Animal Sciences Commons^™

Effects Of Forage Type, Storage Method, And Moisture Level In Crop Residues Mixed With Modified Distillers Grains, Barry M. Webber, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Kelsey R. Rolfe Rolfe, Cody J. Schneider, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, William A. Griffin

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two growing experiments compared effects of feeding a diet consisting of cornstalks or wheat straw and modified distillers grains when ensiled or mixed fresh daily. Wheat-straw based diets also were compared at different moisture levels (50% and 70%) when ensiled and mixed daily. In Experiment 1, steers fed ensiled diets had greater DMI compared to diets mixed daily. Moisture level and crop residue type had no effect on steer performance. In Experiment 2, steers were offered the supplements and a hay mix to determine palatability and forage replacement. Moisture level had no effect, cornstalks were consumed better than wheat straw, …

Spoilage Of Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles And Feed Value, Jana L. Harding, Kelsey M. Rolfe, Cody J. Schneider Schneider, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Performance of growing or finishing steers fed wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) from a silo bag (nonspoiled) or bunker (spoiled) was studied. Spoiled WDGS lost DM, as well as decreased in fat, NDF, and CP. Even though DM was lost, and composition of the spoiled WDGS changed, the spoiled WDGS had no effect on finishing cattle performance, but it did affect DMI of the growing steers consuming high forage diets.

Metabolism Of Finishing Diets Containing Condensed Distillers Solubles And Wdgs, Anna C. Pesta, Adam L. Shreck, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A metabolism study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding wet distillers grains (WDGS) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS), both separately and in combination, on the metabolism characteristics of feedlot steers. Diet had no impact on nutrient digestibility. Average ruminal pH was lower for steers fed CDS than for those fed WDGS alone, and steers fed WDGS spent less time below pH 5.6 than steers fed diets with no WDGS. Inclusion of CDS decreased ruminal acetate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio compared to diets with less or no CDS.

Ruminal Degradable Sulfur And Hydrogen Sulfide In Cattle Finishing Diets, Jhones O. Sarturi, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Kelsey M. Rolfe Rolfe, Crystal C. D. Buckner, Matt K. Luebbe

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

The relationship between ruminal degradable sulfur intake (RDSI) and ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentration ([H₂S]) as well as ruminal parameters were evaluated. Steers were fed diets containing organic, inorganic, and wet distiller grains with solubles (WDGS) sources of sulfur, as well as a control diet. A laboratory procedure was developedto measure RDS of ingredients. RDSI explained 65% of [H₂S] variation, whereas total sulfur intake and ruminal pH, individually, explained 29 and 12%, respectively. Availability of sulfur for ruminal reduction is more important than total sulfur in the diet.

Potassium For Feedlot Cattle Exposed To Heat Stress, Terry L. Mader, Leslie J. Johnson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Angus crossbred yearling heifers and steers (n = 144 and 168, respectively) were used to evaluate effects of feeding soybeans and additional potassium (K) on performance and tympanic temperature (TT) of cattle under heat stress and seasonal summer conditions. In Experiment 1, cattle fed diets supplemented with potassium carbonate had lower ADG and tended to have decreased water intake, G:F, and dressing percent. In Experiment 2, cattle fed diets supplemented with K with or without whole soybeans had lower or tended to have lower TT than control cattle during the hottest portion of the day (between 1300 and 2100 hours).

Effects Of Barley Diets With Distillers Grains Plus Solubles On Feedlot Performance And N And P Balance, Erin M. Hussey, Galen E. Erickson, Robert E. Peterson Peterson, Luis O. Burciaga-Robles

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Effects of barley starch:NDF ratio and DDGS inclusion on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and N and P mass balance were evaluated in a commercial feedyard in Alberta, Canada. Yearling heifers were assigned randomly at reimplant to four treatments (0 or 20% DDGS and LOW or HIGH starch:NDF barley). Feeding LOW starch:NDF barley improved feedlot performance and increased N retention. Feeding 20% DDGS increased DMI, had a slight negative impact on F:G, and increased N and P losses.

Grazing Supplementation And Subsequent Feedlot Sorting Of Yearling Cattle, Kelsey M. Rolfe, William A. Griffin, Terry J. Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Darrell R. Mark, Galen E. Erickson, Dennis E. Bauer

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Steers fed (0.6% BW) modified distillers grains plus solubles on the ground had increased ADG and BW at the end of summer grazing and were more profitable. Supplemented steers were fed 24 fewer days to reach feedlot harvest goal, had greater LM area, and lower marbling. Steers sorted on feedlot entry BW had increased HCW, marbling, and YG, but percentage overweight carcasses and profitability were similar. Steers supplemented during summer grazing had $11.80/ animal greater overall profit.

Effects Of Freezing And Thawing Rates On Tenderness And Sensory Quality Of Beef Subprimals, Jerilyn E. Hergenreder, Justine J. Hosch, Kimberley A. Varnold Varnold, Asia L. Haack, Lasika S. Senaratne, Siroj Pokharel, Catie Beauchamp, Brandon Lobaugh, Chris R. Calkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Beef ribeye rolls, strip loins, and top sirloin butts were aged for 14 days and then blast or conventionally frozen and slow or fast thawed, or were fresh, never frozen and aged for 14 days or 21 days (n = 270). Thawing method affected purge loss and tenderness, and freezing method had a minimal effect. Neither freezing nor thawing methods had an effect on sensory tenderness, and minimal effects on the other sensory attributes. It is possible to freeze and thaw beef subprimals and for the meat to be comparable in tenderness and sensory attributes to fresh, never frozen meat.

Statistics Used In The Nebraska Beef Report And Their Purpose

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

The purpose of beef cattle and beef product research at UNL is to provide reference information that represents the various populations (cows, calves, heifers, feeders, carcasses, retail products, etc.) of beef production. Obviously, researchers cannot apply treatments to every member of a population; therefore, they must sample the population. The use of statistics allows researchers and readers of the Nebraska Beef Report the opportunity to evaluate separation of random (chance) occurrences and real biological effects of a treatment. Following is a brief description of the major statistics used in the beef report. For a more detailed description of the expectations …

Effects Of Lactobacillus Acidophilus And Yucca Schidigera On Finishing Performance And Carcass Traits Of Feedlot Cattle, Cody A. Nichols, Karla H. Jenkins, Judson Vasconcelos Vasconcelos, Galen Erickson, Stephanie A. Furman, Richard S. Goodall, Terry Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A finishing trial evaluated effects of feeding a direct-fed microbial product(Nova-Cell®) and a saponin feed additive (Ruma Just®) as a 2x2 factorial in steam-flaked corn-based diets containing 11% wet distillers grains (DM basis). No interaction was observed between Nova-Cell and Ruma Just (P > 0.13). Feeding either Ruma Just or Nova-Cell had no impact (P = 0.20) on final BW, DMI, ADG, or F:G. Neither Nova-Cell or Ruma Just affected (P = 0.10) HCW, 12^th rib fat, or LM Area. Marbling appeared to be improved (P = 0.03) when Ruma Just was added to the finishing diet.

Nutrient Composition Of Spoiled And Non-Spoiled Wet Byproducts Mixed And Stored With Straw, Jennifer R. Yelden, Crystal D. Buckner, Kelsey M. Rolfe Rolfe, Dana I. Christensen, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Wet corn byproducts were mixed with straw and stored in 55 gallon barrels for 56 days to simulate bunker storage. The spoilage process caused a decrease in fat content and an increase in pH, NDF, ash, and CP. Covering with plastic or distillers solubles reduced the amount of spoilage and the change in nutrient composition.

Use Of Dry-Rolled Corn, Dry Or Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles As An Energy Source In High Forage Diets For Growing Cattle, Nerissa A. Ahern, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Crystal D. Buckner Buckner, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

One hundred twenty crossbred steers were used to determine the energy value of distillers grains relative to corn in high-forage diets. Diets included dry distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS), wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) or dry-rolled corn (DRC), with sorghum silage, grass hay, and supplement. Each block of steers, by design, had similar dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) across treatments. In this study, WDGS and DDGS contained 120% and 114%, respectively, the energy of DRC when fed in forage-based diets.

Impact Of Distillers Grains Moisture And Inclusion Level On Greenhouse Gas Emissions In The Corn-Ethanol-Livestock Life Cycle, Virgil R. Bremer, Adam Liska, Galen E. Erickson Erickson, Kenneth Cassman, Kathryn J. Hanford, Terry Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Updated meta-analysis of cattle performance equations were incorporated into the Biofuel Energy Systems Simulator (BESS) to more accurately evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) benefit of corn ethanol relative to gasoline. Partial drying or complete drying of wet distillers grains (DGS) reduces the feeding value of DGS for cattle and increases ethanol GHG emissions. Feeding wet DGS provides the optimum GHG benefit relative to gasoline, with associated ethanol emissions being 40% of gasoline. Ethanol production with dried DGS results in about 60% of the GHG emissions of gasoline when dry DGS is fed to feedlot cattle, dairy cows, and finishing swine.

2011 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report [Complete]

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

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Cow/Calf

Winter Grazing System and Supplementation of Beef Cows During Late Gestation Influence Heifer Progeny

Influencing Steer Performance Through Maternal Nutrition

Integration of DNA Marker Information into Breeding Value Predictions

Granulosa Cell Gene Expression is Altered in Follicles from Cows with Differing Reproductive Longevity

Growing

Performance of Growing Cattle Fed Corn Silage or Grazing Corn Residue from Second Generation Insect-protected (MON 89034), Parental, or Reference Corn Hybrids

Nutrient Composition of Spoiled Wet Byproducts Mixed and Stored with Straw

Use of Dry Rolled Corn, Dry or Wet distillers Grains Plus Solubles as an Energy Source in High Forage Diets for …

Economics For Feeding Distillers Grains To Finishing Cattle, Crystal D. Buckner, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen Erickson Erickson, Virgil R. Bremer, Darrell Mark

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cattle CODE, an economic budget model for predicting feeding returns for distillers grains, was updated and four new economic scenarios were evaluated. Feeding WDGS resulted in larger economic returns compared to MDGS and DDGS when the hauling distance from the ethanol plant to the feedlot was less than 60 miles and the dietary inclusion was up to 40% DM. However, these economic returns were dependent on the price paid for the products. If MDGS and DDGS were priced based on their drying costs, then economic returns decreased compared to WDGS.

Granulosa Cell Gene Expression Is Altered In Follicles From Cows With Differing Reproductive Longevity, Andrea Cupp, Jennifer R. Wood, Renee Mcfee Fee, Racheal G. Slattery, Kevin A. Beavers, William E. Pohlmeier, Kevin M. Sargent, Ningxia Lu, Jacqueline Smith, Jill G. Kerl, Vanessa M. Brauer, Adam F. Summers, Stetson P. Weber, Robert A. Cushman

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Heifers and cows that were culled from the herd due to failure to become pregnant were categorized into groups with low (< 2 year), moderate (>2 and < 6 year) or high (≥ 6 year) fertility. Antral follicle counts were numerically lower in the low group and increased in the moderate- and high-fertility group. Granulosa cells from dominant follicles in moderate- and high-fertility cows had a greater ratio of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 164 (VEGF164) to VEGF164B compared to the low-fertility cows. Furthermore, there was more CARTPT in granulosa cells from subordinate follicles in moderate- and high-fertility cows than low. Gene expression is altered in granulosa cells from cows differing in fertility, suggesting these are candidate genes that may be used as markers to assist in determining reproductive longevity in beef cows.

Feeding Strategies Of Optaflexx On Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Feedlot Steers, Marco G. Dib, William A. Griffin, Joshua R. Benton Benton, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein, Justin J. Sindt, W. Travis Choat

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Live BW and carcass traits of steer calves were evaluated after feeding Optaflexx (200mg/day) for 35 days on an intermittent basis or continuously. The negative control consisted of 63 days on the same diet without Optaflexx, whereas the positive control consisted of Optaflexx supplemented daily during the last 35 days prior to harvest. The four-day intermittent treatment consisted of feeding Optaflexx for seven days, followed by four days of no Optaflexx, while the seven-day intermittent treatment consisted of seven days on Optaflexx, followed by seven days off. In both the four-day and seven-day intermittent treatments, cattle received Optaflexx for a …

Effects Of Feeding A Combination Of Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles And Wet Corn Gluten Feed To Adapt Cattle To Finishing Diets, Marco G. Dib, Kelsey Rolfe, Jhones O. Sarturi Sarturi, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein, Ron Lindquist

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two 39-day metabolism trials were conducted using a combination of modified distillers grains and wet corn gluten feed (Synergy, ADM) to adapt beef cattle to finishing diets (SYNERGY). During adaptation, DMI expressed as % of BW tended to be greater for steers on traditional grain adaptation with forage (CON) compared to SYNERGY during the first period (steps 1), but was not different in subsequent adaptation diets (steps 2, 3, and 4). Average ruminal pH was lower for SYNERGY on steps 1 and 2 compared to CON in Experiment 1 with no difference observed in Experiment 2. No difference in ruminal …

Winter Grazing System And Supplementation Of Beef Cows During Late Gestation Influence Heifer Progeny, Richard N. Funston, Jeremy L. Martin, Adam F. Summers, Don Adams, Jacqueline Musgrave, T. L. Meyer, Daniel M. Larson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Effects of cow winter grazing system and supplementation on heifer progeny were evaluated. Cows grazed range (WR) or corn residue (CR) with (PS) or without (NS) supplement. Both PS and CR increased weaning weight. Heifersfrom WR-NS dams weighed less at breeding and pregnancy diagnosis than WR-PS. Heifers from PS dams were younger at puberty, and pregnancy rate tended to be greater. Heifers from CR-PS dams gained the least and were least efficient. First-calf production and rebreeding were similar. There appear to be fetal programming effects of dam winter grazing system and supplementation on heifer progeny.

Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Finishing Steers Fed Low-Fat And Normal-Fat Wet Distillers Grains, Jennifer A. Gigax, Brandon L. Nuttelman, William A. Griffin Griffin, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) varying in fat content (6.7 vs. 12.9 %) were fed at 35% of the diet DM to compare fat level from WDGS on cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Final BW, hot carcass weight, and ADG were increased for steers fed 12.9% fat WDGS compared to steers fed corn or 6.7% fat WDGS. Steers fed 6.7% fat WDGS or corn control diets had identical DMI, ADG, and F:G.

Effect Of Stocking Rate On Animal Performance And Diet Quality While Grazing Cornstalks, Jennifer A. Gigax, Crystal D. Buckner, L. Aaron Stalker Stalker, Terry Klopfenstein, Simon J. Van Donk

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Four treatments were used to evaluate levels of corn residue removal on nutrient quality and cattle performance over time. Treatments included no removal of residue, stocking rates of one or two animal unit months/acre (AUM/acre), or baling. Residue samples were taken before and after grazing from all treatment paddocks to determine residue amounts, and were analyzed for OM, CP, NDF, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Cattle weights and BCS scores were recorded prior to and at the conclusion of the trial. Cattle consumed husk and leaf material first, followed by cobs at a lesser rate. Husk and leaf …

Mud Effects On Feedlot Cattle, Terry L. Mader

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Estimated mud depth and benefits of bedding were simulated under winter environmental conditions. In general, providing greater pen area per animal decreased mud depth. At lower temperatures (16 °F), 250 or 350 ft² of pen space produced similar depths of mud and approximately 1 inch less than with the 150 ft² allocations. Under the coldest (16 °F) and wettest (6 inches total precipitation) conditions, cost of gain (COG) was 56.1% ($1.07/lb) greater than with no precipitation falling at 26 °F, while use of bedding reduced COG to $0.80 /lb or just 17.3% greater than COG under more ideal …

Effects Of A Dietary Antioxidant On Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Feedlot Cattle With Or Without Wdgs, Justin P. Moore, Stephanie A. Furman, Galen Erickson Erickson, Karla H. Jenkins, Judson Vasconcelos, Martin A. Andersen, Casey N. Macken

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Effect of a dietary antioxidant in dietswith or without wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) was evaluated for performance and carcass characteristics. The 2 x 2 factorial design consisted of 1) an antioxidant at 0 or 150 ppm (Agrado Plus) and 2) WDGS at 0 or 30%, which replaced dry-rolled corn. Feeding the antioxidant did not affect performance (P > 0.31) or carcass characteristics (P > 0.25). Feeding WDGS increased (P < 0.01) final body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), and average daily gain (ADG) while decreasing the feed to gain (F:G) ratio (P < 0.01). Carcass characteristics were affected (P < 0.01) by feeding WDGS, which increased HCW and fatness.

Effect Of Corn Hybrid On Amount Of Residue Available For Grazing, Jacqueline A. Musgrave, Jennifer A. Gigax, L. Aaron Stalker Stalker, Terry Klopfenstein, Matt Stockton, Karla H. Jenkins

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Twelve corn hybrids were evaluated to determine differences in corn grain yield and crop residue DM. Hybrids did not differ in corn grain yield but differed in amount of stems, leaves, husks, and cobs. Differences also existed in the ratio of corn grain to total residue production and corn grain to leaf and husk, indicating potential differences in plant efficiency independent of the amount of grain produced.

Effect Of Source And Level Of Sulfur On Rumen Metabolism And Finishing Performance, Cody A. Nichols, Kelsey Rolfe, Crystal D. Buckner Buckner, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Five ruminally fistulated steers fitted with rumen gas extraction cannula plugs were utilized to quantify ruminal pH and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) levels produced at different times post feeding. Diets consisted of 1) 28.5% WDGS, 37.5% Sweet Bran®, 4% corn bran, 0% alfalfa hay; 2) 28.5% WDGS, 37.5% Sweet Bran, 7.5% alfalfa, 4% corn bran; 3) 44% WDGS, 44% Sweet Bran, 7.5% alfalfa; 4) 50% WDGS, 37.5% DRC, 7.5% alfalfa; and 5) 87.5% Sweet Bran, 7.5% Aafalfa. Dry matter intake was different (P = 0.05) across treatments. Steers fed diets containing 44% WDGS and 44% Sweet Bran had greater …

Comparing Dry, Wet, Or Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles On Feedlot Cattle Performance, Brandon L. Nuttelman, William A. Griffin, Joshua R. Benton Benton, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Three types of distillers grains (DG): 1) wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), 2) dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS), or 3) modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS), included at 3 levels: 20%, 30%, or 40% the diet DM, and a corn-based control compared the effect of drying distillers grains on feedlot performance. Type of DG had no effect on ADG (P = 0.30), but DMI increased for MDGS and DDGS compared to WDGS (P < 0.01). Therefore, F:G was improved for WDGS (P < 0.01) compared to MDGS and DDGS. Gain was greater and F:G was lower when DG were fed compared to the corn control. The feeding value of WDGS was 35.4% and 17.8% greater than DDGS and MDGS, respectively. The feeding value was 45.7%, 26.5%, and 9.3% more than corn for WDGS, MDGS, and DDGS, respectively.

The Effect Of Drying Distillers Grains On Nutrient Metabolism, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Kelsey M. Rolfe, Galen Erickson Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Ruminally cannulated steers were used in a 4 x 6 unbalanced Latin square. Treatments consisted of a corn-based control (CON), wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS), or dry distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) included at 40% of the diet DM. There were no differences (P > 0.73) observed for DMI, or for DM, OM, or fat digestibility. Steers fed diets containing distillers grains had greater NDF intake compared to CON (P < 0.01). There were no differences in NDF digestibility between WDGS, MDGS, and DDGS (P > 0.37); however, CON diets had lower (P < 0.06) NDF digestibility than WDGS and DDGS. Average ruminal pH tended (P = 0.14) to be impacted by dietary treatment with steers fed DDGS having a greater pH than steers fed CON, MDGS, and WDGS, which were not different from one another.

Effects Of Feeding High Levels Of Wet Distillers Grains And Straw On Beef Quality, Siroj Pokharel, Chris Calkins, Amilton S. De Mello Jr., Lasika S. Senaratne, Jeremy B. Hinkle, Timothy P. Carr, Galen Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Cattle (n = 336; 595 ± 20 lb) were fed one of seven diets (corn/5% straw; 40% distillers grain (DG)/5% straw; 70% DG/8% straw; 70% DG/25% straw; 77.5% DG/9% straw; 77.5% DG/17% straw, and 85% DG/10% straw – DM basis) to measure effects of feeding high levels of DG on shelf life of aged beef. Except for 70% DG/25% straw, strip loins were cut into three steaks each after 20 days of postmortem aging for 0, 4, and 7 days of retail display. The treatment having 70% DG/8% straw had the greatest oxidation status. Trans fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty …

Effect Of Pen Cleaning Frequency And Feeding Distillers Grains And Wheat Straw On Nutrient Mass Balance And Performance Of Feedlot Steers, Amy R. Rich, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Matt K. Luebbe, Joshua R. Benton, William A. Griffin

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two experiments, calves fed November to May (WINTER) and yearlings fed May to September (SUMMER), were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding a high level of wet distillers grains plus soluble (WDGS) and wheat straw or a corn control diet (CON) on average daily gain (ADG), feed-to-gain (F:G), manure nitrogen (N), and N losses. In both experiments, the CON treatment had greater dry matter intake(DMI), ADG hot carcass weight (HCW), marbling and fat depth. There was greater N intake and N excretion for both the WINTER and SUMMER experiments on the WDGS. However, for the WINTER experiment there was …

Effect Of Feeding More Than 70% Wet Distillers Grains Plus Solubles On Feedlot Cattle Performance, Amy R. Rich, Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Matt K. Luebbe, Joshua R. Benton, William A. Griffin, Darrell Mark

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A finishing trial evaluated effects of feeding greater than 70% wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) on feedlot cattle performance. The WDGS was fed at 40, 70, 77, and 85% of diet dry matter (DM), while roughage levels ranged from 5 to 25% across treatments. Larger ADG and G:F were observed with 40% WDGS and 5% roughage. Higher levels of WDGS were successfully fed with levels of roughage above 8% but the diets were less profitable than the 40% WDGS diet.