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- Mussel (2)
- Nervous system (2)
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- Population size (2)
- Sentience criteria (2)
- Shrimp (2)
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- Welfare (2)
- ATPase (1)
- Ace-2 (1)
- Acyrthosiphon pisum (1)
Articles 31 - 60 of 104
Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
Observations On Regeneration Of The Pedipalp And Legs Of Scorpions, Martin Watz, Jason A. Dunlop
Observations On Regeneration Of The Pedipalp And Legs Of Scorpions, Martin Watz, Jason A. Dunlop
Euscorpius
An Opisthacanthus asper (Peters, 1861) (Hormuridae) shows a relatively rare example of pedipalp regeneration in which the lost tibia and tarsus was replaced by a smaller, curved element of uncertain homology to either the fixed or free finger. A comparable abnormal palp described in the literature hints that pedipalps can only regenerate a structure of this form, regardless of the site of amputation. An Olivierus caucasicus (Nordmann, 1840) (Buthidae) is described in which claws (pretarsus) of leg III regenerated directly at the distal end of the tibia, while in leg IV the claws regenerated at the end of a truncated …
Animal Sentience Science And Policy, Andrew Crump
Animal Sentience Science And Policy, Andrew Crump
Animal Sentience
Animal sentience research cannot be divorced from its ethical and political implications. For example, discovering which animals are sentient is vital for deciding which require welfare protection. Two legal case-studies illustrate the importance of scientists in such debates: the UK Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 had input from animal sentience researchers, whereas the US Animal Welfare Act 1966 did not. The former defined sentient animals much more plausibly than the latter. I accordingly argue that sentience researchers should inform policy, and that this is achievable without sacrificing scientific integrity.
Fine-Tuning The Criteria For Inferring Sentience, Culum Brown
Fine-Tuning The Criteria For Inferring Sentience, Culum Brown
Animal Sentience
“Sentience” means the capacity to feel, and feelings are private affairs. Sentience is hence extremely difficult to quantify in nonhuman animals. We have no direct means of determining whether an animal is sentient. Thus we rely on a series of indirect measures or criteria which collectively provide some level of confidence about the probability that an animal is sentient. Crump et al. propose a modified framework based on 8 criteria for estimating the likelihood of sentience in a target taxon. Whereas I very much like their proposed framework, I would suggest a couple of amendments that may improve it further: …
Evolutionary Relationships Among Several Species From The Genus Cricotopus(Diptera: Chironomidae): What About Turkish Representatives Of This Genus?, Adi̇le Sari
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The genus Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae) has a worldwide distribution and possesses a wide variation in ecology and habitat preference across its distribution. Identification of Cricotopus species and distinguishing them from the species of closely related genera (i.e. Orthocladius and Paratrichocladius) are generally difficult. This study aimed to investigate the evolutionary history of several Cricotopus species, with the main focus on C. bicinctus, C. flavocinctus, C. triannulatus, C. patens, C. intersectus, C. laricomalis, C. ornatus, C. reversus, and C. sylvestris from Turkey, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Molecular classifications of Turkish Cricotopus species were full compatible …
Time To Stop Pretending We Don’T Know Other Animals Are Sentient Beings, Marc Bekoff
Time To Stop Pretending We Don’T Know Other Animals Are Sentient Beings, Marc Bekoff
Animal Sentience
Rowan et al.’s target article is an outstanding review of some of the history of the science of sentience, but one would have liked to see a much stronger “call to action.” We don’t need any more data to know that many other animals are sentient beings whose lives must be protected from harm in a wide variety of contexts. It is not anti-science to want more action on behalf of other animals right now.
Sentience In Decapod Crustaceans: A General Framework And Review Of The Evidence, Andrew Crump, Heather Browning, Alex Schnell, Charlotte Burn, Jonathan Birch
Sentience In Decapod Crustaceans: A General Framework And Review Of The Evidence, Andrew Crump, Heather Browning, Alex Schnell, Charlotte Burn, Jonathan Birch
Animal Sentience
We outline a framework for evaluating scientific evidence of sentience, focusing on pain experience. It includes eight neural and cognitive-behavioural criteria, with confidence levels for each criterion reflecting the reliability and quality of the evidence. We outline the rationale for each criterion and apply our framework to a controversial sentience candidate: decapod crustaceans. We have either high or very high confidence that true crabs (infraorder Brachyura) satisfy five criteria, amounting to strong evidence of sentience. Moreover, we have high confidence that both anomuran crabs (infraorder Anomura) and astacid lobsters/crayfish (infraorder Astacidea) meet three criteria—substantial evidence of sentience. The case is, …
All Living Organisms Are Sentient, Arthur S. Reber, Frantisek Baluska, William B. Miller Jr.
All Living Organisms Are Sentient, Arthur S. Reber, Frantisek Baluska, William B. Miller Jr.
Animal Sentience
We argue that all living organisms, from the simplest unicellular prokaryotes to Homo sapiens, have valenced experiences—feelings as states of preference—and are capable of cognitive representations. Bacteria can learn, form stable memories, and communicate, hence solve problems. Rowan et al.'s statement that "Subjective feelings are just that — subjective — and are available only to the animal (or human) experiencing them" is true but irrelevant. When we see a fish flopping about in the bottom of a boat we immediately recognize suffering without having a glimpse of the nature of piscine distress. Some controlled anthropomorphism can go a …
Legal Recognition Of Animal Sentience: The Case For Cautious Optimism, Jane Kotzmann
Legal Recognition Of Animal Sentience: The Case For Cautious Optimism, Jane Kotzmann
Animal Sentience
Rowan et al.’s target article provides a valuable indication of the work that was required to reach the point where animals are recognised as sentient in various laws. To ensure this work was not in vain, the language of sentience needs to be used as a moral currency to demand further cultural change involving greater human respect for animals.
The Science Of Animal Sentience And The Politics Of Animal Welfare Should Be Kept Separate, Marian Stamp Dawkins
The Science Of Animal Sentience And The Politics Of Animal Welfare Should Be Kept Separate, Marian Stamp Dawkins
Animal Sentience
Although linked historically by Rowan et al., the scientific study of animal sentience and political campaigns to improve animal welfare should be kept separate, for at least two reasons. First, the separation makes it clear that standards of evidence acceptable for ethical or political decisions on animal welfare can be lower than those required for a rigorously scientific approach to animal sentience. Second, it helps to avoid confirmatory bias in the form of giving undue weight to results that are in line with pre-conceived ideas and political views.
Revisiting Donald Griffin, Founder Of Cognitive Ethology, Carolyn A. Ristau
Revisiting Donald Griffin, Founder Of Cognitive Ethology, Carolyn A. Ristau
Animal Sentience
Donald Griffin’s writings, beginning with The Question of Animal Awareness (1976), strove to persuade scientists to study the possibility of animal sentience, the basis of Rowan et al.’s efforts to promote animal well-being. Facing great hostility (but also some acceptance) for his ideas, Griffin initially avoided animal welfare advocacy, fearing it would further undermine his efforts to gain recognition of animal sentience. In later years, however, he began to ponder the ethical implications of animal sentience, intending to study wild elephants’ communication and social behavior to better understand their experienced life and apply it to improving conservation methods. As he …
Pain Sentience Criteria And Their Grading, Eva Jablonka, Simona Ginsburg
Pain Sentience Criteria And Their Grading, Eva Jablonka, Simona Ginsburg
Animal Sentience
On the basis of the target article by Crump and colleagues, we suggest a more parsimonious scheme for evaluating the evidence for sentience. Since some of the criteria used by Crump et al. are not independent and some are uninformative we exclude some criteria and amalgamate others. We propose that evidence of flexible learning and prioritization, in conjunction with relevant data on brain organization, is sufficient for assigning pain-sentience to an animal and we suggest a scoring scheme based on four criteria.
Free Will And Animal Suicide, Sabina Schrynemakers
Free Will And Animal Suicide, Sabina Schrynemakers
Animal Sentience
David Peña-Guzmán presents two arguments against the view that because only humans have free will only humans can commit suicide: (1) nonhuman animals may possess free will, and (2) the libertarian notion of free will is incompatible with scientific explanation. The free will objection to animal suicide is indeed mistaken, but Peña-Guzmán’s criticism of the libertarian notion of free will seems misplaced. His target should instead be the assumption that free choices must be made consciously or self-reflectively or the assumption that freedom cannot come in degrees.
Truly Minimal Criteria For Animal Sentience, Mark Solms
Truly Minimal Criteria For Animal Sentience, Mark Solms
Animal Sentience
The criteria for determining animal sentience proposed in the target article are sensible but they lack an explicit functional justification for the focus on pain. This commentary provides an abbreviated account of the most basic functional principles that underpin animal sentience and articulates some minimal criteria for determining its presence.
Sentience In Decapods: Difficulties To Surmount, Michael L. Woodruff
Sentience In Decapods: Difficulties To Surmount, Michael L. Woodruff
Animal Sentience
In the target article Crump et al. present 8 criteria to assess whether decapods experience pain. Four of these -- sensory integration, motivational trade-offs, flexible self-protection, and associative learning -- could be used to assess sentience in general. In this commentary I discuss difficulties with using these criteria to provide evidence of sentience in decapods, particularly if this evidence is to change public opinion and policies. These difficulties are lack of evidence, the potential to eventually explain the neurobiological basis of the behaviors chosen as criteria, thereby eliminating any explanatory work for sentience, and the reluctance to bring animals that …
Distinguishing Epistemic And Moral Grounds For Legal Protection, Carlos Montemayor
Distinguishing Epistemic And Moral Grounds For Legal Protection, Carlos Montemayor
Animal Sentience
The criteria proposed by Crump et al. are based on various cognitive roles associated with sentience. A subset of them may be sufficient for certain kinds of welfare, but the presence of all of them should be considered as clearly sufficient for substantial kinds of legal protection based on their relation to capacities that we consider essential for moral standing in human beings.
Strong Inferences About Pain In Invertebrates Require Stronger Evidence, Edgar T. Walters
Strong Inferences About Pain In Invertebrates Require Stronger Evidence, Edgar T. Walters
Animal Sentience
Evidence for sentience in animals distantly related to humans is often sought in observations of behavioral and neural responses to noxious stimuli that would be painful in humans. Most proposed criteria for painful sentience in “lower” animals such as decapod crustaceans have no necessary links to the affective (“suffering”) component of pain. The best evidence for painful affect in animals is learned aversion to stimuli associated with noxious experience, and conditioned preference for contexts associated with relief from aversive consequences of noxious experience, as expressed in voluntary behavior. Such evidence is currently lacking for any invertebrate except octopus.
Does The Sentience Framework Imply All Animals Are Sentient?, Kristin Andrews
Does The Sentience Framework Imply All Animals Are Sentient?, Kristin Andrews
Animal Sentience
The eight criteria proposed in Crump et al.’s framework for evaluating pain sentience in decapod crustaceans are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to markers that could increase confidence in an animal’s sentience more generally. Some of the commentaries have already pointed out that pain is only one kind of sentience (Souza Valente). It has also already been pointed out that there are other criteria for pain that could be usefully added to the framework’s eight (Burrell). This expansive thinking about criteria that can be used to increase confidence in sentience raisess the question: in an expansive …
Sentience In Decapods: An Open Question, Mark Briffa
Sentience In Decapods: An Open Question, Mark Briffa
Animal Sentience
Crump et al.’s framework is a powerful tool designed to assist decisions on the ethical treatment of decapod crustaceans. However, the question of whether decapods are sentient (i.e., whether they feel), remains open, perhaps indefinitely. More optimistically, we might design experiments that distinguish among different levels of awareness, sometimes viewed as components of sentience. We should strike a balance between assuming that all organisms are sentient and making unnecessary anatomical assumptions about sentience. Refining current experiments may provide concrete insights about awareness in Decapoda and other taxa.
Sentience As Part Of Emotional Lives, Frans B. M. De Waal
Sentience As Part Of Emotional Lives, Frans B. M. De Waal
Animal Sentience
It is high time to explore the sentience of invertebrate animals, but this topic cannot be discussed without also exploring their emotional lives, including positive emotions. Sentience probably evolved to allow the regulation of emotions by endowing them with feelings.
Pros And Cons Of A Framework For Evaluating Potential Pain In Decapods, Robert W. Elwood
Pros And Cons Of A Framework For Evaluating Potential Pain In Decapods, Robert W. Elwood
Animal Sentience
The rigorous framework for research into potential pain in decapods was successful in allowing legislators in the United Kingdom to evaluate a complex scientific issue. However, it might produce problems for research. I discuss doubts about the usefulness of the eight criteria. Some have yet to receive any investigation and others do not allow much inference about pain. In addition, some existing studies are not covered in the framework. Most worrying, however, is the potential for stifling future research of novel areas that are excluded from the framework.
The Life History Of Euborellia Annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) Fed Onlarvae And Pupae Of Plutella Xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Gilmar Da Silva Nunes, Thais Aparecida Vitoriano Dantas, Wennia Rafaelly Souza Figueiredo, Roberio De Oliveira, Jacinto De Luna Batista, Alessandra Marieli Vacari, Sergio Antonio De Bortoli
The Life History Of Euborellia Annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) Fed Onlarvae And Pupae Of Plutella Xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Gilmar Da Silva Nunes, Thais Aparecida Vitoriano Dantas, Wennia Rafaelly Souza Figueiredo, Roberio De Oliveira, Jacinto De Luna Batista, Alessandra Marieli Vacari, Sergio Antonio De Bortoli
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) is reported as a potential predator of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fourth instar larvae, 1 or 3-day-old pupae of P. xylostella are suitable food for the development and reproduction of E. annulipes. We evaluated the characteristics of the predation, development of each life stage, and reproduction of the predator, by comparing them with an artificial diet. The nymphs consumed larvae and pupae equally in the first instars, but, from the third to fifth, they consumed more larvae over pupae. Both males and females consumed more larvae …
High Temperatures Adversely Affect The Hoverfly Episyrphus Balteatus(Diptera: Syrphidae) Fitness And Aphid Prey Consumption, Gregoire Noel, Jessica Caetano, Solene Blanchard, Antoine Boullis, Frederic Francis
High Temperatures Adversely Affect The Hoverfly Episyrphus Balteatus(Diptera: Syrphidae) Fitness And Aphid Prey Consumption, Gregoire Noel, Jessica Caetano, Solene Blanchard, Antoine Boullis, Frederic Francis
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Numerous studies have shown that an increase of environmental temperature could directly disturb insect larval development. Natural enemies of insect pests, particularly predators of aphid populations, are not spared. Following temperature predictions of Belgian climate change scenario, the goal of this study is to measure life-history traits, such as the mass, body length and aphid consumption (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris, 1776)) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera: Syrphidae) larvae under three constant temperature treatments (i.e. 20, 23, and 26 °C). We detected no significant differences between 20 °C and 23 °C on the hoverflies larval development, their aphidophagous …
Effect Of Urban Habitats On Colony Size Of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)In Memory Of Professor A. A. Zakharov (Russian Academy Of Sciences, Moscow), Stanislav Stukalyuk, Ascar Akhmedov, Alexey Gilev, Alexander Reshetov, Yuri Radchenko, Nataly Kosiuk
Effect Of Urban Habitats On Colony Size Of Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)In Memory Of Professor A. A. Zakharov (Russian Academy Of Sciences, Moscow), Stanislav Stukalyuk, Ascar Akhmedov, Alexey Gilev, Alexander Reshetov, Yuri Radchenko, Nataly Kosiuk
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Urbanized ecosystems are suitable for the habitat of only a few species of ants, due to conditions caused by human activities. Invasive species of ants have adapted to urbanized ecosystems most successfully. The study of the ant colonies sizes started in Crimea in 2013-2014. In 2019-2021 it was carried out in Ukraine (the Carpathians, Kyiv city, and Kyiv region), in Russia (Rostov-on-Don city and region, and the Urals), and in Uzbekistan (Tashkent city, and tugai forests). The study covers natural (forest, meadow, steppe), suburban (alleys and tree planting) and urban habitats (tree planting along streets and roads, botanical gardens). Our …
Using Of Fluctuating Asymmetry In Adult Pelophylax Ridibundus (Amphibia: Anura:Ranidae) Meristic Traits As A Method For Assessing Developmental Stability Of Populationand Environmental Quality Of Their Habitat: Industrial Area In Southern Bulgaria, Zhivko Zhelev, Stefan Tsonev, Peter Boyadzhiev
Using Of Fluctuating Asymmetry In Adult Pelophylax Ridibundus (Amphibia: Anura:Ranidae) Meristic Traits As A Method For Assessing Developmental Stability Of Populationand Environmental Quality Of Their Habitat: Industrial Area In Southern Bulgaria, Zhivko Zhelev, Stefan Tsonev, Peter Boyadzhiev
Turkish Journal of Zoology
One way to assess the impacts of toxicants on populations of anurans is through developmental stability (DS) - the ability to buffer stresses during development stages. To assess the extent of possible perturbations in DS of frogs that inhabit a polluted industrial area east of Plovdiv city, Bulgaria, we applied analysis of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in ten morphological traits in P. ridibundus. As a control group, we used animals inhabiting a less disrupted site. Based on the FA levels obtained for the frogs from both sites, we evaluate the state of their habitat. In the contaminated site, the mean FAMI …
Distribution And Molecular Differentiation Of Culex Pipiens Complex Species In Themiddle And Eastern Black Sea Regions Of Turkey, Muhammet Mustafa Akiner, Murat Öztürk, Fati̇h Şaban Beri̇ş, Çağaşan Karacaoğlu, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek, Aytül Uzun Akgeyi̇k
Distribution And Molecular Differentiation Of Culex Pipiens Complex Species In Themiddle And Eastern Black Sea Regions Of Turkey, Muhammet Mustafa Akiner, Murat Öztürk, Fati̇h Şaban Beri̇ş, Çağaşan Karacaoğlu, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek, Aytül Uzun Akgeyi̇k
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Culex pipiens species complex is commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Identification of species complexes and their spatial distribution patterns are fundamental steps needed to improve our understanding of arboviral disease circulation and their control. The specimens were differentiated using the Ace-2 gene, and the ecological forms of Culex pipiens were identified by analysis of the CQ11 microsatellite locus. Results showed that all sample points comprised of Culex pipiens s.s., and seven points contained Culex torrentium. Further, we determined that 22 haplotypes from five haplogroups were identified within the Ace-2 marker, and three haplotypes were contained within the CQ11 …
Discrimination Of The Sister Hedgehog Species Erinaceus Concolor And E. Roumanicus(Erinaceomorpha: Mammalia): A Geometric Morphometric Approach, Sadik Demi̇rtaş, İslam Gündüz, Jeremy S. Herman
Discrimination Of The Sister Hedgehog Species Erinaceus Concolor And E. Roumanicus(Erinaceomorpha: Mammalia): A Geometric Morphometric Approach, Sadik Demi̇rtaş, İslam Gündüz, Jeremy S. Herman
Turkish Journal of Zoology
This study investigates skull variation between the two closely related hedgehog species, Erinaceus concolor and E. roumanicus by using geometric morphometric analyses based on 2-dimensional landmarks. For this purpose, a total of 68 specimens were evaluated: 54 E. concolor and 14 E. roumanicus. The results of PCA, ANOVA and MANOVA analyses showed significant shape differences between the species, especially for the dorsal cranium. Shape differences were most prominent on the neurocranium and viscerocranium regions of the dorsal surface of the cranium and in mandibular ramus and the premolar regions. DFA tests were statistically significant against the null hypothesis of equal …
Autophagic Chemicals Effect To Atg8 And Rice Stripe Virus Relative Expressions, And Wolbachia Relative Density In Laodelphax Striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Achmad Gazali, Ardhiani Hidayanti, Yohsuke Tagami
Autophagic Chemicals Effect To Atg8 And Rice Stripe Virus Relative Expressions, And Wolbachia Relative Density In Laodelphax Striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), Achmad Gazali, Ardhiani Hidayanti, Yohsuke Tagami
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Laodelphax striatellus is one of the most important pest insects and vectors of rice stripe virus (RSV), which causes rice stripe disease (RSD) in rice plants. L. striatellus is infected by Wolbachia. RSV and Wolbachia may be regulated by a cell defense mechanism within insect cells called autophagy. We utilized autophagic chemicals to predict the relationships between Atg8 (an importance of autophagy-related genes), Wolbachia, and RSV within L. striatellus. The relative expressions and density level of Atg8, RSV, and Wolbachia were determined by three autophagy inducers and two inhibitors. We examined the effect of chemicals on the host. We report …
Evaluation Of The Feeding Patterns Of Important Mosquito Vector Species Using Molecular Techniques, Fatma Bursali, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek
Evaluation Of The Feeding Patterns Of Important Mosquito Vector Species Using Molecular Techniques, Fatma Bursali, Fati̇h Mehmet Şi̇mşek
Turkish Journal of Zoology
This study investigated the feeding patterns of populations of Anopheles sacharovi, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and Culex pipiens in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. Blood-fed females resting inside barns, houses, and chicken coops in the rural areas were collected between May 2017 and September 2019, and the genomic DNA from each female was isolated to determine the blood source after amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region. Cytb results showed that out of 445 blood-fed An. sacharovi females 2 blood-fed from dogs, 9 from birds, and 434 from cows. The results also showed that all 216 blood-fed females Cx. …
Effects Of In Vivo Exposures To Nanoparticles (Al2O3, Cuo, Tio2) On The Activities Of Atpases In The Gill And Muscle Of Freshwater Mussel (Unio Tigridis), Esi̇n Gülnaz Canli, Mustafa Canli
Effects Of In Vivo Exposures To Nanoparticles (Al2O3, Cuo, Tio2) On The Activities Of Atpases In The Gill And Muscle Of Freshwater Mussel (Unio Tigridis), Esi̇n Gülnaz Canli, Mustafa Canli
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Mussels are effective bioindicator organisms for aquatic environments. Therefore, they were often used to determine the effects of various xenobiotics in the aquatic systems. There is no study to our knowledge on the in vivo effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the activities of ATPases in freshwater mussels (Unio tigridis). This work demonstrates the effects of Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2 NPs on Na- ATPase, Ca-ATPase, and Mg-ATPase activities in the gill and muscle of mussels following 14-day exposures to different concentrations of NPs (0, 1, 3, 9 mg/L). Mussels were fed with laboratory cultured algae (Chlorella …
The Web Amount And Quality Of Web Spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena Labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) And Holocnemus Pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), Depending On Food And Temperature, Bayda Hameed, Adi̇le Akpinar, Derya İşler Ceyhan
The Web Amount And Quality Of Web Spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena Labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) And Holocnemus Pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), Depending On Food And Temperature, Bayda Hameed, Adi̇le Akpinar, Derya İşler Ceyhan
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The web amount and quality of web-weaving of two spider species, Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) and Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), were determined depending on the temperature and the amount of food consumed. Two different experiments were set up in the study. In the first one, the spiders were raised at different temperatures (20-25 °C and 25-30 °C) under laboratory conditions and they were fed with 10 Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) each time. In the second one, the spiders were fed with 7-10 insects caught from their natural habitats, at 20-25 °C and 25-30 °C. According to this, the difference in …