS + 1000 IU/head/day vitamin E, WDGS + 150 ppm/head/day, Ethoxyquin/TBHQ (Agrado Plus, Novus International, St. Louis, Mo.), or WDGS + 500 IU/head/day vitamin E + 150 ppm/head/day Ethoxyquin/TBHQ during the finishing phase were compared to analyze color stability during retail display. As display time increased, patties from all dietary treatments had greater discoloration and became darker, less red, and more yellow. Therefore, beef patties discolored during retail display, but the rate and degree of discoloration were unaffected by diet or antioxidant …

Effect Of Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Supplementation On Grazing Cattle Performance, Tyler L. Hasenauer, Terry J. Klopfenstein, James C. Macdonald Donald, Cody J. Schneider, Dirk B. Burken

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Yearlings rotationally grazing smooth bromegrass were individually supplemented modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) at .05, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% BW. Gain increased quadratically as MDGS level increased. Maximal ADG (2.95 lb/d) was predicted when supplementing level of 0.48% of BW. Economic analysis compared 0, 2, and 5 lb (DM) MDGS supplementation. When cattle ownership was retained through the feeding period, MDGS supplementation was profitable. Supplementation at 2 lb (DM) was more profitable than 5 lb (DM) when MDGS is above $265.63/ton (DM) or 85% the price of $7.50 /bu corn.

High-Sulfur In Beef Cattle Diets: A Review, M. E. Drewnoski, D. J. Pogge, S. L. Hansen

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

While many cattle feeding areas in the United States have long dealt with high sulfate water, increased feeding of ethanol co-products such as distillers grains with solubles to beef cattle has led to a corresponding increase in dietary sulfur. As a result, sulfur metabolism in the ruminant has been the focus of many research studies over the past ten years, and advances in our knowledge have been made. Excessive sulfur in cattle diets may have implications on trace mineral absorption, dry matter intake, and overall cattle growth. This review will focus on what we have learned about the metabolism of …

Qtls Associated With Dry Matter Intake, Metabolic Mid-Test Weight, Growth And Feed Efficiency Have Little Overlap Across 4 Beef Cattle Studies, Mahdi Saatchi, Jonathan E. Beever, Jared E. Decker, Dan B. Faulkner, Harvey C. Freetly, Stephanie L. Hansen, Helen Yampara-Iquise, Kristen A. Johnson, Stephen D. Kachman, Monty S. Kerley, Jaewoo Kim, Daniel D. Loy, Elisa Marques, Holly L. Neibergs, E. John Pollak, Robert D. Schnabel, Christopher M. Seabury, Daniel W. Shike, W. M. Snelling, Matthew L. Spangler, Robert L. Weaber, D. J. Garrick, Jeremy F. Taylor

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Background: The identification of genetic markers associated with complex traits that are expensive to record such as feed intake or feed efficiency would allow these traits to be included in selection programs. To identify large-effect QTL, we performed a series of genome-wide association studies and functional analyses using 50 K and 770 K SNP genotypes scored in 5,133 animals from 4 independent beef cattle populations (Cycle VII, Angus, Hereford and Simmental × Angus) with phenotypes for average daily gain, dry matter intake, metabolic mid-test body weight and residual feed intake.

Results: A total of 5, 6, 11 and 10 significant …

Variation In Time And Magnitude Of Immune Response And Viremia In Experimental Challenges With Porcine Circovirus 2b, Taylor B. Engle, Erin E. Jobman, Timonthy W. Moural, Autumn M. Mcknite, Justin W. Bundy, Sarah Y. Barnes, Emily H. Davis, Judith A. Galeota, Thomas E. Burkey, Graham S. Plastow, Stephen D. Kachman, Daniel C. Ciobanu

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Background: Porcine circovirus 2 is the primary agent responsible for inducing a group of associated diseases known as Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCVAD), which can have detrimental effects on production efficiency as well as causing significant mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate variation in viral replication, immune response and growth across pigs (n = 974) from different crossbred lines. The approach used in this study was experimental infection with a PCV2b strain of pigs at an average of 43 days of age.

Results: The sequence of the PCV2b isolate used in the challenge was similar with a …

Quantitative Trait Loci For Energy Balance Traits In An Advanced Intercross Line Derived From Mice Divergently Selected For Heat Loss, Larry J. Leamy, Kari Elo, Merlyn K. Nielsen, Stephanie R. Thorn, William Valdar, Daniel Pomp

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Obesity in human populations, currently a serious health concern, is considered to be the consequence of an energy imbalance in which more energy in calories is consumed than is expended. We used interval mapping techniques to investigate the genetic basis of a number of energy balance traits in an F₁₁ advanced intercross population of mice created from an original intercross of lines selected for increased and decreased heat loss. We uncovered a total of 137 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits at 41 unique sites on 18 of the 20 chromosomes in the mouse genome, with X-linked QTLs …

Effects Of Grazing On Nebraska Sandhills Meadow Forage Nutrient Content, Jared V. Judy, Jacki A. Musgrave, L. Aaron Stalker Stalker, Karla H. Jenkins, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Nebraska Sandhills subirrigated meadow pastures were utilized to measure the effects of grazing on forage nutrient content in summer pastures. Pre-grazed pastures had greater protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility levelsand lower neutral detergent fiber levels compared with post-grazed pastures early in the grazing season. By late July, post-grazed vs. pre-grazed pastures did not differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and neutral detergent fiber levels. Observed results indicate the greatest differences in nutrient content between post-grazed and pre-grazed pastures occur early in the grazing season.

Litter Deposition And Nitrogen Return In Rotationally Stocked Smooth Bromegrass Pastures, John A. Guretzky, Walter H. Schacht, Ana B. Wingeyer, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Andrea K. Watson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Understanding how management systems impact nutrient cycling is important to pasture sustainability. From 2010 to 2011, we investigated how supplementation of beef cattle (Bos taurus) with corn (Zea mays L.) dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) on unfertilized, rotationally stocked smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pasture (SUPP) affected the litter pool, residual herbage mass, litter deposition, and litter quality relative to unsupplemented beef cattle rotationally stocked on unfertilized control (CONT) and N-fertilized (FERT) smooth bromegrass pastures. As hypothesized based on management for greater herbage mass and animal demand during the grazing season, litter deposition was 48% …

Soil Organic Matter And Root And Rhizome Responses To Management Strategies In Smooth Bromegrass Pastures, John A. Guretzky, Ana B. Nuttelman, Walter H. Schacht, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Andrea K. Watson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key component of pasture production. This is study investigated how management strategies that varied amount and form of N input in a long-term experiment affected concentrations and stocks of total-soil organic C and N, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), root and rhizome mass, C and N contents in topsoil of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures with silty clay loam soils in a wet (2010) and dry (2012) year. Management strategies included: (i) unfertilized pasture grazed with unsupplemented beef cattle (CONT); (ii) unfertilized pasture grazed with dried distillers grains plus …

Analysis Of 28 Generations Of Selection For Reproduction, Growth, And Carcass Traits In Swine, W. L. Hsu, Rodger K. Robinson

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Selection (28 generations, G) in a Large White–Landrace composite population for traits aimed at increasing live pigs born per litter (BA), with additional selection for increased 180-d weight (WT180) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) and decreased back fat (BF10) in the last 8 generations, was practiced. Objectives herein were to estimate genetic and phenotypic responses and genetic parameters (n = 1,883 to 54,174) and to investigate whether a plateau in response for BA occurred. Line 2 (L2) was selected for an index of ovulation rate and embryo survival (G0 to G11), fully formed pigs (FF) per litter (G12 to 14), …

Comparative Digestibility By Cattle Versus Sheep: Effect Of Forage Quality, S. A. Soto-Navarro, R. Lancaster, C. Sankey, B. M. Capitan, B. P. Holland, L. A. Balstad, C. R. Krehbiel

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The objective was to determine the effect of forage quality on apparent total tract digestibility and ruminal fermentation in cattle versus sheep. Five yearling English crossbred (Hereford × Angus) steers (440.4 ± 35.6 kg of initial BW) and 5 yearling whiteface (Rambouillet × Columbia × Debouillet) wethers (44.4 ± 4.6 kg of initial BW), each fitted with a ruminal cannula, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 forage sources within ruminant specie, and the study was conducted over 3 periods. For forage source, both animal and period served as the blocking factor with all forage sources represented once within each …

Effects Of Beef Production System On Animal Performance And Carcass Characteristics, C. L. Maxwell, C. R. Lopez, B. K. Wilson, B. T. Johnson, B. C. Bernhard, C. F. O'Neill, D. L. Vanoverbeke, G. G. Mafi, D. L. Step, C. J. Richards

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to evaluate conventional (CONV) and natural (NAT) beef production systems from annual pasture through finishing through grazing. Beef steers (n = 180, initial BW = 250 ± 19 kg) were assigned randomly to 2 treatments in the pasture phase. Steers were implanted with 40 mg of trenbolone acetate (TBA), 8 mg estradiol, and 29 mg tylosin tartrate (CONV), or received no implant (NAT). Steers on the 2 treatments grazed wheat or cereal rye for 109 d. Conventional steers had an 18.5% improvement in ADG (1.22 vs. 1.03 kg/d, P < 0.01) and a heavier final BW (385 vs. 366 kg, P < 0.01) compared with NAT steers. Following the pasture phase, steers (n = 160 steers, 5 steers/pen, 8 pens/treatment) were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial in the feedlot phase. Production system (NAT vs. CONV) was maintained from the pasture phase, and the second factor was 7 vs. 12% low-quality roughage (DM basis, LOW vs. HIGH). During finishing, CONV steers were given 120 mg of TBA and 24 mg estradiol at processing, fed monensin and tylosin, and fed zilpaterol hydrochloride for the last 20 d of the experiment. There were no program × roughage level interactions (P > 0.07). The CONV steers ate …

System And Method For Analyzing Properties Of Meat Using Multispectral Imaging, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, Chris Richard Calkins, Ashok Kumor Samal, Govindarajan Konda Naganathan

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

A system and method for obtaining multispectral images of fresh meat at predetermined wavelength bands at a first time, subjecting the images to analysis in an image analysis system comprising a computer programmed to perform such analysis, and outputting a forecast of meat tenderness at a later point in time. Predetermined key wavelength bands are precorrelated with a high degree of prediction of meat tenderness and/or other properties of meat and are used in the multispectral system and method. A system and method for determining the key wavelengths is also disclosed. The multispectral imaging system and method is suitable for …

Western Immunoblotting In Avian Shell Gland Sample Immunoblotting Methods1, K.K. Hansen, R.J. Kittok, Gautam Sarath, Mary M. Beck

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Avian shell gland tissue was subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-human estrogen receptor- α antibody H222. Initial attempts to obtain consistent, high-quality blots were unsuccessful because, as it turned out, excessive lipid in tissue preparations interfered with protein separation. Incremental additions of acetone eventually proved to be the critical step in solubilizing lipids and allowing consistent separation of bands on gels. A detailed description of the methodology is presented.