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Articles 2581 - 2610 of 8880
Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
Supplementing Distillers Grains In A Yearling System As A Forage Replacement Tool With Bunk Or Ground Feeding, And Impact Of Winter Supplementation Level On Finishing Performance And Profit, Kari L. Gillespie
Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
The benefit of adding weight to cattle prior to entering the finishing phase through a forage-based backgrounding system has become more important with increased corn price. Further, as competition for available forage increases, the value of replacing grazed forage with a supplement such as distillers grains, also increases.
A 2-year beef systems study evaluated optimal supplementation time of distillers grains and summer forage savings with distillers supplementation. High winter level supplementation of distillers grains increased winter ADG, decreased summer ADG, and increased final live weights and HCW compared to cattle supplemented at a low supplement level designed to only meet …
Selection Objective For Improving Efficiency Of Beef Cattle, Jose A. Barron Lopez
Selection Objective For Improving Efficiency Of Beef Cattle, Jose A. Barron Lopez
Department of Animal Science: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research
Simulation studies based on 1000 cows were used to evaluate biological and economic efficiency of level of milk production and two production systems, and to estimate economic values for a breeding objective and selection indexes for beef cattle. Published data were used as information for this study. Average 10-yr prices, reproduction, survival, growth, carcass characteristics, and genetic parameters from journal papers were used in the simulations. In the first study, low (L), medium (M), and high (H) milk production cows, and calf-fed and yearling systems, were analyzed. Biological and economic efficiencies were estimated for weaning and slaughter endpoints. In the …
Agricultural Research Magazine, April 2013
Agricultural Research Magazine, April 2013
Agricultural Research Magazine
Table of Contents
4 Irrigation Wastewater: Waste Not, Want Not
6 Two Approaches for Optimizing Water Productivity
8 Compounds in Whole-Grain Rice Varieties
10 New Discovery Makes Detecting Johne’s Disease Easier
12 House Fly Virus Stops Flies from Reproducing
14 Improved Vitamin B12 Test May Help Young and Old Alike
16 Rooting Out a Novel Stress Syndrome in Pigs
18 A Modeling Milestone for Soil Phosphorus Management
20 New Technologies for Studying Crops and Crop Diseases
23 Locations Featured in This Magazine Issue
New Technologies For Studying Crops And Crop Diseases, Dennis O’Brien
New Technologies For Studying Crops And Crop Diseases, Dennis O’Brien
Agricultural Research Magazine
Agricultural Research Service scientists in New York and California have developed very different technologies that share a common thread. They offer scientists new, innovative ways to probe what happens when a crop is threatened by drought or disease.
Michelle Cilia and Stewart Gray, ARS scientists at the Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health in Ithaca, New York, and their colleagues at the University of Washington have found a way to map the structure of an elusive protein that gives certain plant viruses the ability to travel from plants to insects, through the insects, and back into plants.
Andrew …
New Discovery Makes Detecting Johne's Disease Easier, John Bannantine, Sandra Avant
New Discovery Makes Detecting Johne's Disease Easier, John Bannantine, Sandra Avant
Agricultural Research Magazine
Before a disease can be treated, it must first be identified. But that’s not always easy, especially in the case of Johne’s disease, which affects cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and other ruminants.
Johne’s disease—also known as “paratuberculosis”— is a costly, contagious disease that causes diarrhea, reduced feed intake, weight loss, and sometimes death. Annual estimated losses to cattle producers range from $40 to $227 per infected animal. For the U.S. dairy industry alone, losses exceed $220 million each year.
For years, scientists have been hampered by the fact that any antibody—a protein produced by the immune system to fight infections …
House Fly Virus Stops, Christopher J. Geden, Sandra Avant
House Fly Virus Stops, Christopher J. Geden, Sandra Avant
Agricultural Research Magazine
The house fly is often considered merely a nuisance. But these flies are capable of transmitting animal and human pathogens that can lead to foodborne diseases, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella bacteria.
Insecticides are important for control, but house flies are particularly good at developing resistance, and their larvae tend to stay deep enough within their gooey food to avoid exposure to sprays.
Scientists at the Agricultural Research Service’s Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE) in Gainesville, Florida, are looking at new methods that target adult flies. A promising biological control agent—salivary gland hypertrophy virus …
Challenge For Sustaining Agriculture, Mark Walbridge
Challenge For Sustaining Agriculture, Mark Walbridge
Agricultural Research Magazine
With the climate changing and the world’s population expected to rise in the coming decades, supplying a hungry planet with food and fiber will become more of a challenge. By some estimates, food production will have to increase by up to 70 percent to feed the world over the next 40 years. Perhaps no resource is more critical to meeting that challenge than water.
How essential is water to agriculture? An estimated 17 percent of all harvested U.S. cropland is irrigated, accounting for about 56.6 million acres. Worldwide, more than 40 percent of the world’s food is grown on irrigated …
April 2013- Locations Featured In This Magazine Issue
April 2013- Locations Featured In This Magazine Issue
Agricultural Research Magazine
The Agricultural Research Service has about 100 labs all over the country.
Locations Featured in This Magazine Issue
Davis, California 3 research units ■ 117 employees
U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California 2 research units ■ 39 employees
U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 3 research units ■ 80 employees
Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, Aberdeen, Idaho 1 research unit ■ 57 employees
Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Texas 2 research units ■ 55 employees
Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 6 research units ■ 117 employees
Grassland Soil and Water Research …
Rooting Out A Novel Stress Syndrome In Pigs, Dan Nonneman, Sandra Avant
Rooting Out A Novel Stress Syndrome In Pigs, Dan Nonneman, Sandra Avant
Agricultural Research Magazine
Undergoing surgery, even a minor procedure, can be stressful for anyone. But for people who have malignant hyperthermia, a hereditary disease that’s triggered by certain drugs used for general anesthesia, it can also be dangerous.
Research into this rare, life-threatening condition, which causes a fast rise in body temperature, severe muscle contractions, and sometimes death, was limited until the discovery of a similar disorder in pigs, referred to as “porcine stress syndrome.” The classical syndrome is associated with poor response to stressors like transport and with poor-quality pork. It has been eliminated from commercial herds in the United States, but …
Compounds In Whole-Grain Rice Varieties, Ming-Hsuan Chen, Karen Bett-Garber, Rosalie Marion Bliss
Compounds In Whole-Grain Rice Varieties, Ming-Hsuan Chen, Karen Bett-Garber, Rosalie Marion Bliss
Agricultural Research Magazine
Whole-grain brown rice contains 15 vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, potassium, magnesium, and iron—all nutrients the body needs to grow and develop normally. In addition to these essential nutrients, there are bioactive phytochemicals in rice, as well as in other whole grains, vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts, and seeds. Although the role of these plant chemicals in terms of human health has not been proven, a body of evidence suggests that some phytochemicals could be nutritionally beneficial.
Now, studies headed by chemist Ming-Hsuan Chen, who is with the Agricultural Research Service’s Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center in Stuttgart, Arkansas, …
A Modeling Milestone For Soil Phosphorus Management, Peter Vadas, Ann Perry
A Modeling Milestone For Soil Phosphorus Management, Peter Vadas, Ann Perry
Agricultural Research Magazine
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is looking for ways to upgrade the Phosphorus Index, a simple management tool developed during the 1990s to gauge the risk of phosphorus losses from agricultural fields. In developing a national nutrient-management policy, NRCS allowed states to modify the original index—a matrix of source and transport factors that contribute to phosphorus loss— with inputs to account for local variations in soils, climate, management, and water quality goals.
But this resulted in widely different state-by-state phosphorus indices that often didn’t agree with each other on how to manage phosphorus. “We’d put …
Two Approaches For Optimizing Water Productivity, Dennis O’Brien
Two Approaches For Optimizing Water Productivity, Dennis O’Brien
Agricultural Research Magazine
Agricultural Research Service researchers in Bushland, Texas, are helping farmers make the most of their water supplies in a region where they depend on the Ogallala Aquifer, a massive underground reservoir under constant threat of overuse.
Steve Evett, Susan O’Shaughnessy, and their colleagues at the Conservation and Production Research Laboratory are developing and testing soil-water and plant-stress sensors and automated irrigation systems that will irrigate fields only as necessary. Automated systems are considered key to sustainable use of the aquifer and to helping growers reduce water and labor costs.
“As water becomes more precious and the costs to pump it …
Irrigation Wastewater: Waste Not, Want Not, Dennis Corwin, Ann Perry
Irrigation Wastewater: Waste Not, Want Not, Dennis Corwin, Ann Perry
Agricultural Research Magazine
Agricultural producers on the west side of California’s San Joaquin Valley (WSJV) used to drain irrigation wastewater into Kesterson Reservoir, a series of holding ponds that were part of the San Luis National Wildlife Refuge. But selenium levels in the water became hazardous to waterfowl, so the storage facility was closed in 1987. Since then, farmers have been keeping the wastewater—which also contains salt and traces of arsenic, boron, and molybdenum—in evaporation ponds on their own land, which takes around 10 percent of the crop land out of production.
Agricultural Research Service soil scientist Dennis Corwin and his colleagues had …
Improved Vitamin B12 Test May, John W. Newman, Lindsay H. Allen, Marcia Wood
Improved Vitamin B12 Test May, John W. Newman, Lindsay H. Allen, Marcia Wood
Agricultural Research Magazine
Vitamin B12 helps your body perform many vital chores, including forming healthy red blood cells; keeping your brain functioning smoothly; and processing (metabolizing) the fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in foods that you eat.
Like all vitamins, B12 is a micronutrient, meaning that we need it in only very small amounts. We get B12 from animal products— meats, fish, poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt, for instance—or from B12-fortified foods, notably breakfast cereals. We can also obtain it from nutritional supplements, such as B12 tablets or multivitamin pills. People who need to boost their B12 levels quickly may do so via shots …
American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 35, No. 1, Spring 2013, Scott Lyell Gardner
American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 35, No. 1, Spring 2013, Scott Lyell Gardner
American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter
American Society of Parasitologists Newsletter, volume 35, number 1, Spring 2013
Review Of The Negative Influences Of Non-Native Salmonids On Native Fish Species, Kelly C. Turek, Mark A. Pegg, Kevin L. Pope
Review Of The Negative Influences Of Non-Native Salmonids On Native Fish Species, Kelly C. Turek, Mark A. Pegg, Kevin L. Pope
Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications
Non-native salmonids are often introduced into areas containing species of concern, yet a comprehensive overview of the short- and long-term consequences of these introductions is lacking in the Great Plains. Several authors have suggested that non-native salmonids negatively influence species of concern. The objective of this paper is to review known interactions between non-native salmonids and native fishes, with a focus on native species of concern. After an extensive search of the literature, it appears that in many cases non-native salmonids do negatively influence species of concern (e.g., reduce abundance and alter behavior) via different mechanisms (e.g., predation and competition). …
Melanin Concentration Gradients In Modern And Fossil Feathers, Daniel J. Field, Liliana D’Alba, Jakob Vinther, Samuel M. Webb, William Gearty, Matthew D. Shawkey
Melanin Concentration Gradients In Modern And Fossil Feathers, Daniel J. Field, Liliana D’Alba, Jakob Vinther, Samuel M. Webb, William Gearty, Matthew D. Shawkey
School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications
In birds and feathered non-avian dinosaurs, within-feather pigmentation patterns range from discrete spots and stripes to more subtle patterns, but the latter remain largely unstudied. A ,55 million year old fossil contour feather with a dark distal tip grading into a lighter base was recovered from the Fur Formation in Denmark. SEM and synchrotron-based trace metal mapping confirmed that this gradient was caused by differential concentration of melanin. To assess the potential ecological and phylogenetic prevalence of this pattern, we evaluated 321 modern samples from 18 orders within Aves. We observed that the pattern was found most frequently in distantly …
Assessment Of A Rotenone Application Event At Mormon Island West Lake In Central Nebraska, Keith D. Koupal, Brian C. Peterson, Casey W. Schoenebeck
Assessment Of A Rotenone Application Event At Mormon Island West Lake In Central Nebraska, Keith D. Koupal, Brian C. Peterson, Casey W. Schoenebeck
Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies
Fisheries managers applied rotenone to Mormon Island West in August of 2010 to renovate a fish community that was hypothesized to be unbalanced (i.e., dominated with gizzard shad and common carp) based on standardized survey results. We estimated species-specific biomass following the lake renovation to provide a baseline biomass estimate for a sand pit lake and to evaluate the effectiveness of standardized sampling gears. Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were abundant in all sampling gears, but mostly stock-size (>175 mm total length) and larger individuals were caught in gill and trap nets and sub-stock (≤175 mm total length) …
Eurasian Jays Predict The Food Preferences Of Their Mates, Alan C. Kamil
Eurasian Jays Predict The Food Preferences Of Their Mates, Alan C. Kamil
Avian Cognition Papers
The cognitive abilities of animals continue to fascinate both scientists and nonscientists. Although the abilities of the primates, our closest living relatives, generally attract most interest, several different lines of research have demonstrated high levels of intellectual capacity in birds, particularly corvids. The members of this family are known for their large brains and have performed well in many cognitive tasks using different paradigms (1–3). This finding has led to substantial revision of thinking about avian intelligence, including the suggestion of convergence in the evolution of cognitive abilities between corvids and primates (4). In PNAS, Ostojić et al. (5) add …
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus): Species Conservation Assessment, Melissa J. Panella
Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus): Species Conservation Assessment, Melissa J. Panella
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission: Publications
The primary goal in the development of at-risk species conservation assessments is to compile biological and ecological information that may assist conservation practitioners in making decisions regarding the conservation of species of interest. The Nebraska Natural Legacy Project recognizes the Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) as a Tier I at-risk species. Here, I provide some general management recommendations regarding Loggerhead Shrikes. However, conservation practitioners will need to use professional judgment for specific management decisions based on objectives, location, and site-specific conditions. This resource provides available knowledge of Loggerhead Shrikes that may aid in the decision-making process or in identifying research needs …
Linking Animal Behavior To Useful Natural Repellents, Sandra Avant
Linking Animal Behavior To Useful Natural Repellents, Sandra Avant
Agricultural Research Magazine
A little monkey business is revealing a few clues about natural remedies that animals use to protect themselves against biting insects and arthropods.
Certain species of animals, such as monkeys and birds, anoint themselves with citrus, other plants, and creatures like millipedes. To find out more about this behavior and to determine if any chemicals in the anointing substances effectively deter ticks and mosquitoes, scientists are examining responses to natural compounds.
Scientists at the Agricultural Research Service Henry A. Wallace Beltsville [Maryland] Agricultural Research Center (BARC) and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI) at the National Zoological Park in Front …
An Atlas For Guatemala, A Tool For Conserving World Crops, Karen Williams, Dennis O’Brien
An Atlas For Guatemala, A Tool For Conserving World Crops, Karen Williams, Dennis O’Brien
Agricultural Research Magazine
With exotic names like ayote de caballo (a wild squash), friajolito (a wild bean), and teocinte (a wild relative of corn), Guatemala’s native plants seem very different from the agricultural bounty produced by farmers in the United States and other countries. But many of these native plants carry genes that may be vital to global food security. A new tool, developed by a team that includes Agricultural Research Service scientists, will make it easier to find and preserve these important plants. The tool is an interactive atlas designed to provide Guatemalan scientists and land managers with information on where these …
Wasted Food: What We Are Doing To Prevent Costly Losses, Robert L. Fireovid
Wasted Food: What We Are Doing To Prevent Costly Losses, Robert L. Fireovid
Agricultural Research Magazine
Like many other public and private organizations, the Agricultural Research Service is very concerned about how much food goes to waste between farm and fork—both nationally and internationally.
By reducing losses in our food systems, U.S. growers, processors, and others can enhance America’s ability to feed itself and the world. By the same token, slashing waste may provide new opportunities to reduce costs along the entire supply chain and make better use of increasingly limited natural resources.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service (ERS) estimated— in 2008—that the amount of food lost annually at just the retail and …
Measuring And Managing Impacts Of Manure Spills, Ann Perry
Measuring And Managing Impacts Of Manure Spills, Ann Perry
Agricultural Research Magazine
Manure spills happen for a range of reasons—a manure spreader rolls over, a hose breaks, a storage pond overflows after a relentless downpour. Whatever the cause, these events are such a threat to the environment that states have emergency teams to deal with the hazard.
Typically, the responders build dams to contain the spill and then pump out the contaminated water. Although cleanup efforts start as quickly as possible, a fish kill in a nearby stream is often the first evidence that a spill has taken place.
Another problem is that sediments in the contaminated water channel can capture phosphorus …
March 2013 Locations Featured In This Magazine Issue
March 2013 Locations Featured In This Magazine Issue
Agricultural Research Magazine
The Agricultural Research Service has about 100 labs all over the country.
Locations Featured in This Magazine Issue
Davis, California 3 research units ■ 117 employees Corvallis, Oregon 3 research units ■ 127 employees
Vegetable and Forage Crops Research Unit, Prosser, Washington 1 research unit ■ 35 employees
Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Kimberly, Idaho 1 research unit ■ 34 employees
U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 3 research units ■ 80 employees
Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Sidney, Montana 2 research units ■ 59 employees
Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 1 research unit ■ 8 employees …
Trickery And Other Methods Explored To Vanquish Potato Cyst Nematodes, Roy Navarre, Jan Suszkiw
Trickery And Other Methods Explored To Vanquish Potato Cyst Nematodes, Roy Navarre, Jan Suszkiw
Agricultural Research Magazine
The pale cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, is one bad roundworm.
Unchecked, it invades the roots of potato and other host crops to feed, obstructing the free flow of nutrients and causing stunted growth, wilted leaves, and other symptoms that can eventually kill the plant. Severe infestations in potato fields can cause yield losses of up to 80 percent.
To make matters worse, female G. pallida nematodes form hard, round cysts that safeguard their eggs from predators and parasites, inhospitable conditions, or a scarcity of food. As many as 30 years may pass before the eggs hatch (cued by a …
How Does A Mom's Nutrition Affect Her Children's Health?, Robert A. Waterland, Marcia Wood
How Does A Mom's Nutrition Affect Her Children's Health?, Robert A. Waterland, Marcia Wood
Agricultural Research Magazine
In some rural villages of the tiny West African nation of The Gambia, food is generally less available during August and September—the peak of the rainy season—than during a typically dry March through May. Now, a study led by molecular geneticist Robert A. Waterland of the USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center in Houston, Texas, has shown that functioning of certain genes in kids conceived during the rainy season differs from that in children conceived during the dry season.
The difference may be explained by a relatively new science referred to as “epigenetics.” The variation appears to be permanent, and in …
A Desert Shrub’S Crystallized Protein Sheds Light On Photosynthesis, Michael Salvucci, Dennis O’Brien
A Desert Shrub’S Crystallized Protein Sheds Light On Photosynthesis, Michael Salvucci, Dennis O’Brien
Agricultural Research Magazine
Plants use an enzyme known as “rubisco” to capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and, with energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil, build up the shoots, leaves, and stems that make up the plant itself. Scientists have known that for years. They also have known that temperatures are important. When it gets too hot, a rubisco helper protein called “rubisco activase” shuts down, photosynthesis stops, and the plant stops growing. Heat literally unravels the activase protein, and when it does, the result is a less bountiful harvest. Different plants shut down photosynthesis at different temperatures, and the …
Agricultural Research Magazine, March 2013
Agricultural Research Magazine, March 2013
Agricultural Research Magazine
Table of Contents
4 Weight Loss, Cortisol, and Your Brain: Scientists Explore Connections
6 How Does Mom’s Nutrition Affect Her Children’s Health? Epigenetics May Provide New Insights
8 Enhancing Yogurt With Healthful Fiber From Oats
9 An Atlas for Guatemala, a Tool for Conserving World Crops
10 Linking Animal Behavior to Useful Natural Repellents
12 Cultural Practices To Maintain Soil Quality and Address Climate Change
15 A Desert Shrub’s Crystallized Protein Sheds Light on Photosynthesis
16 Measuring and Managing Impacts of Manure Spills
18 Trickery and Other Methods Explored To Vanquish Potato Cyst Nematodes
20 Measuring the Potential of Switchgrass …
Cultural Practices To Maintain Soil Quality And Address Climate Change, Upendra Sainju, Dennis O’Brien
Cultural Practices To Maintain Soil Quality And Address Climate Change, Upendra Sainju, Dennis O’Brien
Agricultural Research Magazine
For decades, farmers in Montana and the Dakotas have produced impressive yields of barley and wheat. But that bounty has come at a cost. Tilling the soil in the region’s crop-fallow production systems has robbed the soil of nutrients and organic matter and reduced crop yields. In fact, the region’s soils have lost up to 50 percent of their organic matter in the last 50 to 100 years, and scientists say that current practices are unsustainable.
Agriculture also contributes about 25 percent of the human-made carbon dioxide and 70 percent of the human-made nitrous oxide being released into the atmosphere. …