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Considerations For The Implementation Of Western Rock Lobster Sectoral Allocations., Integrated Fisheries Allocation Advisory Committee

Fisheries management papers

This paper discusses the Western rock lobster allocation process.

The Minister for Fisheries has determined that the allocation for sectors in the western rock lobster fishery after reserving one tonne for the customary sector shall be 95 per cent commercial and five per cent recreational.

The notional Sustainable Harvest Level (SHL) for rock lobster is expressed as a range, depending on the status of the stock rather than a specific quantitative limit.

Comparing Ensiled Or Fresh Mixed Wet Distillers Grains With Solubles With Straw At Two Inclusions In Growing Calf Diets, Crystal D. Buckner, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, William A. Griffin, Joshua R. Benton

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

This study evaluated feeding ensiled or freshly mixed wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) with straw at 2 blends and the effect of an inoculum with the ensiled mixture on steer calf performance. Treatments included 30 or 45% WDGS (DM basis) mixed with straw and fed either as a fresh mix or ensiled with and without a microbial inoculum. No significant interactions were observed between type and level of mix. Steers fed the ensiled mixes had higher ADG and lower F:G compared to those fed the fresh mix.

Distillers Grains And Livestock Are Important To Ethanol Energy And Greenhouse Gas Balance, Virgil R. Bremer, Adam J. Liska, Haishun Yang, Daniel T. Walters, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Richard K. Koelsch, Kenneth G. Cassman

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A life cycle assessment of the impact of distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) on mitigation of energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions comparing corn ethanol to gasoline demonstrates the importanceof feeding wet DGS (WDGS) to feedlot cattle to optimize the environmental benefit of ethanol production relative to gasoline. Ethanol produced in Nebraska has a superior environmentalimpact compared to ethanol produced in Iowa or Texas.

Lipid And Ndf Analysis Of Ethanol Byproduct Feedstuffs, Virgil R. Bremer, Crystal D. Buckner, Andrew W. Brown, Timothy P. Carr, Ruth M. Diedrichsen, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A newly developed biphasic feed lipid extraction procedure has increased accuracy relative to Goldfisch ether extraction, especially for condensed corn distillers solubles samples. A pre-NDF fat extraction must be completed prior to analyzing high fat feeds for NDF. Corn should be ground through a 1-mm screen on a Tecator Cyclotec sample mill to accurately determine corn NDF content.

2010 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cow/Calf
Effect of Calving Season and Wintering System on Cow Performance
Extending Grazing in Heifer Development Systems Decreases Cost Without Compromising Production
Post Weaning Management of Heifer Calves Impacts ADG and Feed Efficiency as Pregnant Heifers
Estrous Synchronization Increases Early Calving Frequency, Which Enhances Steer Progeny Value
Reproductive Aging Influences Ovarian Function in Beef Cows
Comparison of Feeding Wet Distillers Grains in a Bunk or on the Ground to Cattle Grazing Native Sandhills Winter Range.. 19 Supplementing Wet Distillers Grains Mixed with Low Quality Forage to Grazing Cow/Calf Pairs
Evaluation of Storage Covers When Wet Distillers Byproducts Are Mixed and …

Genetic Analysis Of Mature Size In American Angus Cattle, Marco G. Dib, L. Dale Van Vleck, Matthew L. Spangler

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Genetic parameters for weights and heights of mature cows were estimated using a repeatability model from field data provided by the American Angus Association. The results showed that the heritabilities of both traits were large, and correlations between them were positive and strong. Selection on either trait should easily produce a response, and changing one should lead to a correlated response in the other. Genetic trend was generally for increasing cow weight over the last 25 years.

Supplementing Dried Distillers Grains To Steers Grazing Cool Season Meadow, William A. Griffin, Brandon L. Nuttleman, Terry J. Klopfenstein, L. Aaron Stalker, Richard N. Funston, Jacqueline A. Musgrave

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two experiments evaluated the performance response of supplementing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) to steers grazing cool season meadow. Steers were supplemented 0.0 or 0.6% of BW in Exp. 1, and 0.0, 0.6, or 1.2% of BW in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, supplemented steers had 0.13 lb/day greater ADG. In Exp. 2, there was a linear response to supplementation level, with steers supplemented 1.2% of BW having greatest ADG. Diet samples indicate the differences were due to increased energy and not increased protein intake.

Effect Of Calving Season And Wintering System On Cow Performance, William A. Griffin, Don C. Adams, Leslie Aaron Stalker, Richard N. Funston, Jacqueline A. Musgrave, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Four years of data from three different calving seasons and two different cow wintering systems were evaluated utilizing 218 cows/year. Cows calved in spring, summer, or fall and were wintered on native Sandhills range or cornstalks. Calving season affected cow body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) throughout the production year; calving in the fall reduced number of calves weaned per cow. No differences were observed between cows wintered on Sandhills range and those wintered on cornstalks.

Acid Marination For Tenderness Enhancement Of The Beef Bottom Round, Jeremy H. Hinkle, Chris R. Calkins, Amilton S. De Mello Jr., Lasika S. Senaratne, Siroj Pokharel

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate acid marination to enhance tenderness of the beef bottom round (m. biceps femoris). Both experiments consisted of 3 acid types (acetic, lactic, and citric) and two concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 M in Exp. 1; 0.75 and 1.5 M in Exp. 2). There were no effects of acid marination on beef tenderness in Exp. 1, although lightness (L*) increased and redness decreased from 0 to 8 hours post-marination. Acetic and lactic acid (0.75 or 1.5 M) improved shear force values above those achieved by citric acid. Both lightness and redness permanently decreased in Exp. 2. …

Sensory Attributes Of Beef From Steers Fed Field Peas, Jeremy H. Hinkle, Judson Vasconcelos, Stephanie A. Furman, Amilton S. De Mello Jr., Lasika S. Senaratne, Siroj Pokharel, Chris R. Calkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Field peas were fed at inclusion rates of 0, 10, 20 and 30% (DM basis) to 139 yearling steers (initial BW = 900 ± 68 lb). Choice grade strip loins and carcass data were collected from the Tyson Fresh Meats Plant in Lexington, Neb. Consumer sensory ratings and Warner-Bratzler shear force data were collected. Feeding field peas caused a cubicresponsein overall like (P = 0.009), tenderness (P = 0.006), and flavordesirabilityratings (P = 0.06), with the highest (most desirable) ratings occurring with 30% field peas. Shear force decreasedlinearly (P = 0.02) as field peas increased in the diet. These data …

Effects Of Time Of Transporting Prior To Sale Date On Selling Weight Of Weaned Steer Calves, Luke M. Kovarik, Matt K. Luebbe, Richard J. Rasby, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

An experiment was conducted using 88 weaned steer calves to evaluate shrink difference when shipped at differing times prior to sale date. Two groups of calves were transported 24 hours prior to sale date, with one group being withheld from water and feed 2 hours prior to sale while the other group was not restricted. Another group (control) was transported 2 hours prior to the sale. All cattle were transported 95 miles and co-mingled at the sale facility prior to processing. Percent shrink for +1-Adlib, +1-R, and Control was 1.8, 2.2, and 0.6%, respectively.

Tympanic Temperature Profiles Of Confined Beef Cattle, Terry L. Mader, Leslie J. Johnson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Angus crossbred yearling steers were used to evaluate tympanic temperature (TT) profile of cattle displaying high, moderate, or low levels of heat stress. Data indicate cattle that do not adequately cool down at night are prone to greater body temperatures during a subsequent hot day. Cattle that are prone to displaying moderate levels of heat stress but can cool at night will maintain average tympanic temperatures at or near those of cattle that tend to consistently maintain lower peak tympanic temperatures. In addition, during cooler and moderately hot periods, cattle change TT in a stair-step or incremental pattern, while under …

Comparison Of Revalor-Xs Vs. Two Common Implant Strategies In Finishing Steers, Cody A. Nichols, Galen E. Erickson, Judson T. Vasconcelos, Justin J. Sindt, Robert L. Botts, Bill D. Dicke, D.J. Jordon, Robert J. Cooper, Tony L. Scott, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A commercial feedlot experiment was performed to compare the effects of a Component TE-IS/TE-S with Tylan (TE-IS/S) implant strategy to a Component TE-200 with Tylan (TE-200) or a Revalor XS (Rev-XS) single implant strategy on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. Cattle receiving the TE-IS/S implants and the Rev-XS implant had greater (P < 0.05) final BW and lower F:G (P < 0.05) than the cattle that received the TE-200 treatment. Daily gain was improved (P = 0.04) when comparing TE-IS/S to TE-200, but intermediate for steers that received the Rev-XS treatment. Quality grade categories were unaffected by implant strategy. Cattle given TE-IS/TE-S had a greater number (P < 0.05) of yield grade 1 and 2 carcasses than other implant treatments, while cattle receiving TE-200 had greater (P < 0.01) yield grade 3 and 5 carcasses.

Comparison Of Revalor Xs To A Revalor Is / Revalor S Implant Strategy In Finishing Steers, Cody A. Nichols, Galen E. Erickson, Judson Vasconcelos, Marshall N. Streeter, Bill D. Dicke, D.J. Jordon, Robert J. Cooper, Tony L. Scott, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A commercial feedlot study compared effects of Revalor IS/Revalor S (RevIS-S) implant strategy to a Revalor XS (RevX) single implant strategy on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. There were no differences (P > 0.90) in DMI, final BW, ADG, or F:G. Hot carcass weight, marbling score, 12th rib fat, LM area and calculated yield grade also were unaffected (P > 0.10) by implant strategy. The RevX treatment resulted in a greater (P < 0.01) percentage of Choice carcasses than RevIS-S. Cattle receiving Revalor XS performed similar to cattle implanted with RevIS-S using a traditional reimplant program.

Evaluation Of A New Single Implant Strategy Vs. Two Common Implant Strategies In Beef Finishing Steers, Cody A. Nichols, Judson Vasconcelos, Galen E. Erickson, Stephanie A. Furman, Justin J. Sindt, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A finishing trial was conducted to compare the response to three implant strategies on performance and carcasscharacteristics of feedlot steers: 1) ComponentTE-IS with Tylan followed with Component TE-S with Tylan (TE-IS/S); 2) Component TE-200 with Tylan (TE-200); or 3) Revalor XS (Rev-XS) single implant. Final BW, DMI and ADG were unaffected (P > 0.05) by implant strategy. Steers on the TE-IS/ S treatment had a lower (P < 0.01) feed:gain ratio (F:G) compared to those on the Rev-XS and TE-200 treatments. F:G calculated on a live basis was improved (P < 0.05) for reimplantedcattle compared to those on the TE-200 treatment; F:G for the Rev-XSwas intermediate. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for HCW, 12th rib fat, percentage USDA Choice and calculated USDA yield grade among treatments. Cattle implanted with Rev-XS had greater (P < 0.05) marbling scores than those implanted with TE-IS/S. Carcasses from TE-IS/S implanted steers presented larger (P = 0.03) longissimus muscle areas than both the TE-200 and Rev-XS treatment groups. These results suggest that F:G was improved with reimplanting.

Steak-Quality Meat From The Beef Heel, Siroj Pokharel, Chris R. Calkins, Amilton S. De Mello Jr., Lasika S. Senaratne, Jeremy B. Hinkle

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

This study was conducted to measure the shear force of beef heel (m. gastrocnemius) and to characterize the uncooked m. gastrocnemius for pH, water holding capacity, composition, and color. Ten heels were cut into steaks (for grilling) from the proximal to the distal end. Twenty additional heels were separated into lateral and medial portions; half were oven roasted and half were grilled as roasts. The proximal end steak was always less tender than the distal end steak. There were no differences in shear force between lateral and medial sides for any cooking treatment. The lateral side of heel has many …

Wet Distillers Grains Diets Supplemented With Vitamin E Alter The Mineral Composition Of Beef M. Longissimus Lumborum And M. Psoas Major, Lasika S. Senaratne, Chris R. Calkins, Amilton S. De Mello Jr., Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Crossbred yearlings (n = 90) were allotted to one of 10 diets containing 0, 20 or 40% wet distillers grains (WDG) with or without vitamin E supplementation and distillers solubles (DS). Strip loin and tenderloin steaks were obtained and tested for their mineral (Ca, P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, S, and Na) compositions using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cattle fed DS diets had higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of Ca, Fe, P, Mn, and S in strip loins than cattle fed non-DS diets. Feeding DS significantly reduced Mg and Na in tenderloins. Neither WDG nor vitamin E diets significantly …

Routine Hedging Of Fed Cattle Sales Price For Calf-Fed And Yearling Production Systems, Rebecca M. Small, Darrell R. Mark, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Short futures hedges in the Chicago Mercantile Exchange live cattle futures contract were evaluated to determine if profit variability could be decreased for calf-fed and yearling production systems. Results indicated standard deviations of calf-fed profits could be reduced by $35-$47/head through routine hedging. Routine hedges of yearling cattle, however, resulted in profit declining nearly $50/head, but profit variability also decreased.

Evaluation Of Proternative Stress Formula And Proternative Continuous Fed Formula In A High Energy Feedlot Diet, Sarah J. Vanness, Matt K. Luebbe, Joshua R. Benton Benton, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Justin Sindt

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cross-bred yearling steers were used in a feeding trial to compare the use of two different direct fed microbials (DFM), ProTernative CF (DFM-CF) and ProTernative SF (DFM-SF). The treatment design was a 2x2 factorial with a control (no DFM), DFM-CF, DFM-SF, and both (CF+SF). Diets consisted of 40% WCGF with high moisture corn with no feed additives other than the DFM treatments. No differences were observed in feedlot performance or carcass characteristics.

Supplementing Dried Distillers Grains To Growing Calves On Smooth Bromegrass Pastures, Andrea K. Watson, Matt K. Luebbe, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Walter H. Schacht

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Steers supplemented daily with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on non-fertilized smooth bromegrass pastures gained 1.9 lb/day compared to 1.46 lb/day for cattle on both fertilized and non-fertilized pastures. The fertilized and supplemented treatments were stocked at equal densities, and the non-fertilized pastures were stocked at 69% the density of the other two treatments. At a lower stocking rate, the non-fertilized pastures showed poorer forage production, but equal cattle performance compared to the fertilized pastures. The supplemented pastures showed slightly decreased forage production compared to the fertilized pastures, but at the same time showed increased cattle performance. Each lb …

Ectoparasites Of Bats In Mongolia (Ischnopsyllidae, Nycteribiidae, Cimicidae And Spinturnicidae), Ingo Sceffler, Dietrich Dolch, Jargalsaikhan Ariunbold, Nyamsuren Batsajchan, Andreas Abraham, Klaus Thiele

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

For large parts of the world, the knowledge of bat ectoparasites is still scanty. Regarding Mongolia, only few studies exist to date. This paper analyzes results from extensive captures between 2005-2008, carried out in different sites of Mongolia. Discussed ectoparasites include bat fleas, (Ischnopsyllidae), bat flies (Nycteribiidae), and bat bugs (Cimicidae) and spinturnicid mites (Spinturnicidae). A number of species found in this study were new records for Mongolia, and for many species additional sites were reported. For some bat species, the spectrum and frequency of larger ectoparasites could be determined for the first time.

Current State Of Ixodidae Research In Mongolia, Daniel Kiefer, K. Pfister, D. Tserennorov, G. Bolormaa, D. Otgonbaatar, Ravčigijn Samjaa, E. G. Burmeister, Mathias S. Kiefer

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Our research presents the Ixodidae-fauna in Mongolia. The current taxonomic state in Mongolia shows 19 Ixodidae taxa extracted in 308 locations from 115 bird and mammal species. In 1980, the species Ixodes persulcatus SCHULZE, 1930 and Ixodes berlesei Birula, 1895 were detected in Inget Tolgoi and Ixodes laguri OLENEV, 1929 on Meriones unguiculatus 10 km southeast of Ulaanbaatar for the first time. In 2000 the species Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, 1844 was detected in the Selenge-river area and Argas (Argas) vulgaris FILIPPOVA, 1961 was detected in the Gobi area. From the collection of M. and A. STUBBE 1 N …

Distribution Of Fleas (Siphonaptera) In Bird-Nests, Bird Siphonaptera On Mammalia And The Medical Importance Of Interspecific Flea Transmission In Mongolia, Daniel Kiefer, K. Pfister, D. Tserennorov, D. Otgonbaatar, Ravčigijn Samjaa, D. Sumjaa, E. G. Burmeister, Mathias S. Kiefer

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Starting in the 1960s of the last century a huge amount of material from mammals and birds was collected in Mongolia. The according results were published in Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei, Volume 1-10, and represented on conferences in Halle, Moscow, Irkutsk, Ulaanbaatar, Bratislava and the Entomological Review St. Petersburg.

A big part of the collected material consisted of ectoparasites analyzed by experts from Mongolia, Germany, England, Russia, Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia resulting in newly described species along with zoogeographical and ecological profiles.

During the years 1974-2007 material from 321 nests of 38 bird taxa were obtained. 157 …

Zoo Registrars: A Bewildering Bureaucracy, Irus Braverman

Journal Articles

While their counterparts in the museum world have received some scholarly attention, no scholarly account of zoo registrars has been published to date. Why bother studying zoo registrars? Firstly, in the (contained) wildness of the zoo, the registrar performs the role of law and order. She (typically this position is employed by females) manages the administrative side of the zoo: a junction between data management and small-scale legal administration. Secondly, registrars both depict and represent the significant transformations that have occurred in North American zoos over the last few decades, from insular urban institutions exhibiting exotic animals for entertainment, to …

Lobster Attack Induces Sensitization In The Sea Hare, Aplysia Californica, Amanda J. Watkins, Daniel A. Goldstein, Lucy C. Lee, Christina J. Pepino, Scott L. Tillett, Francis E. Ross, Elizabeth M. Wilder, Virginia A. Zachary, William G. Wright

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Studies of the neural mechanisms of learning, especially of sensitization, have benefitted from extensive research on the model species, Aplysia californica (hereafter Aplysia). Considering this volume of literature on mechanisms, it is surprising that our understanding of the ecological context of sensitization in Aplysia is completely lacking. Indeed, the widespread use of strong electric shock to induce sensitization (an enhancement of withdrawal reflexes following noxious stimulation) is completely unnatural and leaves unanswered the question of whether this simple form of learning has any ecological relevance. We hypothesized that sublethal attack by a co-occurring predator, the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, might …

Female Humpback Whale (Megaptera Novaeangliae) Reproductive Class And Male-Female Interactions During The Breeding Season, Meagan E. Jones

Antioch University Full-Text Dissertations & Theses

This study examined whether female reproductive class (i.e., presence or absence of a calf) in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) affects female behavior and male-female interactions on the Hawaiian breeding grounds. From 2003-2008, 295 female-calf groups (with or without a male escort) and 256 female no-calf groups (with a male) were observed. Forty-one female no-calf groups were confirmed male-female pairs by genetic sexing or photo-identification. Focal follows of 36 male-female pairs and 50 female-calf groups (29 escorted and 21 unescorted female-calf groups) were analyzed for time budget and movement estimates. Relative fluke size (fluke photogrammetry, n=30) and sighting histories …

Spawning-Related Movements Of Barred Sand Bass Paralabrax Nebulifer, In Southern California: Interpretations From Two Decades Of Historical Tag And Recapture Data, E. T. Jarvis, Christi Linardich, C. F. Valle

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

During the 1960s and 1990s, the California Department of Fish and Game tagged 8,634 barred sand bass in southern California, and 972 fish (11%) were recaptured. Tag returns suggest barred sand bass are transient aggregate spawners that form spawning aggregations consisting of both resident and migrant individuals. Spawning residency at a historic spawning location was estimated by the frequency of returns over time; most same-year returns (82%, n  =  141) were recaptured within a 7 to 35-day period. The maximum recapture distance was 92 km. The average (± SD) non-spawning season recapture distance from peak spawning season tagging locations was …

Conservation Status And Habitat Use Of The West Virginia Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus Subterraneus) And Spring Salamander (G. Porphyriticus) In General Davis Cave, Greenbrier Co., West Virginia, Matthew L. Niemiller, Michael S. Osbourn, Dante B. Fenolio, Thomas K. Pauley, Brian T. Miller, John R. Holsinger

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The West Virginia Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus subterraneus) is one of four obligate cave-dwelling species of plethodontid salamanders found east of the Mississippi River in the United States. This species is endemic to a single cave system; General Davis Cave, in Greenbrier Co., West Virginia, where it is syntopic with the closely-related Spring Salamander (G. porphyriticus). Accordingly, the West Virginia Spring Salamander is a species of critical conservation concern. Because of it's conservation status and lack of data regarding the ecology and life history, particularly about population trends, we present data on relative abundance of and habitat …

The Impact Of Conservation On The Status Of The World's Vertebrates, Michael Hoffmann, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Ariadne Angulo, Monika Böhm, Thomas M. Brooks, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Kent E. Carpenter, Janice Chanson, Beth A. Polidoro, Jonnell C. Sanciangco

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the …

Quantitative Pcr Assay For Mycobacterium Pseudoshottsii And Mycobacterium Shottsii And Application To Environmental Samples And Fishes From The Chesapeake Bay, D. T. Gauthier, K. S. Reece, J. Xiao, M. W. Rhodes, H. I. Kator, R. J. Latour, C. F. Bonzek, J. M. Hoenig, W. K. Vogelbein

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Chesapeake Bay are currently experiencing a very high prevalence of mycobacteriosis associated with newly described Mycobacterium species, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii. The ecology of these mycobacteria outside the striped bass host is currently unknown. In this work, we developed quantitative real-time PCR assays for M. pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii and applied these assays to DNA extracts from Chesapeake Bay water and sediment samples, as well as to tissues from two dominant prey of striped bass, Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli). Mycobacterium …