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Articles 961 - 990 of 1020
Full-Text Articles in Agriculture
A Salvage Excavation At ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna In Naḥal ‘Iron (Pp. 31–69), Don Glick
A Salvage Excavation At ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna In Naḥal ‘Iron (Pp. 31–69), Don Glick
'Atiqot
A monumental, nearly square, two-story peristyle building was revealed, dating to the second century CE. It was flanked on the east by a row of shops and on the west, by additional architectural remains. The structure is a typical Greco-Roman peristyle building, consisting of a central colonnaded courtyard, a portico and 20 rooms. The strikingly meticulous craftsmanship of the building’s construction and the high-quality stone masonry attest that it was built by professional builders. The finds included large amounts of Early Roman potsherds; several basalt vessels, pestles, grinding stones and millstones; metal objects, mostly nails; and domestic glass vessels from …
Design Analysis Of The Peristyle Building From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 71–75), David Milson
Design Analysis Of The Peristyle Building From ‘Ein Ez-Zeituna (Pp. 71–75), David Milson
'Atiqot
The peristyle building at ‘Ein ez-Zeituna followed the design of the Roman pedes according to a very strict plan. The workmanship of the building is outstanding, marking it as an architectural landmark in public construction in Roman Palestine.
Burials From The Intermediate Bronze Age And The Roman Period At Bet Dagan (Pp. 23–30), Martin Peilstöcker
Burials From The Intermediate Bronze Age And The Roman Period At Bet Dagan (Pp. 23–30), Martin Peilstöcker
'Atiqot
Nine tombs were excavated: seven dated to the Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA), and two, to the Early Roman period. The IBA tombs were all simple burial pits, dug into hamra soil. The Roman-period tombs were cist graves. The pottery finds from the IBA pits included a bowl, cups, jars, amphoriskoi and a lamp, all resembling Dever’s Southern Family. The finds from the Roman period comprised two pottery vessels and a rare bronze jug with a decorated handle.
Salvage Excavations At A Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site At Modi‘In (Pp. 1–14), Vladimir Zbenovich
Salvage Excavations At A Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site At Modi‘In (Pp. 1–14), Vladimir Zbenovich
'Atiqot
Excavations undertaken on two hills and an intervening field revealed a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site. On the eastern hill, more than 300 flint objects were retrieved, mostly natural chunks and flakes; no traces of permanent human presence or activity were recorded. On the western hill, 565 lithics were collected, dating to Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA); outcrops of the raw material used for their manufacture were observed on the surface. Numerous flint objects also dating to PPNA were visible on the surface in the intervening field. This site is a new link in the chain of PPNA sites discovered in the Modi‘in …
Remains Of An Early Chalcolithic Settlement On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Usha (Pp. 15–22), Martin Peilstöcker
Remains Of An Early Chalcolithic Settlement On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Usha (Pp. 15–22), Martin Peilstöcker
'Atiqot
A small-scale salvage excavation was conducted at the foot of Ḥorbat Usha. Only meager architectural remains were uncovered, including wall and floor fragments. The finds comprised pottery, a basalt vessel and flint artifacts characteristic of the Chalcolithic period.
Survey Of Ancient Agricultural Systems At The ‘En Gedi Oasis (Hebrew; English Summary), Yosef Porath
Survey Of Ancient Agricultural Systems At The ‘En Gedi Oasis (Hebrew; English Summary), Yosef Porath
'Atiqot
Impressive remains of agricultural systems on the western shore of the Dead Sea attest to human efforts to prepare the land for cultivation, despite detrimental conditions. Surviving terraces and water installations of ancient farming systems attest that the economy of the ‘En Gedi inhabitants was based mainly on crops. These crops were grown for both local consumption and for market; the most notable plant was date palms. The earliest irrigation system dates to the Hasmonean period. During the Herodian dynasty, the ‘En Gedi Oasis was at its zenith, reaching its peak in the second third of the first century CE. …
Conservation Of The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Orna Cohen
Conservation Of The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Orna Cohen
'Atiqot
The Galilee or Kinneret Boat, also dubbed “Jesus’ Boat,” was found and excavated in 1986. The various degrees of deterioration of the wood, the wood species and the size of the vessel were factors that reflected on the choice of the conservation method. Iron elements, such as nails, were also treated, and biological and bacterial problems were addressed. This report describes the chemical process of the conservation treatment of the wood and iron nails; the overcoming of biological and bacterial problems; and additional technical aspects of the conservation process. The report also describes the stages of preparation of the boat …
Identification Of The Wood In The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Ella Werker
Identification Of The Wood In The Ancient Boat From The Sea Of Galilee, Ella Werker
'Atiqot
The ancient boat of Galilee is built of wooden parts that served different roles in its construction: strakes, frames, keel, tenons and pegs. The boat’s timbers were examined, and 12 plant genera were identified, the two main ones being cedar and oak. All the identified tree species grow in the area, at various distances from the Sea of Galilee, except for cedrus, which was brought from further north. The choice of wood for the boat’s construction was based on factors such as hardness, durability, abundance, shape and length.
Khan Gesher: The Coins, Ariel Berman
Khan Gesher: The Coins, Ariel Berman
'Atiqot
The numismatic finds date to two main periods: the Mamluk and Late Ottoman. All the coins are of bronze. Two modern German coins, from 1924 and 1930, and one American coin, from 1914, can be associated with the first settlers of Kibbutz Gesher.
Khan Gesher: Epitaph Of A Muslim, Moshe Sharon
Khan Gesher: Epitaph Of A Muslim, Moshe Sharon
'Atiqot
A limestone slab inscribed with five lines of elegant naskhi script was found within the Mamluk-period water system at Khan Gesher. The inscription is professionally cut in relief, with no points or vowels.
Khan Gesher (Jisr El-Majami‘), Abdullah Mokary, Zvi Gal
Khan Gesher (Jisr El-Majami‘), Abdullah Mokary, Zvi Gal
'Atiqot
Khan Gesher is one of the earliest khans in Galilee. Three periods of occupation were documented at the site. The khan was first built during the Mamluk period as a square complex, with a central courtyard surrounded by rooms and halls. The halls served as stables, and the rooms and the central courtyard served non-residential functions, e.g., a gate, a water system, and a prayer room. Thus, the khan might have had a second story for housing travelers. During the Ottoman period, the building underwent changes and modifications. The khan was probably destroyed in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth …
Hellenistic And Crusader Remains At Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko), Fanny Vitto
Hellenistic And Crusader Remains At Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko), Fanny Vitto
'Atiqot
The finds from the Hellenistic period comprise building remains that contained imported amphoras dating from the last third of the third century to the third quarter of the second century BCE, as well as pottery lamps, cooking vessels and bowls from the third–second centuries. The Crusader period yielded the remains of walls and pottery dating to the late twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE.
Stamped Amphora Handles And Unstamped Amphora Fragments From Acre (‘Akko), Donald T. Ariel
Stamped Amphora Handles And Unstamped Amphora Fragments From Acre (‘Akko), Donald T. Ariel
'Atiqot
Sixteen stamped amphora handles were retrieved from the excavations at ‘Akko, originating from two production centers: Rhodes and Chios. Their dates range from the last third of the third century to the third quarter of the second century BCE.
Textiles, Basketry, Cordage And Whorls From Mo’A (Moje Awad), Orit Shamir
Textiles, Basketry, Cordage And Whorls From Mo’A (Moje Awad), Orit Shamir
'Atiqot
The artifacts were discovered in a way station along the Spice Route, which was exposed at Mo’a in the ‘Arava Valley. A total of 310 textile fragments were analyzed. They are made of wool, goat hair and linen, in plain weave and its variations. Dyed fabrics are also present. Some pieces were decorated with colored bands or tapestry. Most of the 88 basketry items were plaited. In addition, there are two braids, a sandal and a net. The cordage from Mo’a comprises 166 threads, strings and ropes, mostly made from date palm, goat hair, wool, and mixed goat hair and …
Salvage Excavations In The Modi‘In Landscape, Amir Golani
Salvage Excavations In The Modi‘In Landscape, Amir Golani
'Atiqot
Approximately 100 sites were investigated in the area by means of surveys and excavations. Thirteen winepresses were identified, surrounded by cupmarks and basins, alluding to the agricultural exploitation of the area. Thirty-two stone clearance piles were documented. In most piles, limited amounts of Late Hellenistic–Early Roman ceramics were recovered, suggesting they were constructed during that period. Some of these features were of a later date, the Byzantine–Umayyad periods. In the Medieval and Ottoman periods, the region was exploited for its natural resources. Nearly all the charcoal burners and limekilns seem to date to these times.
Gamla 1997–2000, Danny Syon, Zvi Yavor
Gamla 1997–2000, Danny Syon, Zvi Yavor
'Atiqot
Several areas at Gamla were excavated prior to the commencement of visitor-oriented development works at the site. In Area B, ‘the Hasmonean Quarter”, the excavation provided a first clue as to the boundaries of this anomalous area. The earliest finds were discovered in Area G, and included band-slipped potsherds, diagnostic of Early Bronze Age IB. Area K yielded the remains of a private mansion, which appears to have been a three-level domestic residence dating from the first century CE. In Area S, the remains of a basilica partitioned into three aisles were unearthed, and identified as a Jewish public building.
A Burial Cave With A Greek Inscription And Graffiti At Khirbat El-‘Ein, Judean Shephelah, Boaz Zissu
A Burial Cave With A Greek Inscription And Graffiti At Khirbat El-‘Ein, Judean Shephelah, Boaz Zissu
'Atiqot
The cave, arranged along an east–west axis, comprises a courtyard, a vestibule, a burial chamber and an additional room. This plan is characteristic of burial caves dating to the first century CE in Jerusalem and the Judean Shephelah. The entranceway to the burial chamber was blocked by a roll-stone. The doorjambs of the inner section of the entranceway were smoothed and incised with a long Greek inscription that could not be deciphered, but might have had a magical meaning; two nefashot—tomb markers that often surmounted burial caves—are also incised on the doorjambs. Three loculi (kokhim) were hewn in the burial …
The Hebrew Ostraca From Site 94/21, Cave A-2, At Ramat Bet Shemesh, Ianir Milevski
The Hebrew Ostraca From Site 94/21, Cave A-2, At Ramat Bet Shemesh, Ianir Milevski
'Atiqot
An Iron Age C cave, probably a cellar, was excavated some 400 m southwest of Ḥorbat Zanoaḥ. The cave, which yielded pottery dating between the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE, included three ostraca. The letters on the inscribed sherds were poorly preserved. Most of the legible personal names are typical of Judah at the end of the First Temple period, which is corroborated by the script as well. The ostraca shed light on how issues relating to the measurement or produce of fields belonging to several persons were dealt with.
A Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Tur‘An, Lilly Gershuny, Emanuel Eisenberg
A Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Tur‘An, Lilly Gershuny, Emanuel Eisenberg
'Atiqot
The burial cave, carved into limestone, consists of a square, vertical shaft and an elliptical room. The cave’s contents, which included pottery vessels, carnelian beads, a bronze toggle pin and a stone pommel, were scattered on a fill on the floor. Six adult individuals and one child were identified. The bones of sheep and cattle, which served as food offerings, were found as well. The pottery included bowls, a storage jar, a large krater with loop feet, jugs, dipper and piriform juglets, and a unique Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet with a zoomorphic protome. The cave is a typical Early Bronze Age …
A Lead Pilgrimage Ampulla From ‘Akko’S Crusader Harbor, Jacob Sharvit, Bridget Buxton, William H. Krieger, Dror Planer, Ofra Barkai
A Lead Pilgrimage Ampulla From ‘Akko’S Crusader Harbor, Jacob Sharvit, Bridget Buxton, William H. Krieger, Dror Planer, Ofra Barkai
'Atiqot
A medieval mold-made lead pilgrimage ampulla was retrieved in an underwater excavation in the port of ‘Akko. It exhibits molded ribbing, resembling a scallop shell or drawstring purse on one side, and an aniconic quatrefoil petal on the other. Such mass-produced, budget-friendly, lead pilgrim ampullae are well-known in medieval Christianity, probably reflecting an insatiable desire for holy relics. Certain characteristics of the ampulla may suggest that it was locally produced in ‘Akko. In the Crusader period, ‘Akko was the major maritime gateway in and out of the Holy Land for European pilgrims, and the ‘Akko ampulla may have arrived at …
The Glass Finds From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Tamar Winter
The Glass Finds From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Tamar Winter
'Atiqot
The glass finds distributed throughout the monastery at Giv‘ot Bar include vessels that denote the religious nature of the building: bottles, juglets, several types of lamps and windowpanes. These finds are characteristic of ecclesiastical complexes of the late Byzantine period, and attest to an active Christian community at the site.
Three Greek Inscriptions From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Leah Di Segni
Three Greek Inscriptions From The Monastery At Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Leah Di Segni
'Atiqot
Three Greek inscriptions were discovered within a small coenobium at Giv‘ot Bar in the northern Negev. One was set in a mosaic pavement in the chapel, and the other two were painted in red ink on building blocks found in the debris near the entrance to the chapel. The mosaic inscription mentions a string of names, probably of the monks who cared for the laying of the mosaic pavement in the chapel, or perhaps for the foundation of the coenobium. The two other inscriptions are epitaphs, indicating that the chapel was also used for burial. One epitaph mentions a date …
A Byzantine-Period Monastery And Farmhouse In Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Nir-Shimshon Paran
A Byzantine-Period Monastery And Farmhouse In Nahal Pehar (Giv‘Ot Bar), In The Northern Negev, Nir-Shimshon Paran
'Atiqot
A Byzantine-period monastery and farmhouse were uncovered on the southwestern bank of Naḥal Peḥar, within the modern settlement of Giv‘ot Bar, in the northern Negev. The monastery was well-preserved, attesting to the daily life of the monks in the Negev in the Byzantine period. It was paved with poorly executed mosaic floors, probably laid by the monks themselves. Most of the finds in the monastery were uncovered on the floors, attesting to its orderly abandonment in the late Byzantine or beginning of the Umayyad period (sixth–seventh centuries CE). The monastery seems to have belonged to the widespread ecclesiastical system documented …
Intermediate Bronze Age Fauna From A Suspected Cultic Area At Nahal RefaʼIm, Liora Kolska Horwitz
Intermediate Bronze Age Fauna From A Suspected Cultic Area At Nahal RefaʼIm, Liora Kolska Horwitz
'Atiqot
A small assemblage of faunal remains was recovered from four archaeological contexts excavated on the northern bank of Naḥal Refaʼim. These include Bronze Age rock-cut pits (Area 100), a structure (Area 300), a burial cave (Area 500) and an Ottoman-period shomera (Area 400). The remains represent almost exclusively domestic taxa—sheep, goat, cattle and donkey—some of which exhibit butchery marks, other modifications or burning. The faunal assemblage from the pits, together with other complementary data, may attest that the pits were used as favissae (cultic storage pits) associated with ritual activities at the site.
Early Bronze Age Iv/Intermediate Bronze Age Flint Artifacts From Nahal Refa’Im, Hamoudi Khalaily
Early Bronze Age Iv/Intermediate Bronze Age Flint Artifacts From Nahal Refa’Im, Hamoudi Khalaily
'Atiqot
A small collection of twelve Canaanean sickle blades was retrieved from the excavation at Naḥal Refaʼim. Six tools, two cores and four flakes were found, the majority of which were made of local flint of the Meshash Formation.
Intermediate Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age Ii And Iron Age Ii Pottery From Nahal Refa’Im, Lilly Gershuny
Intermediate Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age Ii And Iron Age Ii Pottery From Nahal Refa’Im, Lilly Gershuny
'Atiqot
The pottery assemblage from the Naḥal Refa’im site originated in three different archaeological contexts: pits, structure(s) and a burial cave. These findings attest that the main period of occupation was during the Intermediate Bronze Age. One pit may have been reused for burial in Middle Bronze Age II, and the burial cave was visited in Iron Age II, possibly by the inhabitants of nearby Khirbat er-Ras.
Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Settlement Remains, Domestic Worship, Pits And Burial Practices In Nahal RefaʼIm, Jerusalem, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Alexander Onn
Intermediate And Middle Bronze Age Settlement Remains, Domestic Worship, Pits And Burial Practices In Nahal RefaʼIm, Jerusalem, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Alexander Onn
'Atiqot
Excavations on the northern bank of the Refa’im Valley uncovered four sites: a shaft tomb and building remains with a standing stone dating to the Intermediate Bronze Age; a concentration of eight pits dating to the Intermediate Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age II; and an Ottoman-period agricultural watchtower. The building remains and installations were probably part of the Intermediate Bronze Age settlement along Naḥal Refa’im. The standing stone’s prominent location, and the large concentration of pits and installations near it, may support its identification with domestic worship. The thin fill at the bottom of some of the pits …
Graffiti And Other Evidence Of Bulgarian Pilgrimage To Jerusalem In The Ottoman Period: A Photographic Survey, Michael Chernin, Shai Halevi
Graffiti And Other Evidence Of Bulgarian Pilgrimage To Jerusalem In The Ottoman Period: A Photographic Survey, Michael Chernin, Shai Halevi
'Atiqot
This paper presents the results of a photographic survey of graffiti inscriptions on the walls of Greek Orthodox monasteries in the Old City of Jerusalem and its vicinity, dating from the Ottoman period. A unique methodology of multispectral and RTI imaging was applied to document the inscriptions, bringing to light evidence of the presence of Bulgarian pilgrims in these monasteries. Based on the corpus of inscriptions presented herein, previously documented contemporary graffiti in other Greek Orthodox compounds and historical sources, we were able to historically identify specific people and their places of origin, further allowing us to reconstruct the Bulgarian …
Sixth–Seventh-Century Ce Armenian Inscriptions Of A Monastic Community In Jerusalem, Michael E. Stone
Sixth–Seventh-Century Ce Armenian Inscriptions Of A Monastic Community In Jerusalem, Michael E. Stone
'Atiqot
Excavations in the Musrara neighborhood of Jerusalem uncovered four Armenian inscriptions within a monastic complex founded in the fifth–sixth centuries CE. The inscriptions were found on a mosaic floor, on tombstones and on a large pottery bowl, and together with the Birds Mosaic, they probably formed part of one monastic complex, in which Armenians played a significant role. As there is no hint in the historical sources of the existence of this complex, the archaeological discovery contributes new historical information concerning the Christian, and particularly Armenian settlement in Jerusalem in the seventh century CE.
Light-Microscopic And Spectroscopic Analyses Of The Skin Materials Used In The Tefillin And Mezuzah Slips From The Judean Desert, Yonatan Adler, Theresa Emmerich Kamper
Light-Microscopic And Spectroscopic Analyses Of The Skin Materials Used In The Tefillin And Mezuzah Slips From The Judean Desert, Yonatan Adler, Theresa Emmerich Kamper
'Atiqot
Among the Dead Sea Scrolls is an assemblage of ancient tefillin and mezuzah slips—ritual artifacts composed of thin animal skins inscribed with passages from the Pentateuch. This paper presents the results of light-microscopic and spectroscopic analyses conducted on 26 tefillin and 8 mezuzot from the Judean Desert caves. These analyses provide the first opportunity to identify the following characteristics on these artifacts: animal species; skin thickness; skin layers present; tannage; side/s of skin with writing. In time, these characteristics took on ritual significance, especially in later rabbinic halakhah. A significant finding is that the ancient tefillin analyzed here were all …