Agriculture Commons^™

In Vitro Storage Of Some Pear Genotypes With The Minimal Growth Technique, Maqsood Ahmed, Muhammad Akbar Anjum

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Shoot cultures of 9 pear genotypes collected from different areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (northern Pakistan) were maintained on MS medium supplemented with 30 g L^{-1} of sucrose + 7 g L^{-1} of agar + 1 mg L^{-1} of BAP. For in vitro preservation shoot tips were excised from these cultures and transferred onto different media, i.e. full strength, ¼ strength, ½ strength MS medium, and full strength MS medium containing 2.5% or 3.5% (w/v) mannitol. The cultures were assessed for their survival after storage periods of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. To test the regenerability of the …

The Effects Of Biogas Slurry On The Production And Quality Of Maize Fodder, Md. Rafiqul Islam, Syed Mohammad Ehsanur Rahman, Md. Mukhlesur Rahman, Deog Hwan Oh, Chang Six Ra

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The present study examined the effectiveness of biogas slurry (liquor from anaerobic digestion process) as a nitrogen source for the production of maize fodder (Zea mays). Maize fodder was cultivated as a control (T_0: 0 kg of slurry N ha^{-1}) and with 3 different levels of biogas slurry-T_1 (60 kg of slurry N ha^{-1}), T_2 (70 kg of slurry N ha^{-1}), and T_3 (82 kg of slurry N ha^{-1})-in a randomized block design. The parameters studied were plant height, stem circumference, number of leaves, leaf area, dry matter yield, and nutrient contents in maize fodder. Maize plant height and stem …

The Effect Of Different Nitrogen And Irrigation Levels On Grain Β-Glucan Content In Some Durum Wheat Cultivars, Mustafa Güler

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

\beta-glucan is a non-starchy, water-soluble polysaccharide component of wheat grain that positively affects grain nutrient quality. High \beta-glucan content in wheat grain also has a cholesterol-lowering effect in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and irrigation on durum wheat grain \beta-glucan content. Correlations between durum wheat grain \beta-glucan content, and grain yield and some quality characteristics were examined. Kunduru 1149, Kızıltan 91, and Çakmak 79 durum wheat cultivars were used as material, and 0-, 75-, and 150-mm irrigation levels with 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^{-1} nitrogen rates were applied. Higher nitrogen …

Commercially Suitable Pectin Methylesterase From Valencia Orange Peels, Şebnem Şi̇mşek, Ahmet Yemeni̇ci̇oğlu

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

A simple and effective procedure was developed to extract pectin methylesterase (PME) from Valencia orange peels. Orange peels contain 25-34 \mumol of COOH min^{-1} g^{-1} of peel PME activity. The enzyme was ionically bound to cell walls and could not be extracted with water. This enables removal of water soluble pectic substances and oils from peels via homogenization and washing with water before enzyme extraction. Enzyme extraction can be conducted simply by addition of suitable amounts of NaCl (optimum: 10 g of NaCl 100 g^{-1} of extraction mixture) to peel homogenate and stirring (optimum: 30 min at 200 rpm). The …

The Within-Tree Variation In Wood Density And Shrinkage, And Their Relationship In Populus Euramericana, Behzad Kord, Ali Kialashaki, Behrouz Kord

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The patterns of wood density and shrinkage in different directions in 22-year-old Populus euramericana trees from one clone were studied in an experimental plantation in Iran. Sample disks were taken from each tree to examine wood density and shrinkage variation from pith to bark at 5%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of total tree height. The results indicate that radial position and height significantly affected all wood physical properties. Within-tree wood density and shrinkage varied at each height level, decreasing along the stem from the base upwards. Moreover, within the samples, at the same height level wood density and shrinkage in …

Genetic Identification Of Clones And The Genetic Structure Of Seed Crops In A Pinus Brutia Seed Orchard, Nuray Kaya, Kani̇ Işik

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Megagametophyte tissue in seeds from a Pinus bruia Ten. seed orchard was analyzed for 9 enzyme systems (aconitase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate-transaminase, malate dehydrogenase, menadione reductase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and shikimate dehydrogenase) encoded by 14 loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Twenty-eight clones and 3 ramets per clone were sampled from the orchard for analysis. Isozyme patterns of the clones clearly indicate that each clone had a different genotype when overall loci were taken into consideration. In 5 of the 28 clones, 1 of the 3 ramets did not match the other 2 ramets at 2 or more …

Detection Of The Cry1 Gene In Bacillus Thuringiensis Isolates From Agricultural Fields And Their Bioactivity Against Two Stored Product Moth Larvae, İlyas Bozlağan, Abdurrahman Ayvaz, Fatma Öztürk, Leyla Açik, Mi̇kai̇l Akbulut, Semi̇h Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Sixty Bacillus spp. isolates were obtained from different agricultural fields in Kayseri province using selective media. Total DNA was isolated and analyzed by PCR using cry1 general primers. Of the 60 tested isolates, 17 carried the cry1 gene. B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and all other isolates exhibited approximately 19-kb plasmid bands. In addition to the 270-bp band, the standard strain and isolate I47 yielded 180-bp PCR products. The isolates and standard strain were toxic to Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Plodia interpunctella Hubner larvae. Insecticidal activity of isolates I36, I37, and I40 against Ephestia kuehniella was higher than that of the …

The Effects Of Fiber Length And Fiber Loading On The Mechanical Properties Of Wood-Plastic (Polypropylene) Composites, Farshid Basiji, Vahidreza Safdari, Amir Nourbakhsh, Srikanth Pilla

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This study examined the effects of wood pulp fiber length (short, medium, and long), and fiber loading (27%, 37%, 47%, and 0% [non-reinforced PP]) with 3% maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene on the mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). Polypropylene and fibers were compounded into pellets using a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder and test specimens were prepared by injection molding. The results show that increases in fiber length and fiber loading significantly increased (P < 0.05) the mechanical properties of the WPCs (MOE and tensile modulus). The behavior of the composites against MOR and impact strength varied according to fiber length and loading level. In general, the tensile strength was observed to be the same.

Effects Of Self-Incompatibility Control Substance And Blossom Thinner On Fruit Set And Quality Of Apple (Malus Domestica), Tae Kwon Son, Jung Hee Kim, Cyren Rico, Sang Chul Lee, Il Kyung Chung

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Effects of calcium nitrate (CN) and sodium sulfate (SS) blossom thinning agents applied after self-incompatibility control substance (SICS) treatment on the fruit set rate and quality of apple were investigated for 2 cropping seasons. CN and SS at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations were applied once (3 or 4 days after SICS treatment) or twice (3 and 5 or 4 and 6 days after SICS treatment). Commercial Japanese flower thinning agent (FTA: Ekoruki) treated and untreated apple trees were used as treated and untreated controls. SICS was sprayed 7 days before full bloom. Both agents showed a fertilizing effect in 'Hongno', …

Isolation And Identification Of Culturable Forms Of Bacteria From The Sweet Potato Whitefly Bemesia Tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) In Jordan, Mazen Ahmad Ateyyat, Mohamad Shatnawi, Mohammad Al-Mazra'awi

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Homopteran insects contain bacteria in their cells and tissues known as "secondary symbionts," which under special environmental circumstances act against their host insects. In this study, both molecular- and culture-based methods were used to characterize the bacteria associated with the whitefly in Jordan. We isolated, cultured, and identified 11 species of bacteria from nymphs (6 species), adults (8 species), and parasitized pupae (2 species) of the whitefly Bemesia tabaci collected from different vegetable crops planted in different localities in Jordan. The identities of the cultured bacteria were evaluated using PCR with sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments and fluorescence in …

The Influence Of Fennel Feeding On Development, Survival, And Reproduction In Podisus Nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), Jose Bruno Malaquias, Francisco De Sousa Ramalho, Jefferson Virginio Silva Souza, Karjoene Cassimiro Vieira Rodrigues, Paulo Alves Wanderley

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) leaves as food on development, survival, and reproduction in Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas). Newly hatched P. nigrispinus nymphs were used in this study. The prey consisted of 3rd-instar Alabama argillacea (Huebner) larvae. Fennel and cotton leaves were not sufficient to enable the full development of the predator to its adult stage. It was verified that 35% of the nymphs that fed on cotton leaves and water, and 31% of the nymphs that fed on fennel leaves and water completed their 2nd instar in 5.68 days and …

Transformation Of Some Organic Matter Components In Organic Soils Exposed To Drainage, Barbara Kalisz, Andrzej Lachacz, Roman Glazewski

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

In drained Histosols used as pastures or arable fields the muck-forming process transforms organic soil formations into muck. The rush vegetation (Caricetum acutiformis and Glycerietum maximae) covering Histosols in the organic matter accumulation stage is replaced by meadow vegetation (Molinietalia order). During sustained drainage mucks are transformed into muck-like formations that contain less than 12% organic carbon. The aim of this study was to report the changes in organic matter initiated by the muck-forming process. Soil organic matter was fractionated into humic-acid carbon, fulvic-acid carbon, and humins. The amount of carbon susceptible to oxidation with KMnO4 was also determined and, …

Physiological Responses Of Two Turkish Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties To Salinity, Özgür Tatar, Holger Brueck, Mi̇that Nuri̇ Gevrek, Folkard Asch

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Effects of salinity (60 mM NaCl) on 2 Turkish rice varieties (Kıral and Yavuz) were studied in comparison to 2 international check varieties (IR4630-22-2 tolerant and IR31785-58-1-2-3-3 susceptible) in 2 hydroponic and 1 outdoor soil-based pot experiments. Partitioning of dry matter, leaf chlorophyll concentration, K^+ and Na^+ uptake, and proline accumulation in the leaves were investigated under both control and salt stress conditions. Dry matter accumulation decreased with salt stress in all varieties, with the decreases being more pronounced in IR31785 and Kıral. The results showed that the varieties tested expressed different adaptation mechanisms under salt stress; however, the increase …

The Effects Of Reduced Doses And Application Timing Of Metribuzin On Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus Retroflexus L.) And Wild Mustard (Sinapis Arvensis L.), İbrahi̇m Kahramanoğlu, F. Nezi̇hi̇ Uygur

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Minimum doses of metribuzin that provide satisfactory control (>90%) of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), 2 troublesome weeds of potato crops planted in spring and autumn, respectively, were assessed. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, and 0% of the registered dose (525 g a.i. ha^{-1}) of metribuzin applied to the weeds grown in plastic pots. Dry weight data from the experiments were subjected to nonlinear regression analysis and the effective doses of metribuzin that caused a 90% reduction in dry weight (ED_{90}) were estimated. Metribuzin at doses of 240.8 …

Does Treating Faba Bean Seeds With Chemical Inducers Simultaneously Increase Chocolate Spot Disease Resistance And Yield Under Field Conditions?, Salah Elhendawy, Waleed Shaban, Jun-Ichi Sakagami

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The use of chemical inducers for the development of host resistance is an alternative approach to plant disease management and is assumed to be much more environmentally sound than traditional pesticides. Five chemical inducers, salicylic acid, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (KH_2PO_4), and calcium chloride (CaCl_2), all at concentrations of 10 mM, and an untreated control treatment were applied by seed soaking to compare their effectiveness in inducing resistance against chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae Sard.) in faba bean under greenhouse and field conditions, and to investigate whether use of these chemicals in this way is associated with …

Sensitivity Analysis Of The Evaporation Module Of The E-Digor Model, Mehmet Aydin, Suzan Fi̇li̇z Keçeci̇oğlu

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Sensitivity analysis of the soil-water-evaporation module of the E-DiGOR (Evaporation and Drainage investigations at Ground of Ordinary Rainfed-areas) model is presented. The model outputs were generated using measured climatic data and soil properties. The first-order sensitivity formulas were derived to compute relative sensitivity coefficients. A change in the net solar radiation significantly affected potential evaporation from bare soils estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation. The sensitivity coefficients were positive, with a mean value of 0.82. The sensitivity of potential soil evaporation to soil heat flux was lower during the summer months and higher during the winter. The gradient of saturated vapour …

Effect Of Glycinebetaine On Proline, Water Use, And Photosynthetic Efficiencies, And Growth Of Rice Seedlings Under Salt Stress, Suriyan Chaum, Chalermpol Kirdmanee

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The aim of this investigation was to improve salt tolerance abilities prior to rice crop harvesting, including proline accumulation, pigment stabilization, water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic efficiency, and growth, by using exogenous foliar-sprayed glycinebetaine (Glybet). Pathumthani 1 (PT1) is reported to be a salt-sensitive cultivar and it was selected as a model plant. The proline content of PT1 rice was enriched by 50 mM of foliar-sprayed Glybet, thereby maintaining WUE and pigment stabilization, leading to high photosynthetic performance in chlorophyll a fluorescence and CO_2 assimilation, and increasing plant height when the plant was exposed to 150 mM of NaCl salt …

Abundance Of Ssr Motifs And Development Of Candidate Polymorphic Ssr Markers (Barcsoyssr_1.0) In Soybean, Qijian Song, Gaofeng Jia, Youlin Zhu, David Grant, Rex T. Nelson, Eun-Young Hwang, D. L. Hyten, P. B. Cregan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers, also referred to as microsatellites, function in map-based cloning and for marker-assisted selection in plant breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the abundance of SSRs in the soybean genome and to develop and test soybean SSR markers to create a database of locus-specific markers with a high likelihood of polymorphism. A total of 210,990 SSRs with di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats of five or more were identified in the soybean whole genome sequence (WGS) which included 61,458 SSRs consisting of repeat units of di- (≥10), tri- (≥8), and tetranucleotide (≥7). Among …

Inoculation With Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Or Crop Rotation With Mycorrhizal Plants Improves The Growth Of Maize In Limed Acid Sulfate Soil, Hasao Higo, Katsunori Isobe, Dong-Jin Kang, Kazuhiro Ujie, Rhae A. Drijber, Ryuichi Ishii

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve the uptake of immobile mineral nutrients such as phosphate, thereby improving plant growth. In acid sulfate soil (ASS), AMF spore density is generally low which impacts root colonization and phosphate uptake. Thus, inoculation may help increase AMF colonization of crops grown in ASS. AMF spore density decreases after cultivation of a non-host crop or bare fallow. In addition, preceding crops affect the growth and yield of subsequent crops. The production of AMF inocula requires AMF-compatible plants. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the effect of preceding crops on the persistence of inoculated …

Spring Seed Guide 2010: Nebraska Variety And Hybrid Tests -- Soybeans, Teshome Regassa, Robert N. Klein, Bruce Anderson, Charles A. Shapiro, Jim Krall

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

NEBRASKA SOYBEAN VARIETY TESTS 2009

Crop Production Summary: The November 2009 estimated soybean yield for Nebraska was 52 bushels per acre from 4.800 million harvested acres. The total production of soybeans for the state was forecasted at 247 million bushels. These estimates are from the November National Agricultural Statistics Service.

Selecting Strawberry Cultivars For Winter Greenhouse Production, Ellen T. Paparozzi, Stacy A. Adams, George E. Meyer, M. Elizabeth Conley, Vicki L. Schlegel, Erin E. Blankenship, Paul E. Read

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Costs of transportation and food safety concerns have spawned an increase in public support of locally grown vegetables and fruit. With this in mind, a two-phase investigation was planned with the goal of combining low start up costs for sustainable greenhouse production with selection of strawberry cultivars that would provide the greatest number and largest size of berries. Additionally, berries from each cultivar will be analyzed for their beneficial nutraceutical properties to determine if there is a difference among cultivars.

Spiny Amaranth Control And Aminopyralid Persistence In Kentucky Pastures, Meghan Elizabeth Edwards

University of Kentucky Master's Theses

Spiny amaranth is a problematic weed of heavily grazed pastures in Kentucky and surrounding states. The first objective was to evaluate spiny amaranth control when herbicides are applied before and after emergence. Spiny amaranth seed collected in 2008 were seeded in rows in the fall (November) and the following spring (March) in fields located near Lexington and Princeton, KY. Treatments consisted of five application dates and five herbicides plus an untreated control arranged in a split-split plot design. The following parameters were measured: fresh weight, plant height and percent visual control. At both locations pendimethalin applied in November, March and …

Impact Of High-Input Production Practices On Soybean Yield, Daniel L. Jordan

University of Kentucky Master's Theses

High-input management practices are often heavily marketed to producers to increase soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] yield in already high-yielding environments. Field research was conducted in three locations within 6 states (Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, and Minnesota) in 2009 to determine the effect of seed treatment, inoculant, foliar fungicide, additional soil fertility beyond state recommendations, foliar fertilizer, increased population over state recommendations, and narrow row spacing on yield. The high-input system (combination of the management practices) yielded higher than standard-input system (University recommended management practices) in only 8 of the 18 locations. Narrow rows, in both the high …

An Integrative Approach To Genomic Introgression Mapping, Andrew J. Severin, Gregory A. Peiffer, Wayne W. Xu, D. L. Hyten, Bruna Bucciarelli, Jamie A. O'Rourke, Yung-Tsi Bolon, David Grant, Andrew Farmer, Gregory D. May, Carroll P. Vance, Randy C. Shoemaker, Robert M. Stupar

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Near-isogenic lines (NILs) are valuable genetic resources for many crop species, including soybean (Glycine max). The development of new molecular platforms promises to accelerate the mapping of genetic introgressions in these materials. Here, we compare some existing and emerging methodologies for genetic introgression mapping: single-feature polymorphism analysis, Illumina GoldenGate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, and de novo SNP discovery via RNA-Seq analysis of next-generation sequence data. We used these methods to map the introgressed regions in an iron-inefficient soybean NIL and found that the three mapping approaches are complementary when utilized in combination. The comparative RNA-Seq approach offers …

Crop Registration: The Pathway To Public Access Of Plant Genetic Materials To Build Crops For The Future, D. D. Ellis, K. A. Garland-Campbell, J. A. Grotenhuis, M. M. Jenderek, Jeffrey F. Pedersen

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Starting in 1926 and continuing for 80+ yr, 11,241 crop genetic materials have been registered as of 31 Dec. 2008. The crop registration process is an important pathway to publically describe and document new and useful genetic materials and to incorporate these into the public domain via the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Crop Registration materials are now searchable via the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) and demand for registered materials remains strong with more than 9150 registered accessions distributed in the past 26 yr by the NPGS. Guidelines continue to evolve to accommodate global factors effecting germplasm exchange such …

Efficacy Of Singular And Stacked Brown Midrib 6 And 12 In The Modification Of Lignocellulose And Grain Chemistry, Scott E. Sattler, Deanna L. Funnell-Harris, Jeffrey F. Pedersen

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

In sorghum, brown midrib (bmr) 6 and 12 impair the last two steps of monolignol synthesis. bmr genes were introduced into grain sorghum to improve the digestibility of lignocellulosic tissues for grazing or bioenergy uses following grain harvest. Near-isogenic grain sorghum hybrids (AWheatland X RTx430) were developed containing bmr6, bmr12, and the bmr6 bmr12 double mutant (stacked), and their impacts were assessed in a two-year field study. The bmr genes did not significantly impact grain or lignocellulosic tissue yield. Lignocellulosic tissue from bmr6, bmr12, and stacked hybrids had reduced lignin content and increased in …

Heterosis In Sweet Sorghum And Selection Of A New Sweet Sorghum Hybrid For Use In Syrup Production In Appalachia, T. W. Pfeiffer, M. J. Bitzer, J. J. Toy, Jeffrey F. Pedersen

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Although heterosis is well established in grain and forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], reports of heterosis in sweet sorghum are limited to results from grain sorghum × sweet sorghum hybrids. Recent development of cytoplasmic male-sterile sweet sorghum lines allows creation of sweet sorghum hybrids for research and industry. Male sterility may also affect allocation of photosynthate to plant parts, creating the potential to increase sugar content in stems by eliminating seed as a sink. The objectives of this study were to compare performance of A₃ cytoplasmic male-sterile lines and A₃ cytoplasmic male-sterile hybrids to fertile B …

Influences Of Wind And Sandblasting On The Endangered Blowout Penstemon, James Stubbendieck, Cheryl D. Dunn, Heidi L. Hillhouse, L. M. Landholt

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Blowout penstemon Penstemon haydenii is a federally endangered species growing only in areas with active wind erosion in sand dunes of the central United States. This early seral species declines as the blowout habitat stabilizes, allowing later seral species to increase. Blowout penstemon populations and plant size declined in the 1990s when precipitation was higher than normal, resulting in reduced sand movement. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to determine whether blowing sand influenced vigor and persistence of blowout penstemon seedlings. Treatments were wind, sandblasting, wind with sandblasting, and a control. The wind treatment was a constant 14 km h^{–1 …}

Fine Mapping Of The Scn Resistance Locus Rhg1-B From Pi 88788, Myungsik Kim, David L. Hyten, Andrew F. Bent, Brian W. Diers

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most economically damaging soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest in the USA and genetic resistance is a key component for its control. Although SCN resistance is quantitative, the rhg1 locus on chromosome 18 (formerly known as Linkage Group G) confers a high level of resistance. The objective of this study was to fi ne-map the rhg1-b allele that is derived from plant introduction (PI) 88788. F₂ and F₃ plants and F_3:4 lines from crosses between SCN resistant and susceptible genotypes were tested with genetic markers to …

High-Throughput Snp Discovery And Assay Development In Common Bean, David L. Hyten, Qijian Song, Edward W. Fickus, Charles V. Quigley, Jong-Sung Lim, Ik-Young Choi, Eun-Young Hwang, Marcial Pastor-Corrales, Perry B. Cregan

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Background: Next generation sequencing has significantly increased the speed at which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be discovered and subsequently used as molecular markers for research. Unfortunately, for species such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) which do not have a whole genome sequence available, the use of next generation sequencing for SNP discovery is much more difficult and costly. To this end we developed a method which couples sequences obtained from the Roche 454-FLX system (454) with the Illumina Genome Analyzer (GA) for high-throughput SNP discovery. Results: Using a multi-tier reduced representation library we discovered a total of …