Animal Sciences Commons^™

Chemical Induction Of Spawning By Serotonin In The Ocean Quahog Arctica Islandica (Linne), M. C. Gibbons, J. G. Goodsell, M. Castagna, R. Lutz

VIMS Articles

Serotonin injected into the anterior adductor muscle induced spawning in the ocean quahog Arcrica islandica (Linne) when using either individual or mass spawning techniques. This represents the fir st successful attempt to induce the release of gametes in this species which historically has been unresponsive to conventional spawning stimuli. The gametes released were competent and fertilization occurred without treating the encapsulated eggs with ammonium hydroxide or other chemicals. Larvae were reared through metamorphosis to early juvenile stage.

Culture Methods For Growing The Clam Mercenaria Mercenaria, Michael Castagna

VIMS Articles

A pilot-scale experimental clam farming operation has been carried out since 1975 by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science of the College of William and Mary at Wachapreague, Virginia, on the mid Atlantic coast of the United States. The bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758) grown in this experiment is a commercially-important mollusk found principally in the central latitudes of the Western Atlantic.

Preliminary Observations On The Usefulness Of Hinge Structures For Identification Of Bivalve Larvae, R. Lutz, J. Goodsell, M. Castagna, S. Chapman, C. Newell, H. Hidu, R. Mann, Et Al

VIMS Articles

Difficulties associated with discrimination of bivalve larvae isolated from plankton samples have long hampered both applied and basic research efforts in estuarine and open coastal marine environments. The vast majority of practical barriers to identification of larval bivalves may be eliminated through routine optical microscopic examination of the hinge apparatus of disarticulated larval shells. Representative micrographs of various ontogenetic stages of larval hinge development are presented for 12 genera (Mytilus, Geukensia, Crassostrea, Placopecten. Argopecten. Mya, Spisula, Mulinia, Ensis, Arca, Arctica. and Mercenaria) from 9 bivalve superfamilies (Mytilacea, Ostreacea. Pectinacea, Myacea, Mactracea. Solenacea, Arcacea, Arcticacea. and Veneracea). The larval hinge apparatus …

Manual For Growing The Hard Clam Mercenaria, Michael Castagna, John N. Kraeuter

Reports

No abstract provided.

Effects Of Large Predators On The Field Culture Of The Hard Clam, Mercenaria Mercenaria, Jn Kraeuter, M Castagna

VIMS Articles

Individuals in the clam industry h ave used fences to keep the cownose ray, Rhirioptera bonasus, out of planted areas (Lewis 2 ; Burton3 ). Tiller et al. ( 1952) indicated losses due to skates in planted holding areas and stated that "One man reported the loss of 600 bushels of small clams in two nights during 1948 .... " Merriner and Smith4 stated that cownose ray predation is a serious problem on oyster and clam grounds in Chesapeake Bay. From these observations it is clear that such large predators could be a significant deterrent to the culture of clams …

Mercenaria Culture Using Stone Aggregate For Predator Protection, Michael Castagna, John N. Kraeuter

VIMS Articles

A low technology method utilizing hatchery-raised seed clams and field grow-out techniques is presented.This technique appears to be economically feasible and can be carried out by non-technical personnel with a minimum of training. The hatchery uses the Wells-Glancy (centrifuged, incubated seawater) method for raising food for the larval clams. The larvae set in 8 - 10 days and the seed are supplied with flowing seawater until they grow to 2 mm. The 2 mm seed were placed in nursery plots and protected from predation by a layer of gravel or crushed stone aggregate. Movement of the small clams was prevented …

Culture Of The Bay Scallop, Argopecten Irradians, In Virginia, Michael Castagna

VIMS Articles

In recent years there has been increased interest in the development of marine aquaculture or mariculture. Techniques for growing many traditional species. such as oysters and quahogs. have been developed, and considerable effort has also been made to test the feasibility of culturing new . less traditional species (Loosanoff and Davis,1963 : Iversen. 1968; McNeil, 1970; Price and Maurer, 1971: and Milne ,1972). This paper reviews the natural history of the bay scallop. Argopecten irradians Lamarck, and presents a review of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science's (VIMS) continuing research on this species which began in 1968.

Mercenaria Mercenaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Temperature-Time Relationships For Survival Of Embryos And Larvae, Vs Kennedy, Wh Roosenburg, M Castagna, Ja Mihursky

VIMS Articles

To estimate the effects of entrainment of Mercenaria mercenaria embryos and larvae in the cooling water systems of steam-electric power plants, we used a thermal gradient apparatus. Cleavage stages, trochophore larvae and straight-hinge veliger larvae were subjected to 11 different temperatures for 8 different time periods. There was a direct relationship of mortality with temperature increase and, at higher temperatures , with increase in time exposure. As the clams aged, temperature tolerance increased, with cleavage stages most sensitive to higher temperature and straight-hinge larvae least sensitive. Multiple regression analyses of percentage mortality on temperature and time produced estimating equations that …

Economic Potential Of Clam Operation, Michael Castagna

Reports

The following estimates are based on the premise that the clam operation will be in an area where clam culture techniques will work. This means the seawater available t_o the hatchery is of suitable quality for this operation at least during the period that the clam larvae and juveniles are in that system. The food growing method (Glancy method) has been successfully used from Canada to Florida so should not be a problem.

Spawning And Rearing The Bay Scallop Vims Laboratory Methods, Michael A. Castagna, William P. Duggan, David Garten

Reports

No abstract provided.

The Economic History Of The Fisheries Of The Eastern Shore Of Virginia, John B. Pleasants

Reports

The economic history of the Eastern Shore has been greatly affected by both its natural characteristics and its location. Each has had both good and bad effects, with the very advantages carrying with them serious disadvantages in a bewildering juxtaposition. For instance, the sea and bay provide a boundless resource of commercially desirable species, yet lead to isolation from major markets of the area. The very isolation 0£ the Eastern Shore and its low population density lessens the possibility of pollution, thus preserving the environment on which estuarine animals are dependent. (...)

Rearing The Bay Scallop, Aequipecten Irradians, Michael Castagna, William Duggan

VIMS Articles

Bay scallops, Acquipcctcn irradians, collected from various bays along the Eastern Shore of Virginia and from Bogue Sottnd, North Carolina, were conditoned and spawned in the laboratory, out of their normal spawning period. A thermal stimulus of 21-2100 was used to stimulate spawning, and larvae set in 10-19 days using cultured algae as food. Juvenile scallops were held in plastic trays in the laboratory for one week, then moved to outdoor tanks with flowing, unfiltered seawater. They remained there until they were about 2 mm in width, then moved to plastic screened wooden floats in the field where they reached …

Hard Clam Culture Method Developed At Vims, Michael A. Castagna, Lawrence W. Mason, Fred C. Biggs

Reports

No abstract provided.

Larval Development Of The Pelecypod Lyonsia Hyalina, P. Chanley, M. Castagna

VIMS Articles

Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad) is a small ( 1/2 to 3/4 inch) odd shaped clarn (Fig·. I) common along the Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to South Carolina (Abbott, 1954). It is usually found in sand in shallow water with a coating of small sand grains attached to the periostracurn. (...)

Studies On Oyster Scavengers And Their Relation To The Fungus Dermocystidium Marinum, Hinton Dickson Hoese

VIMS Articles

Dermocystidium marinum, a parasitic fungus of oysters, was demonstrated from the stomach of the snail, Urosalpinx cinerea, from the stomach, intestine, and body of three fishes, Gobiosoma bosci, Chasmodes bosquianus, and Opsanus tau, and from the body, especially setae, of two crabs, Neopanope texana and Rhithropanopeus harrisii. All animals containing D. marinum had scavenged oysters infected by the fungus. A few oysters became lightly infected when kept in aquaria with fishes that ·had been fed infected oyster tissue. In one tidal inlet of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, Eurypanopeus depressus was the most abundant scavenger, followed by Nassarius vibex, Gobiosoma bosci, and …

Drill Control Studies With Formulations Of Polystream And Sevin For 1963, Dexter S. Haven, Michael Castagna, Et Al

Reports

During 1963 , the Virginia Institute of Marine Science conducted a series of tests on oyster drill control with formulations of "Polystream", a chlorinated hydrocarbon and "Sevin", an insecticide .

The utility of these two compounds had previously been investigated by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Long Is land Sound, in the laboratory and in field trials on commercial beds. Several of these earlier fie ld studies indicated that the treatment prescribed was effective in drill control. Consequently, application was made to the U. S. Department of Agriculture for an " experimental permit." The permit was granted …

Winter Mortalities Of Oysters On The Eastern Shore Of Virginia, 1959-1961, H. Dickson Hoese

Reports

During the winter of 1960-61 exceptional mortalities occurred among certain oysters on the Virginia Seaside. These mortalities were greatest among James River oysters held intertidally and South Carolina imports placed below low tide level. Intertidal native oysters suffered small mortalities but among subtidal native or James River oysters only the very oldest, with extensive disease histories, showed any winter mortality. (...)