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University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Articles 361 - 390 of 1561

Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences

Evaluation Of A Threonine Fermentation Product As A Digestible Threonine Source In Broilers, D. T. Lee, J. T. Lee, A. J. Ashworth, M. T. Kidd, A. Mauromostakos, S. J. Rochell Sep 2022

Evaluation Of A Threonine Fermentation Product As A Digestible Threonine Source In Broilers, D. T. Lee, J. T. Lee, A. J. Ashworth, M. T. Kidd, A. Mauromostakos, S. J. Rochell

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

In the present experiment, a Thr fermentation product (FP) (75% minimum digestible Thr) was evaluated as a replacement for crystalline L-Thr (98.5% minimum digestible Thr) as a source of digestible Thr and other nutrients to support broiler performance (0–48 d) and processing characteristics. Five phase-fed diets included 1) a positive control (PC) diet containing L-Met, L-Lys•HCl, and L-Thr, 2) a reduced protein control (RPC) diet with added L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Arg, 3) a negative control (NC) identical to the RPC except that cellulose was added at the expense of L-Thr, 4) a …

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Foraging Habitat Selection Of Shrubland Bird Community In Tropical Dry Forest, Anant Deshwal, Steven L. Stephenson, Pooja Panwar, Brett A. Degregorio, Ragupathy Kannan, John D. Willson Aug 2022

Foraging Habitat Selection Of Shrubland Bird Community In Tropical Dry Forest, Anant Deshwal, Steven L. Stephenson, Pooja Panwar, Brett A. Degregorio, Ragupathy Kannan, John D. Willson

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Habitat loss due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance is the major driver for bird population declines across the globe. Within the Eastern Ghats of India, shrubland bird communities are threatened by shrinking of suitable habitats due to increased anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. The development of an effective habitat management strategy is hampered by the absence of data for this bird community. To address this knowledge gap, we examined foraging sites for 14 shrubland bird species, including three declining species, in three study areas representing the shrubland type of forest community in the Eastern Ghats. We recorded microhabitat features within an …

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Using Poultry To Enhance Food Security In Stann Creek, Belize, Emily Spatz Aug 2022

Using Poultry To Enhance Food Security In Stann Creek, Belize, Emily Spatz

Poultry Science Undergraduate Honors Theses

Food insecurity is a growing issue in developing and developed countries alike, and in countries like Belize, the prevalence of hunger has soared in recent years. Not having access to diets with sufficient calories and nutrients leads to a host of developmental issues, including stunting and cognitive delays. The purpose of this work was to create an all-encompassing manual for small-scale broiler production, with the intention of another honors student overseeing the implementation of the ideas set forth in the manual, in order to provide nourishment for the students and staff of a school in Belize. After determining that the …

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Biodegradable Microneedle Patch For Delivery Of Meloxicam For Managing Pain In Cattle, David A. Castilla-Casadiego, Katherine A. Miranda-Munoz, Jesse L. Roberts, Anne D. Crowell, David Gonzalez-Nino, Dipankar Choudhury, Frank O. Aparicio-Solis, Shannon L. Servoss, Adrianne M. Rosales, Gary Prinz, Min Zou, Yuntao Zhang, Johann F. Coetzee, Lauren F. Greenlee, Jeremy Powell, Jorge Almodovar Aug 2022

Biodegradable Microneedle Patch For Delivery Of Meloxicam For Managing Pain In Cattle, David A. Castilla-Casadiego, Katherine A. Miranda-Munoz, Jesse L. Roberts, Anne D. Crowell, David Gonzalez-Nino, Dipankar Choudhury, Frank O. Aparicio-Solis, Shannon L. Servoss, Adrianne M. Rosales, Gary Prinz, Min Zou, Yuntao Zhang, Johann F. Coetzee, Lauren F. Greenlee, Jeremy Powell, Jorge Almodovar

Chemical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Microneedle patches are a promising source for transdermal diffusion of macromolecules and are designed to painlessly penetrate the skin. In this study, a biodegradable chitosan microneedle patch to deliver meloxicam for managing pain in cattle was tested. The potential of reuse of the polymeric solution to fabricate the patches, optimization of fabrication, morphological analysis of the microneedle patch and analysis of preservation of the chemical composition after sterilization were evaluated. In-vitro analysis consisted of studying in-vitro penetration mechanical properties, compression testing analysis of microneedle patch, and in-vitro drug release analysis. In-vivo studies were performed to analyze the dissolution capability of …

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Validation Of Whole Genome Resequencing For Mapping The Genetics Of Ascites In Broilers And Viral Susceptibility In Layers, Katherine Pepper Lee Aug 2022

Validation Of Whole Genome Resequencing For Mapping The Genetics Of Ascites In Broilers And Viral Susceptibility In Layers, Katherine Pepper Lee

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation focused on the efficacy and validity of whole genome resequencing (WGR) for fine mapping genetic determinants of particular traits in a given organism. Previously, our research group used WGR to identify haplotype blocks of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ascites resistance with some as strong candidates for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). Chapter 2 discusses the completion of a MAS project through evaluation of ascites incidence as well as production traits of economic value to poultry producers. Thus, the MAS project also covered viability of this methodology in the industry. The MAS significantly reduced ascites incidence in broilers …

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Bacterial Chondronecrosis With Osteomyelitis In Broilers: Genomics, Phylogenomics, And Methods To Detect Specific Pathogens During Outbreaks., Abdulkarim Abdulaziz A. Shwani Aug 2022

Bacterial Chondronecrosis With Osteomyelitis In Broilers: Genomics, Phylogenomics, And Methods To Detect Specific Pathogens During Outbreaks., Abdulkarim Abdulaziz A. Shwani

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Lameness is a major issue in animal welfare and the broiler industry. Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is one of the main causes of lameness. Many staphylococcal species, including Staphylococcus agnetis isolate 908, have been isolated from the bones and blood of lame broilers at the University of Arkansas. Staphylococcus agnetis is a coagulase-variable, Gram-positive bacterial species that has been previously associated with subclinical or mild clinical cases of mastitis in dairy cattle. The annotated complete genome of hypervirulent strain 908 was published at NCBI. In this study, it has been compared to nine genomes we assembled for hypervirulent isolates …

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Histomonosis In Turkeys – Factors Influencing Transmission, Pathogenesis, And The Search For Prophylactic Or Therapeutic Compounds, Thainá Landim De Barros Aug 2022

Histomonosis In Turkeys – Factors Influencing Transmission, Pathogenesis, And The Search For Prophylactic Or Therapeutic Compounds, Thainá Landim De Barros

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The incidence of histomonosis has been increasing in poultry since the ban of prophylactic and therapeutic compounds. Histomonosis is caused by the protozoa Histomonas meleagridis. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate factors impacting the pathogenesis and transmission of histomonosis and to evaluate compounds that could potentially prevent or reduce the severity of histomonosis in turkeys. In the first study, the effect of sodium chlorate and sodium nitrate on reducing histomonads growth was tested in vitro and added to a basal turkey diet. A decrease in the growth of histomonads in vitro was observed, but no in vivo effect …

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The Role Of Temperature Variation On Macrophage Physiology And Function In Vitro In Mice, Chicken, And Fish, Intisar Abdullah Hassan Aug 2022

The Role Of Temperature Variation On Macrophage Physiology And Function In Vitro In Mice, Chicken, And Fish, Intisar Abdullah Hassan

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Fever is an essential component of the immune response. Baseline body temperatures vary in different species, and fever represents increased temperature over baseline. Fever initiates and enhances immune responses as well as creates an environment in which the body has advantages over pathogens. Macrophages are often the first line of cells that come in contact with pathogens, asthey reside in and traffic through tissues. They are important for their engulfment of pathogens that results in the digestion of the pathogen, and they also produce nitric oxide and cytokines that contribute to immune responses in a variety of ways, including initiating …

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Intestinal Microbiota Analysis Of Broiler Chickens Under Necrotic Enteritis Challenge And Tributyrin Supplementation, Taylor Nicole Mckinney Aug 2022

Intestinal Microbiota Analysis Of Broiler Chickens Under Necrotic Enteritis Challenge And Tributyrin Supplementation, Taylor Nicole Mckinney

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Poultry is a staple protein source for most of the planet. Until recently, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) were used to prevent illnesses in commercial chicken production. Currently, this is not possible due to regulations and consumer concern, but without such a preventative, diseases like necrotic enteritis (NE) have reemerged, posing a threat to bird health, and ultimately, our food source. Necrotic enteritis is a severe gastrointestinal disease caused by the gram-positive pathogen, Clostridium perfringens. Clinical features of this disease are diarrhea, intestinal lesions, and death, with a high transmission rate. In a subclinical form, growth performance is diminished and is …

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The Role Of Microbiota On Campylobacter Jejuni Colonization And Growth Performance In Broiler Chickens, Ayidh Almansour Aug 2022

The Role Of Microbiota On Campylobacter Jejuni Colonization And Growth Performance In Broiler Chickens, Ayidh Almansour

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The successful poultry production at modern era comes from the vertical integratedindustrialization, which has fundamentally changed how animals have been living for millions of years. Antimicrobial growth promoters have been used to sustain the efficient industrialized animal production, driving antimicrobial overuse and resistance. Because of the increasing pressure from consumer’s concerns and government regulations, it is urgent to develop antimicrobial free alternatives as growth promoters in poultry production, but few effective antimicrobial alternatives are currently available. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the worldwide prevalent foodborne bacterial pathogens mainly transmitted from poultry. However, few mechanisms are available on why C. jejuni …

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Identification Of Genomic, Proteomic, And Metabolomic Signatures Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome In Broilers, Duaa Almansaf Aug 2022

Identification Of Genomic, Proteomic, And Metabolomic Signatures Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome In Broilers, Duaa Almansaf

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The present dissertation contains a collection of studies that examine the genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic association to pulmonary hypertension or ascites phenotype in fast-growing broilers. Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial metabolic disease influenced by physiological, environmental, and nutritional factors. It is characterized by a number of structural changes including, thrombosis and adverse pulmonary vascular remodeling. Thus, the atrial pressure is increased, and the right ventricle becomes hypertrophied, resulting in heart failure and the death of the bird. Pulmonary hypertension or ascites is a global problem that has negatively impacted the economy. The increased mortality rate of broilers (25%) is estimated …

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A Review Of Heat Stress In Chickens. Part Ii: Insights Into Protein And Energy Utilization And Feeding, Jean-Remi Teyssier, Giorgio Brugaletta, Federico Sirri, Sami Dridi, Samuel J. Rochell Aug 2022

A Review Of Heat Stress In Chickens. Part Ii: Insights Into Protein And Energy Utilization And Feeding, Jean-Remi Teyssier, Giorgio Brugaletta, Federico Sirri, Sami Dridi, Samuel J. Rochell

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

With the growing global demand for animal protein and rising temperatures caused by climate change, heat stress (HS) is one of the main emerging environmental challenges for the poultry industry. Commercially-reared birds are particularly sensitive to hot temperatures, so adopting production systems that mitigate the adverse effects of HS on bird performance is essential and requires a holistic approach. Feeding and nutrition can play important roles in limiting the heat load on birds; therefore, this review aims to describe the effects of HS on feed intake (FI) and nutrient digestibility and to highlight feeding strategies and nutritional solutions to potentially …

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Conservation Of Open-Canopy-Associated Wildlife: Multi-Scale Management Impacts On Imperiled Herpetofauna, Ethan Joseph Royal Aug 2022

Conservation Of Open-Canopy-Associated Wildlife: Multi-Scale Management Impacts On Imperiled Herpetofauna, Ethan Joseph Royal

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The loss of open-canopy ecosystems throughout North America has precipitated declines in reptile and amphibian species associated with these habitat types. Current efforts to restore open-canopy ecosystems are underway in many areas, but the local distributions of, habitat characteristics required by and the effects of management actions on many herpetofauna species are poorly understood or entirely unknown. Research examining relationships among herpetofauna and their environments is often complicated by the extremely low detectability seen in many studies. We used landscape-scale, assemblage-level surveys to investigate the occupancy patterns and habitat associations of open-canopy-associated herpetofauna in two regions, as well as gain …

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Effect Of Sensory Additives On Sow Lactation Performance, Subsequent Reproductive Performance, And Nursey Pig Performance, Nathan E. Davis Aug 2022

Effect Of Sensory Additives On Sow Lactation Performance, Subsequent Reproductive Performance, And Nursey Pig Performance, Nathan E. Davis

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Maximizing nutrient intake during lactation is vital to sow performance as well as litter performance. The aim of these studies was to evaluate the impact of a sensory additive on sow lactation performance and nursery pig performance. Five groups of sows were farrowed, three during winter (October, December and January) and two during summer months (June, July, August). Sows were weighed, and back fat depth was measured, at 110 d of gestation prior to entering the lactation room, and again at weaning. The sows were blocked by parity, and then allotted by BW at d 110 to Control or 0.075% …

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Using Condensed Tannin To Mitigate Tall Fescue Toxicosis, Ally Jo Grote Aug 2022

Using Condensed Tannin To Mitigate Tall Fescue Toxicosis, Ally Jo Grote

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Endophyte-infected (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue, [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Shreb.)] produces ergot alkaloids. Condensed tannins could bind to ergot alkaloids and render them ineffective. The first objective was to improve the health of sheep offered endophyte-infected tall fescue by binding toxins in the rumen with condensed tannins. Non-toxic novel-endophyte infected tall fescue (NE) or toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue forage was harvested, baled at targeted moisture of 55%, wrapped within 8 hours of baling with 2 layers of net wrap and 20 layers of plastic, and ensiled for at least 60 days. Prior to feeding, forages were chopped and packed into plastic trash …

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Chondronecrosis With Osteomyelitis In Broilers: Bacterial Species Involvement And Influence Of Probiotics And Synbiotics, Amer Abdullah Hasan Aug 2022

Chondronecrosis With Osteomyelitis In Broilers: Bacterial Species Involvement And Influence Of Probiotics And Synbiotics, Amer Abdullah Hasan

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Since 1945, the market for broiler production has evolved from a collection of smallholder poultry farms into an industry worth billions of dollars. Poultry production has not gone without challenges. Lameness in young broilers is presently a serious issue in the poultry industry for reasons of animal health and welfare, as well as significant lost production and revenue. Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) is a major form of lameness in broilers. This dissertation contains information about (i) the influence of Staphylococcus agnetis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis on inducing BCO lameness, (ii) evaluation of of probiotics for reducing …

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Effects Of An Injectable Zinc Solution At Weaning As An Alternative Castration Method In Beef Cattle, Reagan Nicole Cauble Aug 2022

Effects Of An Injectable Zinc Solution At Weaning As An Alternative Castration Method In Beef Cattle, Reagan Nicole Cauble

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Two experiments were conducted to investigate a 1 mL intratesticular zinc (100 mg Zn) injection administered into each testicle at weaning (Z) and its effects on growth, health, behavior and testosterone. In the first experiment, beef bulls were assigned randomly to treatment at birth: 1) surgically castrated at birth (S; n = 37) or 2) Z (n = 37). Testicular thickness differed by day (P < 0.01) for Z. Testosterone concentrations were greater in Z by d 77 and remained so through d 280 (P = 0.02) compared to S. Zinc injected calves were heavier at the trail’s conclusion (P ≤ 0.04), had greater ADG overall (P < 0.01), heavier hot carcass weight (P = 0.01), and greater lean muscle area (P = 0.01) compared to S; but a lower marbling score (P < 0.01). Yield Grade, dressed carcass yield and fat thickness were similar (P ≥ 0.14). Zinc injected calves had greater haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations (P < 0.01). Zinc injected calves had greater concentrations of white blood cells on d 1 and 2 and greater concentrations and proportions of neutrophils on d 1, 2 and 3 (P < 0.01). Conversely, S had a greater percentage of lymphocytes on d 1, 2 and 3 and a lower ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes during that same time (P < 0.01). Zinc injected calves spent more time on their side or sternum on d 1 and more time on their side on d 2 while S spend more time standing during that time (P < 0.01). During d 3, 4, 5, and 6, Z stood more while S laid on their sternum (P < 0.01). In trail 2, beef bulls were allocated randomly to treatment one week post weaning: 1) banded (B; n = 42) or 2) Z (n = 39). Body weights were similar (P ≥ 0.39) but ADG improved for Z compared to B (P = 0.05). Testosterone concentrations were greater in Z compared to B (P ≤ 0.02). Testicular width in Z differed by d (P < 0.01). Zinc castrated calves spent more time on their side compared to B one day post castration (P = 0.03) until d 3 and 4 where B spent more time on their side (P ≤ 0.02). Banded calves stood more the first two days (P ≤ 0.01). On days 3, 4, 5, and 6, Z stood more (P ≤ 0.01) while B were on their sternum (P ≤ 0.03). Banded calves had lower Hp concentrations compared to Z (P ≤ 0.01). Total white blood cell concentrations, proportions and concentrations of neutrophils, and proportion of lymphocytes were greater in Z compared to B on d 1, 2, and 3 (P ≤ 0.01). There was no interaction between treatments over time for IL1β, IL6, and TNFα expression (P ≥ 0.83). The findings in both studies indicate that intratesticular Zn injections at weaning can improve growth performance and some carcass attributes but produce a heightened inflammatory and immune response and cause discomfort. Injecting zinc, as formulated and administered in these trails, does not result in complete castration of beef calves at this age and therefore cannot be considered a true castration alternative.

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Archaea: An Under-Estimated Kingdom In Livestock Animals, Yunjuan Peng, Ting Xe, Zhuosui Wu, Wenxiao Zheng, Tao Zhang, Samantha Howe, Jianmin Chai, Feilong Deng, Ying Li, Jiangchao Zhao Jul 2022

Archaea: An Under-Estimated Kingdom In Livestock Animals, Yunjuan Peng, Ting Xe, Zhuosui Wu, Wenxiao Zheng, Tao Zhang, Samantha Howe, Jianmin Chai, Feilong Deng, Ying Li, Jiangchao Zhao

Animal Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Archaea are considered an essential group of gut microorganisms in both humans and animals. However, they have been neglected in previous studies, especially those involving non-ruminants. In this study, we re-analyzed published metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data sequenced from matched samples to explore the composition and the expression activity of gut archaea in ruminants (cattle and sheep) and monogastric animals (pig and chicken). Our results showed that the alpha and beta diversity of each host species, especially cattle and chickens, calculated from metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data were significantly different, suggesting that metatranscriptomic data better represent the functional status of archaea. We …

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Effects Of Heat Stress On Cyto(Chemo)Kine And Inflammasome Gene Expression And Mechanical Properties In Isolated Red And White Blood Cells From 4 Commercial Broiler Lines And Their Ancestor Jungle Fowl, Elizabeth S. Greene, Elizabeth Adeogun, Sara K. Orlowski, Karthik Nayani, Sami Dridi Jun 2022

Effects Of Heat Stress On Cyto(Chemo)Kine And Inflammasome Gene Expression And Mechanical Properties In Isolated Red And White Blood Cells From 4 Commercial Broiler Lines And Their Ancestor Jungle Fowl, Elizabeth S. Greene, Elizabeth Adeogun, Sara K. Orlowski, Karthik Nayani, Sami Dridi

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Commercial broilers have been selected for high growth rate and productivity; however, this has negatively impacted their susceptibility to heat stress (HS). Insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying this vulnerability can help design targeted strategies for improvement of HS tolerance. Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) were isolated from red jungle fowl and 4 lines of commercial modern broilers. Lines A and B are considered standard-yielding lines, whereas Lines C and D are high-yielding. Cells were cultured at either 37 degrees C or 45 degrees C for 2 h to induce …

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The Effects Of Maternal Intake Of Epa And Dha Enriched Diet During Pregnancy And Lactation On Offspring's Muscle Development And Energy Homeostasis, Saeed Ghnaimawi, Shilei Zhang, Jamie I. Baum, Yan Huang Jun 2022

The Effects Of Maternal Intake Of Epa And Dha Enriched Diet During Pregnancy And Lactation On Offspring's Muscle Development And Energy Homeostasis, Saeed Ghnaimawi, Shilei Zhang, Jamie I. Baum, Yan Huang

Animal Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

EPA and DHA are n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with a diversity of health benefits on offspring. The objective of this study was to test the in vivo effect of maternal ingestion of EPA and DHA on fetal and offspring muscle development and energy balance. Two groups of female C57BL/6 mice were fed EPA and DHA enriched diet (FA) and diet devoid of EPA and DHA (CON) respectively throughout the entire period of gestation and lactation. Embryos at E13 and offspring at age of D1 and D21 were selected for sample collection and processing. No change in birth number and …

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Failure Of Excess Leucine To Impact Live Performance And Carcass Traits In Male And Female Cobb Mv X 500 Broilers During A 15-To 32-Day Grower Period, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, J. T. Lee, S. K. Rao, L. D. Butler, J. Z. Hiltz, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd Jun 2022

Failure Of Excess Leucine To Impact Live Performance And Carcass Traits In Male And Female Cobb Mv X 500 Broilers During A 15-To 32-Day Grower Period, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, J. T. Lee, S. K. Rao, L. D. Butler, J. Z. Hiltz, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Modern broiler diets may contain excess levels of leucine due to the increased level of this amino acid in cereal grains. Excessive levels of leucine have previously been shown to negatively influence broiler performance due to branched-chain amino acid antagonism. Therefore, 2 leucine titrations were conducted in male and female Cobb 500 broilers. Low and high leucine diets were formulated to contain leucine to lysine ratios of 115 and 170, respectively. These diets were subsequently blended to produce 6 experimental diets containing leucine to lysine ratios of: 115, 126, 137, 148, 159, and 170. Pelleted diets were fed to 8 …

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Interactions Of The Branched-Chain Amino Acids. 2. Practical Adjustments In Valine And Isoleucine, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, J. T. Lee, S. K. Rao, L. D. Butler, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd Jun 2022

Interactions Of The Branched-Chain Amino Acids. 2. Practical Adjustments In Valine And Isoleucine, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, J. T. Lee, S. K. Rao, L. D. Butler, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Reductions in dietary crude protein have potentially allowed for the occurrence of branched chain amino acid antagonism which can negatively influence live performance and carcass traits. Therefore, 2 factorial studies were conducted with the first experiment evaluating valine and leucine interactions during a 32 to 45 d finisher period, while the second experiment evaluated valine and isoleucine interactions during a 39 to 52 d withdrawal period. Valine, leucine, nor their subsequent interaction influenced broiler live performance or carcass traits in Experiment 1. However, a valine x leucine interaction was observed for average woody breast score and occurrence of scores of …

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Titration Of Dietary Isoleucine And Evaluation Of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels In Female Cobb 500 Broilers During A 22-To 42-Day Finisher Period, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, S. C. Wells-Crafton, J. T. Lee, S. K. Rao, L. D. Butler, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd Jun 2022

Titration Of Dietary Isoleucine And Evaluation Of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels In Female Cobb 500 Broilers During A 22-To 42-Day Finisher Period, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, S. C. Wells-Crafton, J. T. Lee, S. K. Rao, L. D. Butler, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Recent research into the branched-chain amino acids has indicated that broiler responses to dietary isoleucine may vary from classic data. Current isoleucine data has focused on male broilers leaving a gap in the literature for female data. An experiment was conducted to determine the isoleucine requirements for a 22 to 42 day finisher period in Cobb MV & POUND; 500 female broilers. A basal diet was formulated to contain dietary isoleucine, valine, and leucine to lysine ratios of 56, 78, and 135, respectively, and graded amounts of L-isoleucine were added to achieve isoleucine to lysine ratios of 56, 59, 62, …

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Interactions Of The Branched-Chain Amino Acids. 1. Influence Of Dietary Isoleucine And Leucine On The Valine Requirement Of Male Cobb Mv X 500 Broilers For A 29-To 42-Day Finisher Period, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, J. T. Lee, J. Caldas, J. Z. Hiltz, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd Jun 2022

Interactions Of The Branched-Chain Amino Acids. 1. Influence Of Dietary Isoleucine And Leucine On The Valine Requirement Of Male Cobb Mv X 500 Broilers For A 29-To 42-Day Finisher Period, C. W. Maynard, G. J. Mullenix, C. J. Maynard, J. T. Lee, J. Caldas, J. Z. Hiltz, S. K. Orlowski, M. T. Kidd

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Branched-chain amino acid requirements have traditionally been determined using dose-response titrations without accounting for the influence of branched-chain amino acid antagonism. As recent data has indicated that inherent levels of the non-tested amino acid may influence response curves in diets mimicking industry, these methods may result in over or under estimation of requirement values. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine if dietary levels of isoleucine and leucine influence 29 to 42 day valine needs through the implementation of a 5 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Twenty diets were fed to 7 replicate pens of 12 broilers. Body weight …

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Vaccines Using Clostridium Perfringens Sporulation Proteins Reduce Necrotic Enteritis In Chickens, Ying Fu, Mohit Bansal, Tahrir Jatli Alenezi, Ayidh Almansour, Hong Wang, Xiaolun Sun Jun 2022

Vaccines Using Clostridium Perfringens Sporulation Proteins Reduce Necrotic Enteritis In Chickens, Ying Fu, Mohit Bansal, Tahrir Jatli Alenezi, Ayidh Almansour, Hong Wang, Xiaolun Sun

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Clostridium perfringens is the prevalent enteric pathogen in humans and animals including chickens, and it remains largely elusive on the mechanism of C. perfringens-induced enteritis because of limited animal models available. In this study, we investigated the role of C. perfringens sporulation proteins as vaccine candidates in chickens to reduce necrotic enteritis (NE). C. perfringens soluble proteins of vegetative cells (CP-super1 and CP-super2) and spores (CP-spor-super1 and CP-spor-super2) were prepared, and cell and chicken experiments were conducted. We found that deoxycholic acid reduced C. perfringens invasion and sporulation using the Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens co-infection necrotic enteritis (NE) …

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Research Note: Virulence Gene Downregulation And Reduced Intestinal Colonization Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Phl2020 Isolate In Broilers By A Natural Antimicrobial (Neutrapath™), H. Hue, D. Wang, B. M. Hargis, G. Tellez-Isaias Jun 2022

Research Note: Virulence Gene Downregulation And Reduced Intestinal Colonization Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Phl2020 Isolate In Broilers By A Natural Antimicrobial (Neutrapath™), H. Hue, D. Wang, B. M. Hargis, G. Tellez-Isaias

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

The reduction in antibiotic growth promoter use in poultry, due to antibiotic resistance concerns, has created a need for natural solutions that control enteric pathogens like Salmonella. One of these natural feed additives, a select blend of essential oils, fatty acids, and an enterosorbent mineral (NeutraPath), was assessed for its effects on the intestinal colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium PHL2020 isolate (ST-PHL2020) in broiler chickens and ST-PHL2020 virulence gene expression. An in vitro digestion model simulating the pH and enzymatic conditions of 3 gastrointestinal compartments (crop, proventriculus, and intestine) was first used to evaluate the antibacterial effects of …

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Development Of An Environmental Contamination Model To Simulate The Microbial Bloom That Occurs In Commercial Hatch Cabinets, B. D. Graham, C. M. Selby, A. J. Forga, M. E. Coles, L. C. Beer, L. E. Graham, K. D. Teague, G. Tellez-Isaias, B. M. Hargis, C. N. Vuong Jun 2022

Development Of An Environmental Contamination Model To Simulate The Microbial Bloom That Occurs In Commercial Hatch Cabinets, B. D. Graham, C. M. Selby, A. J. Forga, M. E. Coles, L. C. Beer, L. E. Graham, K. D. Teague, G. Tellez-Isaias, B. M. Hargis, C. N. Vuong

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Microbial blooms that emerge in commercial hatch cabinets consist of apathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Objectives of the present study included the development of a multipathogen contamination model to mimic commercial conditions and optimization of sampling methods to quantify bacterial or fungal presence within the hatch cabinet. The pathogen challenge mix (PM) was recreated from select bacterial or fungal isolates recovered from an egg homogenate (EH) derived from the contents of infertile eggs and late embryonic mortalities. Isolates selected for PM included Enterococcus faecalis (~108 …

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Differences In Carcass Composition And Meat Quality Of Conventional And Slow-Growing Broiler Chickens Raised At 2 Stocking Densities, S. L. Weimer, S. Zuelly, M. Davis, D. M. Karcher, M. A. Erasmus Jun 2022

Differences In Carcass Composition And Meat Quality Of Conventional And Slow-Growing Broiler Chickens Raised At 2 Stocking Densities, S. L. Weimer, S. Zuelly, M. Davis, D. M. Karcher, M. A. Erasmus

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

The fast growth rate of broiler chickens is a welfare concern that has increased consumer interest in chicken from slower growing (SG) broilers. Replacing conventional (CONV) broilers with SG broilers will reduce chicken supply and SG broilers require different management practices than CONV. This study evaluated the effects of 2 stocking densities on the carcass composition and meat quality of CONV broilers that reach market weight at 42 d and SG broilers that reach market weight at 63 d. Male broilers from each strain were exclusively stocked into 16 pens at a density of either 29 …

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Duodenal Metabolic Profile Changes In Heat-Stressed Broilers, Jalila S. Dridi, Elizabeth Greene, Craig W. Maynard, Giorgio Brugaletta, Alison Ramser, Courtney J. Christopher, Shawn R. Campagna, Hector F. Castro, Sami Dridi Jun 2022

Duodenal Metabolic Profile Changes In Heat-Stressed Broilers, Jalila S. Dridi, Elizabeth Greene, Craig W. Maynard, Giorgio Brugaletta, Alison Ramser, Courtney J. Christopher, Shawn R. Campagna, Hector F. Castro, Sami Dridi

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Heat stress (HS) is devastating to poultry production sustainability worldwide. In addition to its adverse effects on growth, welfare, meat quality, and mortality, HS alters the gut integrity, leading to dysbiosis and leaky gut syndrome; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Here, we used a high-throughput mass spectrometric metabolomics approach to probe the metabolite profile in the duodenum of modern broilers exposed to acute (AHS, 2 h) or chronic cyclic (CHS, 8 h/day for 2 weeks) HS in comparison with thermoneutral (TN) and pair-fed birds. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS) identified …

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Feed Composition And Isolate Of Histomonas Meleagridis Alter Horizontal Transmission Of Histomonosis In Turkeys. Proof Of Concept, Thaina L. Barros, Christine N. Vuong, Juan D. Latorre, Roberto S. Cuesta, Elizabeth Mcgill, Samuel J. Rochell, Guillermo Tellez-Isaias, Billy Hargis Jun 2022

Feed Composition And Isolate Of Histomonas Meleagridis Alter Horizontal Transmission Of Histomonosis In Turkeys. Proof Of Concept, Thaina L. Barros, Christine N. Vuong, Juan D. Latorre, Roberto S. Cuesta, Elizabeth Mcgill, Samuel J. Rochell, Guillermo Tellez-Isaias, Billy Hargis

Poultry Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Outbreaks of histomonosis in turkeys are typically initiated by the ingestion of contaminated embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum, potentially present in earthworms and mechanical vectors. Once an outbreak is started, infected turkeys can transmit the disease by horizontal transmission. Factors influencing horizontal transmission of histomonosis are poorly understood. Replication of horizontal transmission in experimental conditions has not been consistent, presenting an obstacle in searching for alternatives to prevent or treat the disease. Two pilot experiments and three validation experiments were conducted in the present study. In pilot experiment 1, one isolate of Histomonas meleagridis (named Buford) was used. Turkeys …

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