Animal Sciences Commons^™

Mercury In Fish Collected From The Indian Lake System Stillwater Wildlife Management Area Churchill County, Nevada, Peter Tuttle

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Elevated mercury levels have been identified in water, sediments, and biota in the Carson River drainage basin, west-central, Nevada. In some instances mercury concentrations exceeded levels considered safe for fish, wildlife, and humans. Of particular concern were game fish in the lower Carson River basin which may be consumed by humans. Many of these fish have been found to contain more than 1.0 μg/g wet weight, the action level identified as safe for human consumption by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA 1984) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1989). Concern for human health promptedthe Nevada State Division of Health …

The Influence Of Selenium On Incubation Patterns And Nesting Success Of Waterbirds At Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah, Bruce H. Waddell, Mark C. Stanger

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Egg temperatures and hen attentiveness were studied from 1989-91 on nests near sites known to have high selenium concentrations in an effort to document causes for nesting failures. Temperature and light sensitive radio transmitters were used to monitor incubation patterns in American coots (Fulica americana), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), gadwalls (Anas strepera), northern shovelers, (Anas clypeata), and redheads (Aythya americana) nests. Mean temperatures of telemetered eggs placed in incubated nests ranged from 32.6°C to 37.8°C and differed only slightly from results obtained in other studies. We found no nesting failures among …

Contaminants Survey Of The Proposed Marais Des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge, George T. Allen, Tom Nash

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

We sampled sediments and fish at 16 locations at the proposed Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas and Missouri.

All of the samples were analyzed for metals and organochlorine compounds. Selected sediment samples also were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons.

There are no apparent serious contaminants concerns with the proposed acquisition, with the exception of two dump sites. The former municipal dump for Pleasanton, in section 26 of Township 21S, Range 25E in Kansas has not been cleaned up. Therefore, the land it is on should be excluded from acquisition. A former dump in section 6, Township 39N, Range …

Metal Concentrations In Blood From An Adult Bald Eagle Nesting At Clinton Reservoir In Kansas, George T. Allen

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Concentrations of metals in blood from an adult male bald eagle nesting at Clinton Reservoir in eastern Kansas in 1991 were analyzed by induction coupled plasma emission spectroscopy without preconcentration.

Because there are very limited data on background levels of most metals in bald eagle blood, the data herein are provided for comparison with other samples at later dates.

Few metals were detected in the sample. The only metal detected that is not physiologically well controlled was mercury. However, the mercury concentration was low compared to concentrations found in blood from bald eagles in the western United States.

Trace Element Concentrations In Flue Gas Desulfurlzation Wastewater From The Jim Bridger Power Plant, Sweetwater County, Wyoming, Pedro Ramirez Jr.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The coal-fired Jim Bridger Power Plant near Rock springs, Wyoming uses soda liquor from nearby trona (soda ash) processing plants to neutralize the acidity of water used in their flue scrubbers. Analyses of this Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) liquor by Western Wyoming College Water Quality Laboratory shows high concentrations of sodium, chloride, sulfates, carbonates and bicarbonates. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service had samples of the FGD wastewater analyzed for sodium, chloride, sulfates, carbonates and bicarbonates as well as trace metals. Trace metals were not present in concentrations known to pose adverse impacts to wildlife. Sodium concentrations, however, were excessively …

Trace Elements In Water, Sediments And Biota From Wetlands In The Laramie Basin And Their Relationship To The Recovery Of The Endangered Wyoming Toad (Bufo Hemiophrys Baxteri, Pedro Ramirez Jr.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted a monitoring study in 1989,1990
and 1991 to determine if trace elements occur at levels that may affect the Wyoming toad (Bufo hemiophrys baxteri), a federally-listed endangered species. The study will provide information to help the Wyoming Toad Recovery Team to select reintroduction sites and in habitat acquisition efforts. Biologists collected water, sediment, aquatic invertebrates, algae and emergent insects from Mortenson Lake, historically occupied areas and proposed reintroduction sites. No major problems are apparent with trace elements in water, sediment and biota from sites providing existing or potential habitat for the …

Environmental Contaminants Monitoring In Selected Wetlands Of Wyoming [Biologically Active Elements Study], Pedro Ramirez Jr., Joni Armstrong

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Sediment, water and biota were collected from selected wetlands in Wyoming for the Biologically Active Elements (BAE) Study in 1988, 1989 and 1990 to identify contaminant problems that may warrant further study. This report also will assist in developing a comprehensive contaminants monitoring program for the state and will provide baseline contaminants data for wetland areas. Sites surveyed included areas affected by historical and current mining; wetlands receiving oilfield or oil refinery discharges; wetlands receiving irrigation return flows; stock ponds and natural depressions in areas with seleniferous soils and wetlands influenced by urban runoff. Monitoring is recommended for wetlands receiving …

Trace Elements In Existing Wetlands And Proposed Mitigation Sites In The U.S. Bureau Of Reclamation's Shoshone Rehbilitation & Betterment Project, Park And Bighorn Counties, Wyoming, Pedro Ramirez Jr., Joni Armstrong

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) conducted a baseline inventory of trace elements at proposed mitigation sites and existing wetlands within the Shoshone Project for the Great Plains Region of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Mitigation proposed for wetland losses attributed to the Shoshone Rehabilitation and Betterment Project consists of wetland creation or enhancement within the project area. The quality of irrigation drainage and its effects on fish and wildlife are potential concerns with the existing project. The two sediment samples collected from a large alkali flat near Deaver Reservoir had elevated selenium concentrations (12 and 13 ug/g dry …

Metals And Organic Compounds In Missouri River Fish In 1988 Boyd County, Nebraska To Kansas City, Missouri, George T. Allen, R. Mark Wilson

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

We conducted this project to assess the concentrations of natural and anthropogenic contaminants in fish of the Missouri River from the Nebraska/South Dakota border to Kansas City, Missouri. We collected 45 composite samples of eight fish species from nine locations on the river. We were unable to collect all species at all locations, but the collections allowed us to compare concentrations within trophic levels and at different locations. Comparisons in this project are based on concentrations in composites of fish that may have been of different ages. Also, the comparisons of different species should be treated with caution because' different …

Effects Of Specialized Grazing Systems On Waterfowl Production In Southcentral North Dakota, William T. Barker, Kevin K. Sedivec, Terry A. Messmer, Kenneth F. Higgins, Dan R. Hertel

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The recent decline in numbers of several waterfowl species (Canadian Wildlife Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1986, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Service 1988) and poor nesting success indicates that there is insufficient production of ducks in the prairie pothole region to maintain populations at desirable levels (Klett et al. 1988). About 50 percent of the ducks in North America are produced in the prairie pothole region and about 95 percent of the production occurs on private lands (Smith et al. 1964). Thus. a major effort to reverse the decline in duck numbers should emphasize …

Enteric Redmouth Disease Of Salmonids, G. L. Bullock, R. C. Cipriano

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is a systemic bacterial infection of fishes, but is known principally for its occurrence in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. It was first reported in the 1950's in Idaho rainbow trout and described by Rucker (1966). In recognition of that first description, the causal organism was named Yersinia ruckeri by Ewing et al. (1978).

Chironomidae Of The Southeastern United States: A Checklist Of Species And Notes On Biology, Distribution, And Habitat, Patrick L. Hudson, David R. Lenat, Broughton A. Caldwell, David Smith

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

We provide a current listing of the species of midges (Diptera:Chironomidae) in the southeastern United States (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee). This checklist should aid in research on this group of insects, which have often proved useful in the assessment of water quality. We document each species' distribution and general habitat and provide the best taxonomic reference to facilitate the identification or description of species in that genus. Changes in nomenclature, unique ecological traits, bibliographic sources, or other items of information are summarized in a paragraph on each genus. Of the 10 subfamilies currently recognized in …

Bacterial Gill Disease Of Freshwater Fishes, G. L. Bullock

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Fish gills function as both respiratory and excretory organs. Basically they consist of a network of capillaries where blood is separated from the surrounding water by only one or two layers of cells. Proliferation of epithelial tissue, and later the loss of surface by the clubbing and fusing of lamellae, impair respiration and the excretion of nitrogenous waste materials, and disturb osmotic balance. Because these changes adversely affect the health of fish, the prevention and treatment of gill diseases are important in fish culture. Pathologic changes in gill tissues have been divided into five categories: (1) bacterial gill disease (BGD) …

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Of Fishes, Philip E. Mcallister

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), a systemic infection of various salmonid and a few nonsalmonid fishes, is caused by a rhabdovirus designated as the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (Office International des Epizooties 1963). The virus infection occurs in salmonids and certain other fishes of any age and may result in significant cumulative mortality. Fish that survive may become carriers. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia has been reported under various names, of which "Egtved disease" and "Infektiose Nierenschwellung und Leberdegeneration" are the best known. The viral etiology of the disease was established by Jensen (1965), and several serotypes of the virus (also known as …

Endangered And Threatened Wildlife And Plants; Neosho Madtom Determined To Be Threatened

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) determines a fish, the Neosho madtom (Noturusplocidus), to be a threatened species under the authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Act), as amended. The madlom is currently known from the Neosho River (Grand Riverin Oklahoma) drainage: in the Neosho, Cottonwood, and Spring Rivers in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma. Habitat destruction andmodification, principally due to impoundments, dredging activities, and increased water demands, have decreased the distribution and abundance of the species and isolated it into three populations. This rule identifies the taxon as one in need of conservation, …

Selenium In The Aquatic Environment Of Quivira National Wildlife Refuge In 1987, R. Mark Wilson, George T. Allen

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Selenium is a widely distributed element generally found at low concentrations in surface waters and soils (Cooper et. al. 1974. Kubota 1980. Raptis et. al. 1983. Trelease 1945). Selenium has received recent attention from the Department of the Interior and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) because high levels of selenium borne by irrigation return flows have caused serious problems for fish and wildlife (Clark 1987. Hoffman et. al. 1988. Lemly 1987. Ohlendorf et. al. 1986a,b, 1987, 1988, Saiki and Lowe 1987). Because selenium concentrations can occur in coal deposits, ash from coal-fired powerplants has caused serious selenium contamination …

Selected Bibliography On Diseases And Parasites Of Fishes: Books, Proceedings, And Reviews, 1978-1989, Joyce A. Mann

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

This bibliography was prepared to assist students of fish health, fishery biologists, librarians, and others in selecting reading materials or developing library collections on the diseases and parasites of fishes. A continuation of Fish Disease Leaflet 53, "Diseases and parasites of fish: an annotated bibliography of books and symposium, 1904-1977," it includes English language books, proceedings, and review articles published from 1978 to 1989. It includes references that are readily available by purchase or through interlibrary loan. The references are arranged alphabetically by author surname and then by year within the following major subject classifications: general works, bacterial diseases, histology, …

Key To Acanthocephala Reported In Waterfowl, Malcolm Edwin Mcdonald,

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

This is the third part of a continuing series on helminths reported in waterfowl (McDonald 1974, 1981). Coots and moorhens (in Family Rallidae, Order Gruiformes) are included with the Anatidae of Anseriformes. The goal of these studies is complete coverage of waterfowl helminths of the world, although the original incentive-inadequate knowledge of the parasites of North American waterfowl- is less true now. World coverage is desirable because the world distribution of the family, tribes, and even many species of waterfowl often results in world distribution of parasites. The format of this key follows that of the others in the series: …

Columnaris Disease Of Fishes, G. L. Bullock, T. C. Hsu, E. B. Shotts Jr.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Columnaris disease is an acute to chronic bacterial infection that affects anadromous salmonids and virtually all species of warmwater fishes. Davis (1922), who first described the disease, named it columnaris because the causal bacterial cells seen in wet mounts of affected gills and fins were arranged in columnar aggregations. Ordal and Rucker (1944) were the first to isolate the causal organism and, based on cellular morphology, identified it as a myxobacterium. Organisms classified in the order Myxobacterales are long, thin gram-negative rods that are motile on agar media by a creeping or flexing motion. They have a life cycle composed …

Proliferative Kidney Disease In Salmonid Fishes, R. P. Hendrick, M. L. Kent, C. E. Smith

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonid fishes is caused by a poorly understood protozoan, the vegetative stages of which are known as PKX cells. The organism was initially believed to be an amoeba (phylum Sarcomastigophora) by Plehn (1924) and later by Ghittino et al. (1977) and Ferguson and Needham (1978). Similarities between PKX and oyster pathogens of the genus Marteilia led Seagrave et al. (1980) to suspect that the parasite was instead a haplosporidan (phylum Acetospora). More recent studies by Hedrick et al. (1984) and Kent and Hedrick (1985a,b) indicated that the PKX cells are pre sporogonic forms …

Channel Catfish Virus Disease, John A. Plumb

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD) is an acute infection of cultured fry and fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The disease occurs primarily during summer and, with few exceptions, in fish less than 4 months old. The causative agent, the channel catfish virus (CCV), is a member of the herpesvirus group. Since its first identification (Fijan 1968), it has been isolated from infected fish in most areas of the United States where channel catfish are cultured.

Biography Of Glenn L. Hoffman, R. M. Overstreet, F. P. Meyer

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

In the fictional West of the United States, a masked man known only as the Lone Ranger rode into the lives of troubled individuals on his white stallion, Silver, and, with the aid of his trustworthy Indian sidekick, Tonto, and a six-shooter filled with silver bullets, solved the people's problems and protected them from villains. When the Lone Ranger finished his deed, he rode away and a person who had received help always asked someone nearby 'Who was that masked man, anyway?'

Salmonid Whirling Disease, Ken Wolf, Maria E. Markiw

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Salmonid whirling disease-sometimes referred to as "blacktail" -is a chronic, noncontagious parasitic infection of trout and, to a lesser extent, other members of the family Salmonidae. The parasite has specific tropism for cartilage. If the infection is heavy and the fish is young, mortality sometimes results. More commonly, the parasitosis evokes abnormal swimming behavior and the transient melanism of the caudal fin and peduncle that is the blacktail sign (Fig. 1).

When the parasite is given sufficient time for development and the infection is sufficiently intense, the head and axial skeleton become disfigured in some vIictims (Fig. 2). However, the …

Edwardsiella Infections Of Fishes, G. L. Bullock, Roger L. Herman

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

The genus Edwardsiella was suggested by Ewing et al. (1965) to encompass a group of enteric bacteria generally described under vernacular names such as paracolon. The type species is E. tarda, which is an opportunistic pathogen of many animals. Meyer and Bullock (1973) reported E. tarda as a pathogen of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and named the disease emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish. However, the organism described by Hoshina (1962) as the fish pathogen Paracolobactrum anguillimortiferum is now recognized as being E. tarda (Wakabayashi and Egusa 1973). Hawke (1979) isolated several strains of a bacterium closely resembling …

Aeromonas Hydrophila And Motile Aeromonad Septicemias Of Fish, Rocco C. Cipriano, G. L. Bullock, S. W. Pyle

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Aeromonas hydrophila and other motile aeromonads are among the most common bacteria in freshwater habitats throughout the world, and are frequently associated with severe disease among cultured and feral fishes. Determinations of the etiology of diseases involving aeromonad infections has been complicated by the genetic, biochemical, and antigenic heterogeneity of members of this group. Consequently, motile aeromonads consist of a complex of disease organisms that are associated with bacterial hemorrhagic septicemias in fishes. From descriptions of fish diseases in the early scientific literature, Otte (1963) speculated that septicemic infections in fish caused by motile aeromonads were common throughout Europe during …

Enteric Redmouth Disease Of Salmonids, G. L. Bullock

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Enteric redmouth disease (ERM) is a systemic bacterial infection of fishes, but is principally known for its occurrence in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. The disease was first reported in the 1950's by Rucker (1966), and in recognition of that fact, the causal organism was named Yersinia ruckeri by Ewing et al. (1978). Although Wagner and Perkins (1952) described a bacterial disease that produced a red-mouth condition in rainbow trout in California and Colorado, it was caused by a different bacterium; they isolated Pseudomonas hydrophila rather than Y. ruckeri.

Two New Species Of Myxozoa, Myxobolus Inaequus Sp. N. And Henneguya Theca Sp. N. From The Brain Of A South American Knife Fish, Eigemannia Virescens (V.), Michael L. Kent, Glenn L. Hoffman

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Two new species of Myxozoa from the brain of the green knife fish Eigemannia virescens are described: Myxobolus inaequus sp. n. has an unusually large spore body and extremely unequal polar capsules, and Henneguya theca sp. n. has an attenuated spore encased in a sheath not previously described in other Myxozoa. Only spores of the two species were observed, and infections caused no obvious pathological changes in the brain.

Furunculosis And Other Diseases Caused By Aeromonas Salmonicida, G. L. Bullock, R. C. Cipriano, S. F. Snieszko

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Aeromonas salmonicida is a gram-negative bacterium that usually produces a water-soluble brown pigment. It was first described by Emmerich and Weibel (1890) as the cause of salmonid furunculosis in Germany. Although the disease was first considered to be limited to salmonids, studies by the Furunculosis Committee (Mackie et al. 1930, 1933, 1935) showed that A. salmonicida also infected other fish species. Present indications are that A. salmonicida or its variants also produce other diseases, such as ulcerative disease of goldfish (Carassius auratus), erythrodermatitis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), ulcer disease of trout, and systemic infections among …

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (Ipn) Of Salmonid Fishes, Phillip E. Mcallister

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a viral disease principally associated with salmonids, although IPN and lPN-like viruses have been isolated from various nonsa1rnonid fish and marine invertebrates. Acute infection occurs in 1- to 4-month-old salmonids and can result in cumulative mortality approaching 100%. In contrast, fish 6 months old or older can undergo subclinical or inapparent infection, but experience no significant mortality. Survivors of the disease can become lifelong carriers of the virus. Epizootics of IPN have been reported worldwide, and several virus serotypes are recognized. The disease known as IPN was probably first described by M'Gonigle (1941) as acute …

Resource Management Thrusts And Opportunities: National Parks And Wildlife Refuges, G. Ray Arnett

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Well, it's been an interesting year. Somehow, it got to be very convenient for some folks to misconstrue what the Secretary had said. Some of those folks just seemed determined to make James Watt a household name-and they succeeded. And those same folks succeeded, too, in increasing the membership roles of a few of the environmental groups. But I don't think they succeeded very well in listening to and understanding what the Secretary said a year ago .... So, as succinctly and plainly as possible, I will spell out again that the goals of this Administration weren't designed to create …