Life Sciences Commons^™

Identification Of Genes Associated With Zinc And Copper Concentrations In Walnut (Juglans Regia L.) By Gwas Analysis, Berfi̇n Nazlican Kaman, Bülent Yağmur, Erdal Orman, Muhammed Bahatti̇n Tanyolaç, Duygu Ateş

Turkish Journal of Botany

154 walnut genotypes from various geographic regions were analyzed in the study. Micronutrient concentrations of zinc (Zn) ranged from 1.61 to 8.98 mg/100 g, and the concentrations of copper (Cu) varied between 0.12 and 0.38 mg/100 g. 16,473 SNPs were generated using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) for genome-wide association (GWAS) studies. The Mixed Linear Model (MLM) utilizing the Q + K model revealed seven associated markers for the element Zn in 2021 and four in 2022. The MLM (Q + K) model indicated two associated markers for the element Cu in 2021 and three in 2022. The markers found in …

Gene Expression Changes In The Seagrass Cymodocea Nodosa Individuals In Response To Aquatic Acidification, Enes Göksal, Esra Öztürk Yi̇ği̇t

Turkish Journal of Botany

Human activities have caused a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, leading to greater absorption of CO2 by oceans and causing ocean acidification. This phenomenon, marked by a reduction in pH, represents substantial risks to marine ecosystems, including seagrass meadows. Seagrasses are vital elements of coastal ecosystems, performing important functions in carbon storage, stabilizing shorelines, and preserving biodiversity; however, reactions to ocean acidification are not well understood, especially in terms of molecular.This research study examined alterations in gene expression within seagrass meadows, namely the species Cymodocea nodosa, in reaction to simulated ocean acidification conditions. Climate chamber system to adjust …

Exploring The Population Structure And Genetic Diversity In Apple Germplasm Using Ipbs-Retrotransposon Markers, Aigul Madenova, Angsagan Kuan, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Azhar Nadeem, Muhammad Tanveer Altaf, Balnur Kabylbekova, Dinara Kaldybaeva, Ti̇mur Turdi̇yev, Faheem Shahzad Baloch

Turkish Journal of Botany

The apple (Malus domestica [Suckow] Borkh) is economically and culturally significant worldwide, thriving in temperate regions. This study examined genetic variations among 52 apple accessions from three research centers in Kazakhstan using the iPBS-retrotransposons marker system. Out of 35 screened markers, 12 highly polymorphic markers were selected for PCR amplification, resulting in 280 bands, 279 of which were polymorphic, yielding a 99.64% polymorphism rate. Genetic diversity indices showed substantial variation: effective number of alleles (ne=1.655), Shannon's information index (I=0.373), gene diversity (h=0.549), and an average genetic distance of 1.2. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 98.80% of the …

Role Of Sulfur Metabolism In Acquiring Of Boron Tolerance In Arabidopsis Thaliana, Seda Yi̇rmi̇beş, Ceyhun Kayihan, Nuran Çi̇çek, Yasemi̇n Ekmekçi̇

Turkish Journal of Botany

The purpose of this study was to assess whether sulfate applications (pre- and combined) caused the changes of tolerance against boron (B) toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. Plants were germinated and grown on MS medium for 12 days, and then, sulfate pre-treatment groups (PS-B) were transferred to sulfate-containing media for 3 days. Subsequently, PS-B, combined (S+B) and un-treated application groups were transferred to medium containing 3 and 5 mM B for 10 days. Leaf area, plant biomass and total chlorophyll content decreased significantly depending on the accumulation of B. Toxic levels of B adversely affected …

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (Nmda) Receptors Control Calcium Signaling In Striatal Neurons To Guide Value-Based Learning, Alex Legaria Macal

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an essential role in neuronal function. Activation of NMDARs leads to calcium influx into postsynaptic neurons, which regu?late many fundamental aspects of neuronal physiology including synaptic plasticity, gene expression, and excitability. In the striatum, the input region of the basal ganglia, NM?DAR activity has been shown to regulate physiological function of striatal neurons, such as synaptic plasticity and excitability, and they also modulate behavior, particularly op?erant learning. However, there are many fundamental questions about the signaling and effects of NMDARs in vivo that have yet to be resolved. Moreover, the link between the physiological and behavioral …

How Do Anxiety, Stress, Impulsiveness, And Sleep Quality Affect Memory, Hodavia Tshiya Kaseya

Online Theses and Dissertations

Memory is a critical cognitive function that enables individuals to retain, recall, and apply knowledge across various contexts. Different memory systems, including working memory and long-term memory, collaborate to process and store information. Factors such as stress, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and impulsiveness can impact memory encoding and retrieval, especially in college students, whose academic success depends heavily on memory performance. This study examined the relationship between these everyday factors and memory performance by analyzing brain activity during memory encoding using Electroencephalography (EEG) and the Difference due to memory (DM) event-related potential (ERP) effect, to understand how stress, sleep, anxiety, and …

Bat Activity Across Urban Forest Plantings In Lexington, Kentucky, Grayson Marie Collier

Online Theses and Dissertations

Urbanization has led to major forest loss and negatively impacts ecosystem services. Urban reforestation efforts, such as Reforest the Bluegrass (RTB) in the Lexington-Fayette metropolitan area of Kentucky, have been implemented to address these negative effects, and to create habitat for forest-dependent wildlife such as bats. My research focused on assessing differences in bat activity across a 20-year chronosequence of RTB sites. Acoustic detectors were deployed across 10 different-aged plantings at 60 randomly-defined detector locations. Each planting was surveyed across 8 sampling periods from May – August 2023. Each recording session spanned ca. 7 consecutive nights, yielding a total of …

Integrative Single-Cell Genomics And Machine Learning Methods For Tumor Microenvironment Characterization And Survival Prediction, Wenjuan Zhang

Theses and Dissertations

The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises diverse cell types and plays crucial roles in cancer development and therapeutic response. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data quantifies gene expression at the single-cell level, enabling the dissection of heterogeneous cell populations in various biological contexts and diseases. In this work, we developed integrative single-cell genomics and machine learning approaches to characterize the TME and enhance patient survival prediction. We introduced a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based method, cnnImpute, to address the high proportion of missing data in scRNA-seq datasets. cnnImpute effectively imputes missing values while preserving the integrity of cell clusters, achieving superior performance in …

Selective Indel Marker Identification Across The Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Genome Using Ddradseq, Moin Qureshi, Bi̇rgül Guden, Hi̇lal Şule Tosun, Mojtaba Kordrostami, Sunil Shiwaji Gangurde, Bülent Uzun, Engi̇n Yol

Turkish Journal of Botany

The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, mainly double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq), has significantly advanced the development of molecular markers for crop genetics. This study used ddRADSeq to identify and develop insertion-deletion (InDel) markers in 25 peanut genotypes from diverse geographic regions. The bioinformatic analysis unveiled 62728 InDels across the peanut genome, predominantly between 1-5 bp, which constituted 96% of the total, while InDels of ≥ 6 bp accounted for 3.96%. We focused on 1013 InDels of at least 10 bp for further analysis, representing 1.61% of the total reads, with a distribution of 832 insertions and 181 …

The Effect Of Thidiazuron Treatment On The Growth Of Vanda Limbata Blume In Vivo, Novika Ditasya Putri, Nintya Setiari, Yulita Nurchayati, Sri Widodo Agung Suedy

Makara Journal of Science

Vanda limbata is one of the most popular ornamental orchids. Currently, its growth is slow, making it necessary to improve its cultivation techniques. One of the possible ways to achieve this is to use plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a cytokinin used to increase the growth of V. limbata. This study aimed to determine the effect of TDZ concentration on the growth rate of V. limbata. The study involved cultivating V. limbata on planting media and spraying it with TDZ at various concentrations. This research uses a CRD (Completely Randomized Design) single-factor, which is TDZ concentration at …

Mnsod Gene Knockout Promotes Apoptosis In Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Bt-549 Cells Through Survivin Inhibition And Caspase-3 And Caspase-9 Modulation, Niken Rahmah Ghanny, Septelia Inawati Wanandi, Sekar Arumsari, Rafika Indah Paramita, Resda Akhra Syahrani, Putu Indah Paramita Adi Putri

Makara Journal of Science

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by the lack of estro-gen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors. TNBC cells are becoming more aggressive due to the high expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) antioxidants to suppress reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis and promote oncogenic signaling. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of MnSOD knockout (KO) on TNBC cell apoptosis by assessing the survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3 expressions. BT-549 TNBC cells containing the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-edited MnSOD gene were used to evaluate the messenger RNA (mRNA) …

Degradation And Digestion Of Polypropylene, Polyethylene, And Styrofoam By Tenebrio Molitor L. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidae) Larvae, Wachju Subchan, Abdu Rohman, Jekti Prihatin, Fahriyah Ulimatus Salma, Rohima Novianti Halimah, Alifia Wardhatul Jannah, Risa Rosita

Makara Journal of Science

The increasing use of disposable plastic bags is affecting environmental problems because it requires thousands of years to degrade naturally. To overcome these problems, mealworms (larvae of Tenebrio molitor L.) become an alter-native solution. They can be considered as biodegradation agents of plastic because of the presence of symbiont bacte-ria in its gut that secretes plastic-depolymerizing enzymes. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the degradation and digestion ability of T. molitor in consuming various plastic types and thickness. Two designs have also been used: first, comparing the degradation and digestion of various plastic types, and second, comparing the degradation and …

Morphological And Molecular Identification Of Saurida Spp. (Teleostei: Synodontidae) From Saudi Arabia And Indonesia, Muhammad Browijoyo Santanumurti, Suciyono Suciyono, Mohamed Ahmed Abu El-Regal

Makara Journal of Science

Saurida is a unique fishery commodity because it is difficult to differentiate visually. They can be only effectively con-served once accurately identified. This study aimed to determine the morphology and molecular characteristics of Sau-rida spp. from Banyuwangi (Indonesia) and Jizan (Saudi Arabia). Meristic and morphometric analysis was performed for morphological identification, whereas COI gene analysis was performed for molecular identification. Morphological analysis was performed to identify Saurida in this study, such as S. tumbil (Jizan, Saudi Arabia) and S. micropectoralis (Banyuwangi, Indonesia). S. tumbil did not have dark brown spots on the lateral line and upper caudal fin, whereas S. …

Activities Of Cellulolytic, Amylolytic, And Secondary Metabolites From Thermophilic Actinomycetes Collected From The Heated Soil Around Cisolok Geyser, Dhian Chitra Ayu Fitria Sari, Fitria Ningsih, Mazytha Kinanti Rachmania, Akira Yokota, Wellyzar Sjamsuridzal

Makara Journal of Science

This study investigated the antimicrobial activity, cellulolytic, and amylolytic abilities of eight thermophilic Actinomy-cetes isolated from the heated soil around the Cisolok geyser, West Java, Indonesia. Cellulolytic and amylolytic abili-ties were screened for on media by adding 1% (w/v) soluble starch and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), respectively. Antimicrobial activity was screened for using the agar-plug diffusion method by cultivating strains on various growth media. Growth at various temperatures showed that six strains could grow up to 50 °C. Seven out of eight strains showed amylolytic ability at 40 °C and 45 °C, and only four strains did so at 50 °C. Screening …

Observations On The Biodegration By Solid State Fermentation Of The Giant Swamp Taro (Cyrtosperma Merkusii) Biomass By Two Endolichenic Fungi Isolates, Maria Helena, Helen Joan Lawalata, Dino Rahardiyan, Livana Dethris Rawung, Emma Mauren Moko

Makara Journal of Science

Giant swamp taro (GST/Cyrtosperma merkusii), a local North Sulawesi coastal plant, is underutilized but has high po-tential for cultivation as a paludiculture plant on rewetted peatland restorations. GST has high starch content and is currently being explored for potential use. This study explored the potential of using the biomass pulp yielded as resi-dues of the starch extraction process. Endolichenic fungi (Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus aculeatus) isolated from local lichens, were inoculated on the GST biomass in a solid state fermentation (SSF). Findings of this study indicate that both isolates were effective in degrading the lignocellulosic biomass of GST over an …

The Activity And Origin Of The Chitinases In The Gut Of The Mediterranean House Gecko, Alec John

Masters Theses (Archived)

Chitin is a major component of the exoskeleton of arthropods as well as the cell wall of fungi. This amino polysaccharide polymer provides structure and protection to these organisms and represents a significant barrier to digestion of arthropod prey and fighting fungal infections. Chitinases are enzymes that break down chitin. Smaller insectivores, based upon the higher surface-to-volume ratio of their even smaller prey, ingest a large amount of chitin per unit prey item. Therefore, they represent high-likelihood opportunities to bio prospect for novel chitinases that may be effective against pathogenic fungi. Fungal infections are notoriously difficult to treat, and they …

Avian Adaptation To Thermal Gradients, Justin Wheeler Baldwin

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Life on Earth has adapted to extremely different temperatures worldwide. However, across distant branches of the tree of life, animals in similar temperature environments often share similar phenotypic traits. Specifically, traits that bear on the ratio between an individual’s surface area (e.g. appendage length) and its volume (e.g. body size) are particularly important for temperature regulation and are codified in canonical biogeographical rules. Although these global patterns of finding larger-bodied (Bergmann’s Rule) and shorter-limbed (Allen’s Rule) animals in colder regions are widely upheld, they also show substantial variation. It remains poorly understood why some animals conform to these biogeographical rules …

Pmp2+ Scs Maintain The Survival And Functioning Of Large-Caliber Motor Axons, Mikolaj Kozlowski

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by selective neuronal vulnerability, a phenomenon in which a specific pathology induces the death of a particular subpopulation of neurons. For example, selective neuronal vulnerability in the peripheral nervous system results in sensory, motor, or mixed peripheral neuropathies. While the intrinsic differences between neuronal subtypes cannot fully explain the basis of selective neuronal vulnerability, it is plausible that it partially stems from neuron extrinsic mechanisms such as the malfunction of distinct Schwann cell (SC) subtypes. Recently, we identified an exciting subpopulation of myelinating SCs characterized by the expression of Adamtsl1, Cldn14, and Pmp2 (hereafter referred to …

Understanding Sequence Determinants Of Functional Protein Dynamics Using Biophysical Simulations And Experiments, Upasana Lakshmi Mallimadugula

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Mutations in the sequence of proteins associated with a disease often increase its risk or severity. They can also be a barrier to developing effective therapeutics for such diseases. One way in which mutations affect function is by altering dynamics that elude structural studies. Observing these changes requires methods that can report on movements of the protein on various timescales and is an ongoing challenge in biophysics and biochemistry. In this study I will use both experimental and computational techniques that can report on such dynamics to explore how small sequence changes shift the conformational landscape and consequently the function …

Sustainable Plastics From Plastic Metabolisms: Leveraging Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria For Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthesis, Eric Michael Conners

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are a taxonomically diverse group of gram-negative bacteria representing some of Earth’s most metabolically versatile life, with many genera capable of switching between the four major metabolic modes – chemoheterotrophy, chemoautotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and photoautotrophy. Today, we exploit this diversity to explore fundamental questions about microbial metabolism. At the same time, many researchers are eager to use PNSB as tools for biotechnological innovations. Yet there exists a gap between fundamental biology and applied science. Part of the challenge is that we rely on a handful of model organisms – namely, members of the genera Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodobacter …

Gene-Environment Interactions In Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights From Mexican American Populations, Eron G. Manusov, Vincent P. Diego, Marcio Almeida, Jacob Galan, Auwal A. Bala, Marco Arriaga, Natasha Garcia-Rodriguez, Renee Hernandez, Satish Kumar, John Blangero, Sarah Williams-Blangero

School of Medicine Publications

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and complex condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This chapter explores the genotype-by-environment interactions that contribute to the development and progression of NAFLD in the Mexican American population. Using advanced genetic epidemiology and bioinformatics approaches, we investigated how specific genetic variants interact with environmental factors such as depression, acculturation stress, and social determinants of health, to influence NAFLD risk and severity. Our findings reveal significant genotype-by-environment interactions for key NAFLD-related traits, including HbA1c, AST/ALT ratio, and steatosis-controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). We also discuss the application of cutting-edge proteomic and transcriptomic …

Presence Of The Ade Multidrug Systems And Response To Triclosan Exposure In Acinetobacter Baumannii From Animal Origins, Sirawit Pagdepanichkit, Rungtip Chuanchuen

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Thirty Acinetobacter baumannii from animal origins were obtained from 210 animal carcasses submitted for post-mortem examination, including dogs (n=112), cats (n=45), rabbits (n=17), birds (n=15), pigs (n=7) and exotic animals (n=14). All the isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility with absence and presence of efflux inhibitors i.e. reserpine and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and expression profile of important six multidrug efflux systems (i.e. AdeABC, AdeDE, AdeFGH, AdeIJK, AbeM and AmvA). Fifteen isolates expressing different Ade multidrug efflux pumps were selected for determining transcription levels and regulatory mutations. A continuous in vitro exposure experiment with benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and triclosan …

Investigating The Expression Of C-Myc And Birc5 In Trail And Pbox-15 Treated Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells, Corinne Kai Leng Chew, Hannah O'Toole, Daniela M. Zisterer, Seema M. Nathwani, Jade K. Pollock

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Purpose Metastatic prostate cancer is associated with poor survival rate and limited treatment options. Overexpression of c-Myc and BIRC5 has been reported in prostate cancer cells which contribute to the development of the tumour environment. The specific tumour receptor mechanism of the death ligand TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand) has attracted remarkable therapeutic interest. However, many cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL monotherapy. A novel microtubule-targeting agent, PBOX-15 is known to exhibit anti-tumour activity in cancer cell lines including those with multi-drug resistance. Previous studies demonstrated that PBOX-15 is capable in sensitising cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated cell …

Comparing Multivalent Cross-Linked Sodium Alginate/ Montmorillonite Beads Containing Curcumin Or Cayenne Pepper As Drug Carriers And Their Antimicrobial Resistance, Shionainn Traynor, Shubham Sharma

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

The aim of the following work was to investigate and compare curcumin and cayenne pepper in microbeads composed of sodium alginate (SA) crosslinked with montmorillonite (MMT) to act as drug carriers and their antimicrobial resistance. The microbeads were prepared through ion-exchange in multivalent solutions of CaCl₂, MgCl₂ and AlCl₃. The microbeads were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and the time required for intercalation of curcumin and cayenne pepper with MMT. Simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.3) and gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37°C were used for comparison in swelling studies. …

Association Between Body Mass Index, Abdominal Obesity And Menopause-Related Symptoms In Postmenopausal Women, Brianna A. Rice, Patricia Heavey

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Abstract: Existing research demonstrates a lack of data on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and menopause-related symptoms in postmenopausal women, particularly in Ireland. This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between BMI, general abdominal obesity and menopause-related symptoms in postmenopausal women. This should help bridge the data gap regarding postmenopausal women living in Ireland and their symptoms. Introduction: Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of a woman's menstrual cycle. This is caused by a reduction of the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone, leading to reduced ovarian function. These changes have been attributed …

Tension Recordings From Primary Bronchi In Acta2-Gcamp8.1-Mvermilion Transgenic Mice, Qais Khalaf, Srijit Ghosh, Keith Thornbury

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Contractions in smooth muscle cells are initiated by elevation of cytosolic Ca²⁺. It is of interest to measure Ca²⁺ signals in these cells. Transgenic Acta2-GCaMP8.1-mVermilion (GCaMP) mice express a genetically encoded intracellular fluorescent Ca²⁺ indicator in smooth muscle cells, have been developed to facilitate the study of Ca²⁺. However, there is a concern that the GCaMP Ca²⁺ indicator might buffer Ca²⁺ and interfere with the signals it is designed to measure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare tension responses in GCaMP and wild type (WT) mice to determine if …

Review: Cell Mechanisms In The Control Of Inflammatory Foundations Of Obesity And Secondary Metabolic Disorders, Kristin Goldstone, Keelin Irwin, Ava O' Meara-Cushen, Cathy Brougham

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Review: Obesity is a global threat to human health that is precipitating epidemically, with almost 2 billion adults categorised as overweight or obese in 2016. Ireland has one of the highest reports of obesity in Europe with 60% of Irish adults reported as overweight or obese. Inflammation plays an integral role in disease pathogenesis and is a major hallmark of obesity and obesity-related secondary co-morbidities. Obesity-related inflammation can precipitate several diseases, such breast cancer, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and cardiovascular issues. As obesity puts human health at inherent risk, the regulation of obesity-related inflammation is therefore a necessary component …

Mathematical Modelling Of Disease Outbreak, Favour Christian, Matthew Molloy

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Establishing a model framework for more research necessitates a thorough understanding of the causes, distribution, prevalence, and evolution of infectious illnesses. The main mathematical concept used in this modelling simulation is ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of the many criteria linked to a zombie virus spread. The zombie framework provides an accessible and relatively simple representation of the nature of infectious disease spread, allowing for tractable assumptions and the development of more complex situations.

The models are designed around a zombie outbreak in which the zombie virus is spread through a …

Investigation Into The Effect Of Aspartame On The Expression Of P53 And Bax In Mouse Stomach Tissue, Angelique Cheryl, Aoife Mac Cooey

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Introduction: The recent reclassification of aspartame as a Group 2B hazard by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, along with studies suggesting links to cancer, has raised concerns and prompted further investigation. Evidence suggests that aspartame exposure may alter p53 and BAX gene expression, affecting apoptosis in cancer cells. This study aims to examine how aspartame exposure affects p53 and BAX gene expression in normal mouse stomach tissue, shedding light on cellular stress and apoptosis mechanisms.

Methods: Mice were sacrificed, and stomach tissue was excised and divided into control and treatment groups. RNA extraction was carried out in the …

Total Organic Carbon Analysis Of Residual Contaminants In Bioreactor Equipment: A Cleaning Verification Study Using Surface Swabbing, Ciara E. Fitzpatrick, James J. Roche

SURE Journal: Science Undergraduate Research Experience Journal

Contamination is a major issue in the biopharmaceutical industry. Bioreactors must be meticulously cleaned to remove residual impurities and avoid cross-contamination. Cleaning validation is necessary to ensure residual contaminants are reduced to the lowest acceptable limits. Bacterial cells represent the paramount challenge in manufacturing equipment cleaning because they are composed of insoluble organic contaminants. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis is a fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive analytical technique commonly used to evaluate the approximate level of organic contamination.

A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of cleaning procedures in the removal of contaminants from bioreactor equipment by measuring the …