Animal Sciences Commons^™

Presence And Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns Of Contagious Mastitis Agents (Staphylococcus Aureus And Streptococcus Agalactiae) Isolated From Milks Of Dairy Cows With Subclinical Mastitis, Serkan İki̇z, Beren Başaran, Enver Bariş Bi̇ngöl, Ömer Çeti̇n, Güven Kaşikçi, Naci̇ye Yakut Özgür, Meli̇h Uçmak, Özge Yilmaz, Mehmet Can Gündüz, Ahmet Sabuncu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Mastitis is recognized as one of the most important diseases affecting the dairy industry. The antibiotic susceptibility test is important to achieve accurate treatment in subclinical mastitis. This study was conducted to determine the presence of contagious mastitis agents (Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus) in 270 bovine milk samples collected from 132 dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in 15 different dairy farms located in the Marmara Region of Turkey. A total of 256 bacterial pathogens were isolated, of which 25 isolates were identified as S. agalactiae and 12 isolates were identified as S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were …

Detoxification Of Aflatoxin B_1 By Bacteriocins And Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria, Çi̇ğdem Sezer, Abamüslüm Güven, Nebahat Bi̇lge Oral, Leyla Vatansever

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins in detoxifying aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 detoxification abilities of lactic acid bacteria both in liquid culture and as concentrated pellets, their bacteriocins, and mixtures of these 3 were evaluated. Mixed cultures of the 2 bacteria were also investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis were separately able to detoxify aflatoxin B_1 in solutions. Lb. plantarum had a better detoxification rate (46%) than Lc. lactis (27%). After heat treatment, only the groups that contained pellets released the bound toxin back into the solution. Although bacteria and …

Dorsal Luxation Of The Scapula In A Cat, Serhat Özsoy, Özlem Güzel

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Dorsal luxation of the scapula is a rare orthopedic disorder caused by traumatic rupture of the muscles supporting the scapula. The presented case consisted of an adult cat in which luxation of the scapula had occurred due to trauma. During clinical examination, dorsal displacement of the scapula was evident upon manipulation of the limb. Radiological examination did not reveal any fractures or other concurrent injuries. In the surgical treatment of the patient, the muscles were sutured in place. The patient regained its normal gait without any complications within 4 weeks.

The Fecb (Booroola) Gene And Implications For The Turkish Sheep Industry, Asi̇ye Yilmaz Adkinson, Robert Wayne Adkinson

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Most traits of economic importance in livestock are quantitative traits. This means that they are influenced by a large number of genes, each contributing a small effect, scattered across the genome. Selection for these genes requires specialized methods such as progeny testing or genomic selection. The FecB or Booroola gene is an exception. Presence of this single gene increases ovulation and lambing rates dramatically with ewes producing 2, 3, or even more lambs per parturition. The FecB gene was first observed indirectly in Australian Merino sheep by Dr Helen Newton Turner. It was later determined that this allele was a …

Comparison Of Growth And Reproduction Of Mirror Carp And Scaled Carp Introduced Into Gelingüllü Reservoir, Yozgat, Turkey, Şeri̇fe Gülsün Kirankaya, Fitnat Güler Ekmekçi̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Carp have been translocated and introduced outside of their natural range in many countries. In Turkey, mirror carp (a warm-water fish) has generally been introduced into man-made reservoirs for fishery management, regardless of geographic location and climatic conditions. During the previous decade, controversy has arisen concerning the adaptation and spawning of carp, and the success of such introduction practices in Central Anatolia, which is characterized by typical cold continental weather conditions. Concurrently, based on some irregular observations, scaled carp was reintroduced as an alternative to mirror carp. Long-term monitoring studies on the growth and reproduction of mirror carp and scaled …

Comparison Of The Antioxidant System Response To Melatonin Implant In Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes Procyonoides) And Silver Fox (Vulpes Vulpes), Svetlana Sergina, Irina Baishnikova, Viktor Ilyukha, Marcin Lis, Stanislaw Lapinski, Piotr Niedbala, Boguslaw Barabasz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this work was to investigate whether melatonin implant may modify the response of the antioxidant systems of raccoon dog and silver fox. Animals of each species were divided into 2 equal groups: implanted with 12 mg of melatonin in late June and not implanted (control). During the standard fur production process in late November, samples of tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, and heart) were collected and specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), retinol, α-tocopherol (TCP), and total tissue protein, were determined in tissue samples. Activity of antioxidant enzymes …

Impact Of The Haberlea Rhodopensis Extract On The Innate Immune System And Response In Rabbits Following Klh-Hemocyanin Immunization And Cyclophosphamide Treatment, Svetlana Georgieva, Lilian Sotirov, Borislav Popov, Tsvetoslav Koynarski

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the present investigation was to study the impact of Haberlea rhodopensis extract on the innate immune response in rabbits. The complement and lysozyme activity, percent phagocytosis, and phagocytic index were studied. The analysis of the results showed that the treatment with Haberlea rhodopensis extract, cyclophosphamide, and KLH renders a remittent effect upon the classical pathway of activation of the complement system and the lysozyme concentration in the rabbit blood serum. These same factors have no direct effect on the phagocytic activity in the investigated animals. The obtained data show limited effect of Haberlea rhodopensis extract on rabbits’ …

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Of Multidetector Computed Tomography Images Of Paranasal Sinuses Of New Zealand Rabbits, Sema Özkadi̇f, Emrullah Eken

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to produce a 3-dimensional reconstruction using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images of the anatomic structures forming the paranasal sinuses of New Zealand rabbits and to present biometric properties of the sinuses and conchae. A total of 16 adult New Zealand rabbits, comprising 8 males and 8 females, were included in the study. After high-resolution MDCT images of the paranasal sinuses were obtained, they were reconstructed using a 3-dimensional modeling program (Mimics) by overlapping the images and the biometric measurements of the structures forming the paranasal sinuses. The maxillary sinuses of New Zealand rabbits were made up …

Effect Of Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) On The Performance And Litter Quality Of Broiler Chickens, Ioannis Nikolakakis, Vassilis Dotas, Anastasios Kargopoulos, Lampros Hatzizisis, Dimitris Dotas, Zafiris Ampas

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This work was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation with natural zeolite on the performance and litter quality of broilers. In a randomized complete block experimental design, 480-day-old Cobb-500 broilers were divided into 4 treatments with 4 replicates each and 30 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments consisted of a control wheat-corn-soybean meal diet (C) and 3 others contained 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% zeolite for Z_1, Z_2, and Z_3 treatments, respectively. Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Z_1, Z_2, and Z_3 treatments as compared to the control diet. Compared to the control, diets containing 2% and 3% of zeolite showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio for the total period. The dietary addition of zeolite significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the organic content in litter samples throughout the experimental period. The results of this study showed that the dietary addition of natural zeolite at inclusion rates of 2% and 3% had a positive effect on feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, and litter quality of broilers.

Content And Apparent Ileal Digestibility Of Protein And Amino Acids In Diets Fed To Parent Stock Of Farm-Raised Polar Foxes (Alopex Lagopus L.), Katarzyna Burlikowska, Roman Szymeczko, Anna Piotrowska, Ewa Swiech, Monika Boguslawska-Tryk, Beata Glowinska

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to compare content and apparent ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in diets used over 1 year (4 feeding periods) on 2 farms of reproductive polar foxes (A and B). Two diets (1 from farm A, 1 from farm B) from the same feeding period were tested in succession (4 eight-day digestibility experiments) on 5 polar foxes with 'end-to-end' ileorectal anastomosis. The main protein sources were poultry, fish, and beef offal in diets A and beef offal in diets B. In diets A, considerably higher content of protein and total essential and nonessential amino acids was …

Clostridium Botulinum In Honey: Prevalence And Antibiotic Susceptibility Of Isolated Strains, Ahmet Koluman, Berfi̇n Meli̇koğlu Gölcü, Okan Deri̇n, Si̇bel Özkök, Fabrizio Anniballi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Clostridium botulinum and rare strains of C. butyricum and C. baratii produce an extremely potent toxin, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Infant botulism is significant for both its high mortality rates and for the sophisticated treatment that it requires. Isolation and identification of C. botulinum according to standards depend on mouse bioassays to determine toxin-producing ability of strains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to detect the types of toxins expressed by bacteria. Since honey is an important source of infant botulism, we determined the types of toxins secreted by C. botulinum strains and their antibiotic resistance. In this study, the …

The Effects Of Barley/Triticale Silage On Performance, Carcass Characteristics, And Meat Quality Of Lambs, Gülcan Demi̇rel, Ahmet Yavuz Pekel, Bülent Eki̇z, Hakan Bi̇ri̇ci̇k, Neşe Kocabağli, Müjdat Alp

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was conducted to investigate the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of lambs fed barley/triticale silage treated with/without inoculant and enzyme mixture-based diets with similar barley supplementation. Thirty Tahirova × Sakız crossbred weaned ram lambs (mean body weight: 34 ± 0.5 kg) were used in this study. Lambs were randomly divided into groups of 3 and fed the respective diets. These 3 diets were: 1) hay grass + barley, 2) triticale/barley silage + barley, and 3) triticale/barley silage with inoculants and enzyme mixture + barley. There were significant differences among groups in daily live weight gain (P < 0.001). Cold carcass weight and dressing percentage based on empty body weight and carcass conformation scores were not significantly different among groups, but fatness scores and proportion of omental and mesenteric fat were significantly affected by diet (P < 0.05). No differences were found in terms of meat lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values for M. longissimus thoracis muscle. However, silage-fed lambs in both groups had higher shear force values than hay-fed lambs in the current study (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that barley/triticale silages offered with concentrate had no unfavorable effect on lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality.

Carbon Dioxide Laser-Assisted Staphylectomy In Brachycephalic And Nonbrachycephalic Dogs, Adolfo Maria Tambella, Cecilia Vullo, Fabrizio Dini, Angela Palumbo Piccionello, Anna Rita Attili

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Elongated soft palate is a common upper airway anomaly in brachycephalic dogs. The scientific literature considering this pathology in nonbrachycephalic dogs is limited. The aim of this study was to estimate the importance of the elongated soft palate in nonbrachycephalic dogs (n = 10), carrying out, at the same time, a comparison with selected brachycephalic dogs (n = 19), on the effect of carbon dioxide laser staphylectomy. The selected population had only elongated soft palates and no other disorders. The surgery was rapid and uncomplicated; no suture material was used. The comprehensive recovery was significant (P < 0.0001): 68.4% of brachycephalic dogs and 100% of nonbrachycephalic dogs had complete recovery. The incomplete recovery in older brachycephalic dogs matched a more advanced pathologic phase. This study suggests that, in the case of high respiratory tract alteration and poor exercise tolerance, it is imperative to consider in differential diagnosis the elongated soft palate in nonbrachycephalic breeds, too; their clinical signs are less severe and frequently underestimated. The surgical treatment has a favorable prognosis when the only alteration is elongated soft palate. The carbon dioxide laser has been confirmed as an useful option for staphylectomy in dogs.

First Report Of Cryptosporidium Spp. And Giardia Duodenalis In Calves From Northeastern Brazil, Thais Ferreira Feitosa, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela, Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in cattle calves from the Sertão region of Paraíba State in northeastern Brazil. The experiment was conducted using 100 calves from 10 farms. To evaluate the presence of oocysts, the technique of flotation in a sucrose solution was used, and for detection of C. parvum and G. duodenalis, the immunochromatographic test RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia strips were used. It was noted that animals of 1 to 30 days of age were statistically more affected (P < 0.05) by Cryptosporidium spp. Only 4 calves (25% of the positive animals) had diarrhea (P < 0.05). Nine animals were positive for G. duodenalis; diarrhea was present in 6 (66.67%) of those animals, which was considered a risk factor (P < 0.05). It was concluded that Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were present in calves from northeastern Brazil.

First Report Of Abnormal Pigmentation In A Surmullet, Mullus Surmuletus L. (Osteichthyes: Mullidae), Adnan Tokaç, Okan Akyol, Celaletti̇n Aydin, Ali̇ Ulaş

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

On 17 October 2012, an abnormally pigmented specimen of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus L. with a standard length of 164 mm was caught off the coast of Urla in İzmir Bay (Aegean Sea). This is the first report of abnormal pigmentation of the surmullet in the Mediterranean Basin. The sample fish had a patterned blue color on the back and its flanks were silvery. This kind of malpigmentation has not been observed in any mullids up to now.

Evaluating The Utility Of Beaver Reintroduction Programs For Enhancing Habitat For Rainbow Trout And Steelhead, Jonathan Rodger Hegna

All Master's Theses

Beaver reintroduction programs are increasingly being viewed as a way to enhance salmonid habitat and production. However, the actual effectiveness of using beavers as a habitat enhancement tool for ESA listed steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss populations is unknown. We examined the type of habitat, at both the microhabitat and mesohabitat levels, preferred by steelhead in three small streams in the upper Yakima Basin, WA through standard snorkel surveys and habitat measurements. Our results suggest that steelhead in small streams strongly prefer (relative to availability) microhabitats that have deeper water(> 30 cm), slow stream velocities(< 0 .05 mis), and complex cover types. Habitat partitioning among the size-classes (small< 50 mm, medium 50-90 mm, large> 90 mm total length, TL) principally operated …

State Of The River Report For The Lower St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Water Quality, Fisheries, Aquatic Life, And Contaminants 2013, Environmental Protection Board, City Of Jacksonville, University Of North Florida, Jacksonville University

State of the River Report

No abstract provided.

The Elwha River Restoration: Landscape Change, Salmon, And Sense Of Place, Kelseyanne Johnson

All Master's Theses

Removal of the Elwha River dams to restore the ecosystem and salmon fisheries is the largest project of its kind in the history of the United States. Spanning decades and affecting generations, this project has changed and will continue to change the landscape. This research examined the influence of the anticipated return of salmon on 18 key stakeholders' sense of place of the Elwha River. For almost all stakeholders, changes to the Elwha landscape are welcomed as they expect that salmon will restore the ecosystem to its natural state. Narrative data revealed dominant themes in participants' sense of place expressed …

Effects Of Different Weaning Management Strategies On Preconditioning Performance, Haptoglobin Serum Levels, Feedlot Morbidity, And Carcass Characteristics, Jake Everitt Anderson

LSU Master's Theses

Weaning, one of the first major stressors encountered by the calf, has a negative effect on the immune system and increases the likelihood of infection of novel pathogens such as those that cause bovine respiratory disease. Fenceline contact at weaning has been shown to reduce the stress on the calf during the time following maternal separation. Preconditioning programs have been shown to reduce feedlot morbidity and mortality. Combining these two management practices could reduce the length of time calves need to be held in a preconditioning program. A multi-year study was conducted to evaluate if fenceline weaning will allow for …

Yogurt Cultured Milk Powder As A Substitute For Yogurt Powder, Lijie Song

LSU Master's Theses

Commercial yogurt powder has to go through drying process which kills the yogurt culture, so the health benefit of the yogurt culture bacteria are lost. Also, upon reconstitution commercial yogurt powder does not taste like yogurt, it is sour and off flavored. The hypothesis of this study was that yogurt cultured milk powder would have better culture bacterial counts, better physico-chemical and sensory characteristics than commercial yogurt powder currently available. Commercial yogurt powder (CYP) was the control and yogurt cultured milk powder (YCMP) was the treatment. Freeze-dried yogurt starter culture (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus at ratio 1:1) was added …

Evaluation Of 54 Years Of Louisiana Bull Testing, And Snp Affecting Growth And Performance Of Yearling Bulls On A Forage Performance Bull Test, Tabitha Howard

LSU Master's Theses

The first objective of these two studies was to evaluate genetic trends for bulls that have comprised the LSU AgCenter Dean Lee performance bull test for the past 55 years. Data included birth weight (BW), initial weight, 112-day weight, average daily gain (ADG), adjusted yearling weight, and scrotal circumference (SC), on 7,488 yearling bulls of 34 breeds on 112d of test for the last 55 years. The top 4 represented bull breeds with greater than 500 animals (Angus, Charolais, Hereford, and Simmental) were included in this analysis. Analyses revealed that growth traits for all bulls regardless of breed demonstrated a …

Influence Of "Added" Whey Protein Isolate On Probiotic Properties Of Yogurt Culture Bacteria And Yogurt Characteristics, Luis Alfonso Vargas Lopez

LSU Master's Theses

Consumers are becoming conscious of their diet, increasing protein intake and avoiding carbohydrates and fats. Whey proteins have branch chain amino acids responsible for muscle building. Whey protein isolate (WPI) contains more than 90% protein. The effect of incremental addition of WPI on probiotic characteristics of pure cultures and cultures in yogurt and yogurt characteristics are not known. The hypothesis was that “added” WPI will influence the characteristics of yogurt culture bacteria in pure form and in yogurt. The objectives were: to determine the influence of added WPI on (1) acid and bile tolerance, growth and protease activity of pure …

Investigation Of Condition Effects On Batch Fecundity Of The Common Snook, Centropomus Undecimalis, In Tampa Bay, Florida, Catherine Michelle Bruger Hayslip

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, is a popular game fish species that occurs throughout central and southern Florida, yet many questions remain unanswered regarding their reproductive strategies, including estimates of fecundity with relation to size, age, and condition of the female. These relationships are critical to improving stock assessments and fundamental to estimating spawning potential ratio, the measure by which snook are managed. Spawning snook were collected from a known spawning site, Rattlesnake Key, Tampa Bay, Florida, during three consecutive spawning seasons (2009-2011) and batch fecundity for snook was reported for the first time. Of the 43 females suitable for fecundity …

Relative Survival Of Gags Mycteroperca Microlepis Released Within A Recreational Hook-And-Line Fishery: Application Of The Cox Regression Model To Control For Heterogeneity In A Large-Scale Mark-Recapture Study, Beverly J. Sauls

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The objectives of this study were to measure injuries and impairments directly observed from gags Mycteroperca microlepis caught and released within a large-scale recreational fishery, develop methods that may be used to rapidly assess the condition of reef fish discards, and estimate the total portion of discards in the fishery that suffer latent mortality. Fishery observers were placed on for-hire charter and headboat vessels operating in the Gulf of Mexico from June 2009 through December 2012 to directly observe reef fishes as they were caught by recreational anglers fishing with hook-and-line gear. Fish that were not retained by anglers were …

A Genomic And Quantitative Evaluation Of Modern Charolais Sired Calves Versus Multigenerational Angus Sired Calves For Growth And Carcass Quality And Compostion Traits, Jennifer Lynn Bailey

LSU Master's Theses

The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with growth, performance, and carcass quality and composition characteristics in a population of cattle consisting of multigenerational Angus sired calves and modern characteristic Charolais sired calves. A total of 132 calves were evaluated. Due to a limited sample population statistical difference was set at p ˂ 0.05 and statistical trends were set at p ˂ 0.1. Mean birth weights were significantly higher for Charolais sired calves as compared to Angus sired calves. Significant differences were observed between the two breed types for mean weaning weights with …

Vitrification Of Equine Expanded Blastocysts, Fabian Andres Diaz

LSU Master's Theses

The cryopreservation of equine expanded blastocysts (>300 um) has been largely unsuccessful primarily due to the low permeability to cryoprotectants and the large size of the equine embryo. Mechanical alternatives may provide means to overcome the capsule barrier and the relative large embryo size. In this regard, multiple experiments were performed in this study to evaluate different approaches of capsule puncture and blastocoele fluid extraction with the objective to develop a cryopreservation protocol for Day 8 equine expanded blastocysts. In the first experiment, twenty-four Day 8 expanded blastocysts were exposed to standard equine embryo vitrification solutions following one- or …

Effects Of Meal Timing On Growth Hormones, Ghrelin, And Insulin Sensitivity In Male Holstein Calves, Erica Lynn Chartier

LSU Master's Theses

Eighteen neonatal Holstein bull calves (38.85 ± 4.71 kg) were assigned to one of two treatments at birth to determine the effect of feeding time on growth, nutrient intake, metabolic hormone secretion, and energy metabolism. Regularly fed calves (n = 9) were fed MR daily at 0630 h, and irregularly fed calves (n = 9) at 1030, 0800, 0630, 0830, 0530, 0930, and 0730 Monday through Sunday. Body weights were measured weekly from birth to 9 weeks. Water intake, fecal scores, and starter intake were measured daily. Serial blood collections were conducted at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks for …

Assessment Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Pathogens Responsible For Causing Bovine Mastitis In Kentucky, Erica Denise West

Online Theses and Dissertations

Bovine mastitis is most significant disease seen in dairy farms worldwide, resulting in the largest profit loss of any other disease affecting dairy cows. The aim of this thesis was to determine the predominant species responsible for bovine mastitis in a subset of ten Kentucky dairy herds, and to assess the presence of antibiotic resistance in these pathogens. In this study, 308 milk samples were obtained from cow's selected based on their recent somatic cell count. Samples positive for growth were identified using the gram stain and various biochemical tests. After identification, resistance to 11 antimicrobial agents was assessed using …

Breeding Biology Of Chuck-Will's-Widows: Incubation, Brooding, And Provisioning Behavior And Characteristics Of Nest Sites, Ryan Sean O'Connor

Online Theses and Dissertations

Chuck-will's-widows (Antrostomus carolinensis) are cryptically colored grounding-nesting nightars that breed throughout much of the eastern United States, primarily in mixed-forest habitat. Because of their cryptic plumage and nocturnal habits, little is known about their behavior, particularly their breeding and nesting behavior. Thus, my objectives were to: (1) quantify patterns of incubation behavior (e.g., on bouts vs. off bouts) and the respective roles of males and females, (2) quantify the brooding and provisioning behavior of males and females, and, (3) compare the characteristics of nest sites and randomly selected unused sites to determine those features important in nest site selection.

My …

Wintering White-Throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia Albicollis): Home Ranges, Aggression And Corticosterone, Marissa Ann Buschow

Online Theses and Dissertations

White-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) are songbirds that spend the non-breeding season in southeastern North America, where they form philopatric territorial flocks. Flocks exhibit dominance hierarchies, with dominance rank associated with an individual's age and prior residence in the territory. Although social behaviors within flocks are well studied, few studies have described winter home ranges. I tagged white-throated sparrows (n = 12) in Madison County, Kentucky, with 0.9-g radio transmitters during the winter of 2010-2011. Locations were entered into ArcGIS and home range sizes were estimated with 50% and 95% kernel analysis for individuals with at least five locations. Mean core …