Life Sciences Commons^™

Large And Medium-Sized Mammals Of Carajás National Forest, Pará State, Brazil, Andréa Siqueira Carvalho, Frederico Drumond Martins, Francilma Mendes Dutra, Donald Gettinger, Fernanda Martins-Hatano, Helena De Godoy Bergallo

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The Carajás National Forest is located in the Amazonian region, Pará State, Brazil and is part of a mosaic of conservation units comprising over one million hectares. This region has been explored for its mineral reserves, but knowledge of the distribution of animals and plants is lacking. The objective of this paper is to provide a list of the medium and large-sized mammals recorded from the Carajás NF. We used four methods to record mammals: linear transects, camera traps, records of road-killed animals, and opportunistic observations. We recorded 45 species distributed in nine taxonomic orders, eight of them currently on …

Bird Use Of Solar Photovoltaic Installations At Us Airports: Implications For Aviation Safety, Travis L. Devault, Thomas W. Seamans, Jason A. Schmidt, Jerrold L. Belant, Bradley F. Blackwell, Nicole Mooers, Laura A. Tyson, Lolita Vanpelt

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Several airports in the US have recently installed large photovoltaic (PV) arrays near air-operations areas to offset energy demands, and the US Federal Aviation Administration has published guidelines for new solar installations on airport properties. Although an increased reliance on solar energy will likely benefit airports from environmental and economic perspectives, bird use of solar installations should be exam-ined before wide-scale implementation to determine whether such changes in land use adversely affect aviation safety by increasing risk of bird-aircraft collisions. We studied bird use of five pairs of PV arrays and nearby airport grasslands in Arizona, Colorado, and Ohio, over …

The Cumulative Effects Of Management On The Population Dynamics Of The Double-Crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax Auritus In The Great Lakes, Alban Guillaumet, Brian S. Dorr, Guiming Wang, Terry J. Doyle

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Wildlife species have been subject to control efforts throughout human history due to real or alleged human-wildlife conflicts. The Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus in the interior of North America is no exception, with recent population growth leading to increased conflicts and consequetly the development of many control programmes. These control programmes are usually conducted at local scales, often with little or no effort to assess their cumulative effects at the population level. We attempted the first comprehensive assessment of the cumulative effects of control at various spatio temporal scales, focusing on 199 colonies of Double-crested Cormorant monitored during a 29-year …

Using Quantitative Disease Dynamics As A Tool For Guiding Response To Avian Influenza In Poultry In The United States Of America, K. M. Pepin, E. Spackman, J. D. Brown, K. L. Pabilonia, Lindsey P. Garber, J. Todd Weaver, D. A. Kennedy, Kelly A. Patyk, K. P. Huyvaert, Ryan S. Miller, Alan B. Franklin, Kerri Pedersen, T. L. Bogich, P. Rohani, Susan A. Shriner, Colleen T. Webb, S. Riley

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Wild birds are the primary source of genetic diversity for influenza A viruses that eventually emerge in poultry and humans. Much progress has been made in the descriptive ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), but contributions are less evident from quantitative studies (e.g., those including disease dynamic models). Transmission between host species, individuals and flocks has not been measured with sufficient accuracy to allow robust quantitative evaluation of alternate control protocols. We focused on the United States of America (USA) as a case study for determining the state of our quantitative knowledge of potential AIV emergence processes from wild hosts …

Longevity Of Rodenticide Bait Pellets In A Tropical Environment Following A Rat Eradication Program, Are R. Berentsen, William C. Pitt, John D. Eisemann, Richard M. Engeman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Invasive rodents (primarily Rattus spp.) are responsible for loss of biodiversity in island ecosystems worldwide. Large-scale rodenticide applications are typically used to eradicate rats and restore ecological communities. In tropical ecosystems, environmental conditions rapidly degrade baits and competition for baits by non-target animals can result in eradication failure. Our objective was to evaluate persistence of rodenticide baits during a rat eradication program on Palmyra Atoll; a remote tropical atoll with intense competition for resources by land crabs. Following aerial application, bait condition was monitored in four terrestrial environments and in the canopy foliage of coconut palms. Ten circular PVC hoops …

Bolivian Ectoparasites: A Survey Of The Fleas Of Ctenomys (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae), Elisa Pucu De Araujo, Marcela Lareschi, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We present the results of a multiyear survey of the fleas from ctenomyid rodents across many different habitats from throughout Bolivia. New species records for Bolivia include Tiamastus palpalis and Ectinorus (Panallius) galeanus. New records of fleas from Ctenomys in Bolivia include Gephyropsylla klagesi, Sphinctopsylla inca, and Tetrapsyllus tristis.

Evaluation Of 6 Onrab Ultralite Bait Flavor Matrices Delivered To Coyotes (Canis Latrans): Implications For Oral Rabies Vaccination, Are R. Berentsen, Stacey P. Brummer, Julie K. Young, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The spread of rabies in terrestrial wildlife throughout the United States is primarily controlled through oral rabies vaccination. Relatively low bait acceptance and seroconversion rates by some target species have prompted investigation into an alternative to the RABORAL V-RG bait currently used. In Canada, ONRAB Ultralite baits are used to vaccinate raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Comparative studies between RABORAL V-RG and ONRAB found higher seroconversion rates among raccoons that ingested ONRAB, suggesting that it may be a suitable alternative. However, ONRAB has not been evaluated in many rabies reservoir species, including coyotes (Canis …

Bait Matrix Flavor Preference By Mongoose (Herpestes Auropunctatus) In Puerto Rico: Implications For Oral Rabies Vaccination, Are R. Berentsen, Shylo R. Johnson, Kurt C. Vercauteren

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is the primary rabies vector in Puerto Rico. Mongooses are implicated in up to 74% of rabies cases on the island, and pose a threat to domestic animals and human health and safety. No rabies management program exists in Puerto Rico and development of an oral rabies vaccination program requires determining which flavors on the vaccine’s bait coating matrix that are attractive to mongooses. Our objective was to evaluate preference among three flavors (cheese, coconut and fish) in the Ultralite bait matrix that is used for delivery of Rabies Vaccine, Live Adenovirus Vector …

Does Habitat Heterogeneity In A Multi-Use Landscape Influence Survival Rates And Density Of A Native Mesocarnivore?, Eric M. Gese, Craig M. Thompson

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The relationships between predators, prey, and habitat have long been of interest to applied and basic ecologists. As a native Great Plains mesocarnivore of North America, swift foxes (Vulpes velox) depended on the historic disturbance regime to maintain open grassland habitat. With a decline in native grasslands and subsequent impacts to prairie specialists, notably the swift fox, understanding the influence of habitat on native predators is paramount to future management efforts. From 2001 to 2004, we investigated the influence of vegetation structure on swift fox population ecology (survival and density) on and around the Pin˜on Canyon Maneuver Site, …

Fine-Scale, Spatial And Temporal Assessment Methods For Feral Swine Disturbances To Sensitive Plant Communities In South-Central Florida, Rodney K. Felix Jr., Steve L. Orzell, Eric A. Tillman, Richard M. Engeman, Michael L. Avery

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Feral swine are estimated to annually cost hundreds of millions of dollars in economic loss to property and agriculture in the USA, while their ecological consequences remain largely unmeasured. Using submeter-accurate Global Positioning System technology over a multiyear project, we are quantifying in a novel way the spatial and temporal attributes of swine rooting damage within 587 ha of ecologically sensitive wetland plant communities at Avon Park Air Force Range in south-central Florida. We delineated damage polygons from 0.0023 to 4,335 m² and were able to document recurrent damage through time at most sites during each assessment. For each …

Effectiveness Of Tailored Lifestyle Interventions, Using Web-Based And Print-Mail, For Reducing Blood Pressure Among Rural Women With Prehypertension: Main Results Of The Wellness For Women: Dashing Towards Health Clinical Trial, Patricia A. Hageman, Carol H. Pullen, Melody Hertzog, Linda S. Boeckner

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Lifestyle modification is recommended for management of prehypertension, yet finding effective interventions to reach rural women is a public health challenge. This community-based clinical trial compared the effectiveness of standard advice to two multi-component theory-based tailored interventions, using web-based or print-mailed delivery, in reducing blood pressure among rural women, ages 40–69, with prehypertension.

Methods: 289 women with prehypertension enrolled in the Wellness for Women: DASHing towards Health trial, a 12-month intervention with 12-month follow-up. Women were randomly assigned to groups using a 1:2:2 ratio, comparing standard advice (30-minute counseling session) to two interventions (two 2-hour counseling sessions, …

A Retrospective Examination Of Paleoparasitology And Its Establishment In The Journal Of Parasitology, Charles T. Faulkner, Karl Reinhard

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Volume 95 (2009) of the Journal of Parasitology represented a significant benchmark in the history of paleoparasitology when it received on the cover formal recognition as a topical area for publication. This retrospective examination chronicles the emergence of paleoparasitology, from its origins as an adjunct contribution to the study of prehistoric human populations to its modern expression as a sub-disciplinary interest. The aim of paleoparasitology is to elucidate the temporal and spatial dimensions of parasitism from the fossil record of human and non-human host populations.

A Negative Effect Of A Pathogen On Its Vector? A Plant Pathogen Increases The Vulnerability Of Its Vector To Attack By Natural Enemies, Camila F. De Oliveira, Elizabeth Y. Long, Deborah L. Finke

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Plant pathogens that are dependent on arthropod vectors for transmission from host to host may enhance their own success by promoting vector survival and/or performance. The effect of pathogens on vectors may be direct or indirect, with indirect effects mediated by increases in host quality or reductions in the vulnerability of vectors to natural enemies. We investigated whether the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, a vector of cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) in wheat, experiences a reduction in rates of attack by the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani when actively harboring the plant pathogen. We manipulated the vector status of aphids …

Announcement: Transfer Of The U. S. National Parasite Collection, Eric P. Hoberg, Anna J. Phillips

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

In 2013 an agreement was articulated between the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) and the Smithsonian Institution to transfer the United States National Parasite Collection (USNPC) in its entirety (fluid specimens, slide specimens, frozen tissues and reprints) to the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) in Washington, DC. Current collections staff, including senior curator Dr. Eric P. Hoberg and support scientists/managers from the ARS will be transferred with the collection and with adjunct appointments in the NMNH will provide continuity and assistance for curation and accessibility during and after the relocation. New curatorial controls will be …

Some Aspects Of The Biology Of Monogenean (Platyhelminth) Parasites Of Marine And Freshwater Fishes, Graham C. Kearn

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Müller was the first to describe a monogenean, collected from the skin of the halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). However, he regarded the parasite as a leech and named it Hirudo hippoglossi. It was not until 1858 that its status as a monogenean was established by van Beneden and named Epibdella (now Entobdella) hippoglossi. Van Beneden published a detailed and accurate description of the parasite and one of his excellent illustrations is reproduced here. Entobdella hippoglossi is one of the largest monogeneans, measuring up to 2 cm in length. It has a smaller relative, measuring 5 to …

A Prospective Study Of Periodontal Disease And Risk Of Gastric And Duodenal Ulcer In Male Health Professionals, Matthew R. Boylan, Hamed Khalili, Edward S. Huang, Dominique S. Michaud, Jacques Izard, Kaumudi J. Joshipura, Andrew T. Chan

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Periodontal disease is characterized by microbial shifts within the oral cavity and chronic inflammation of the gingival tissue, and can lead to tooth loss. Several studies support an association between periodontal disease and risk of chronic systemic conditions, including vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer, including gastric adenocarcinoma. These associations may be mediated by systemic inflammation, the immune response to periodontal infection, or direct invasion by pathogens. Previous studies of periodontal disease and risk of peptic ulcer have been limited by cross-sectional design, diagnoses that were not confirmed by medical record review, and a lack of …

Using Plant Extracts To Reduce Asexual Reproduction Of Apple Scab (Venturia Inaequalis), János Bálint, Szilveszter Nagy, Rezso Thiesz, Imre-István Nyárádi, Adalbert Balog

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The aim our research was to develop effective methods for organic apple farming, based on the use of plant extracts to control the asexual reproduction of Venturia inaequalis. Plant extracts of artemisinin, chelidonine, thymol, and populin tested in vitro under laboratory conditions significantly slowed down the germination of V. inaequalis conidia. During a 2-year study under field conditions, the effect of 1% populin, an extract from black poplar buds, on apple scab was tested in parallel with synthetic fungicides and a no-pesticide regime on Golden Delicious and Jonathan apples. Populin significantly reduced the number of scabbed leaves and fruits on …

Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Defense Mechanism In Mung Bean Seedlings After Lead And Cadmium Treatments, Meher Hassan, Simeen Mansoor

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This research was an attempt to study the effect of heavy metals lead and cadmium (0.05 mM and 0.3 mM) on growth and antioxidant enzymes of seedlings of 2 mung bean genotypes (NM 19-19 and Azri mung-2006). Results revealed that germination percentage and seedling length decreased when compared with the control for both genotypes. However, seedling length and germination percentage was better in NM 19-19 as compared to Azri mung-2006. Elevated levels of protein were observed under metal stress in both genotypes. Heavy metals induced oxidative stress in plants, causing membrane injury as observed by enhanced level of malondialdehyde (MDA) …

Extractability And Phytoavailability Of Cadmium In Cd-Rich Pedogenic Soils, Kürşad Özbek, Nesi̇me Cebel, İlhami̇ Ünver

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Conspicuous vegetation entities of pedogenic soils rich in cadmium and their diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd content (DCd) under the temperate continental and Mediterranean climatic conditions of western Anatolia were determined. Foliage of herbaceous plants and nearby soil samples was collected from 51 zinc mining areas. DCd content was found to reach 11.6%-16.2% of the total Cd content, indicating more extractability than in many other heavy metals. Growth chamber and nursery experiments were conducted with the seeds collected. Dactylis glomerata and Galium tenuissimum subsp. tenuissimum, both common in grazing lands, were found to be accumulating 23.5 mg Cd kg^{-1} …

Dynamic Base-Age Invariant Site Index Models Based On Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach For Mixed Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) And Oriental Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) Stands, İlker Ercanli, Aydin Kahri̇man, Hakki Yavuz

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Data from stem analysis of 397 dominant trees (198 Scots pine and 199 Oriental beech) were used to evaluate dynamic base-age invariant site index models derived from Bertalanffy-Richards, Hossfeld, and Lundqvist-Korf functions with the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) for mixed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands. These functions were compared with respect to residuals of these models; specifically, the evaluation criteria were bias (E), root mean square error (RMSE), absolute mean error (AME), adjusted coefficient of determination (R^2_{adj}), and Akaike information criterion. The best results were obtained with generalized algebraic difference equations derived …

Mechanical Properties Of Heat-Treated Wooden Material Utilized In The Construction Of Outdoor Sitting Furniture, Nurgül Tankut, Ali̇ Naci̇ Tankut, Mustafa Zor

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The present study examined the bending moment capacity and rigidity of T-type out-of-plane furniture joints and investigated the effects of heat treatment, wood species, and joint type factors on these joints. Heat treatment method clearly decreased the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of selected wood species. The bending strength of wood samples was reduced after the heat treatment, decreasing with increased loss of mass. For the heat-treated T-type joints, maximum bending strength values were obtained with Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) for both mortise and tenon (MT) joints and blind MT (BMT) joints. The lowest reduction in …

In Vitro Screening Of Octoploid Fragaria Chiloensis And Fragaria Virginiana Genotypes Against Iron Deficiency, Ayfer Alkan Torun, Yildiz Kaçar, Belgi̇n Bi̇çen, Nazi̇fe Erdem, Sedat Serçe

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the common problems in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) growing regions. In vitro screening enables researchers to evaluate genotype performance under several concentrations of Fe in a relatively fast and economical way. Therefore, we evaluated the responses of several genotypes belonging to octoploid Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. and Fragaria virginiana Mill. (the progenitors of cultivated strawberry) against Fe treatments under in vitro conditions. In the first experiment, HM 1, Pigeon Point, CFRA1267 (F. chiloensis subsp. pacifica), and CA1541 (F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis) were tested with various Fe concentrations (0%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 65%, …

Resistance Of Winter Wheat To Heterodera Filipjevi In Turkey, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Gül Ergi̇nbaş Orakci, Hali̇l Toktay, Mustafa İmren, Beyhan Akin, Hans-Joachim Braun, Susanne Dreisigacker, İbrahi̇m Hali̇l Elekci̇oğlu, Alexei Ivanovich Morgunov

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are plant parasites that significantly limit global cereal production. The most frequently reported pathogenic species are Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi, and H. latipons. One of the most cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and easily adopted control measures is the use of genetic host resistance, which maintains nematode populations below the economic damage threshold level. Many effective sources of resistance to CCNs have been identified in cereals; however, their effectiveness and usefulness is dependent on the interaction of the specific putative resistant accession and the CCN pathotype found in a specific region. In this study, 719 wheat lines from …

Assessment Of Density-Dependent Feeding Damage By The Cotton Dusky Bug, Oxycarenus Laetus Kirby (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), In Cotton, Muhammad Ahsan Khan, Muhammad Dildar Gogi, Muhammad Hamid Bashir, Mubasher Hussain, Zain-Ul Abdin, Muhammad Aamir Rashid

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The dusky cotton bug, Oxycarenus laetus Kirby (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a serious threat to cotton due to early cultivation of Bt cotton. These studies were carried out under laboratory and field conditions to estimate the feeding damage caused by O. laetus to seed weight, seed germination, and lint quality of cotton cultivar Bt-121 at 6 bug densities (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 adult pairs). The results revealed that seed germination and seed weight decreased, whereas percent reduction in seed germination and seed weight over control increased with increasing bug density. Bug density in the range of 5-25 pairs …

Durability Test On An Agricultural Tractor Engine Fuelled With Pure Biodiesel (B100), Marco Bietresato, Dario Friso

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The performance of a 118-kW tractor fuelled by pure biodiesel was monitored during a long-term field experiment with approximately 800 h of engine function. The objective was to demonstrate that B100, a pure biodiesel fuel, is a viable alternative to traditional diesel oil in terms of long-term mechanical reliability. A bench test on the new engine, performed by attaching a test stand to the power take-off of the tractor, showed an expected reduction in power (-9%) and torque (-7%) and an increase in specific consumption (+13%) when biodiesel was used as a complete substitute to diesel oil. Furthermore, with the …

Antioxidant And Radical Scavenging Activities In Fruits Of 6 Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) Cultivars, Otakar Rop, Sezai̇ Erci̇şli̇, Jiri Mlcek, Tunde Jurikova, Ignac Hoza

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a minor fruit crop. The most important breeding activities focused on the production of sea buckthorn fruits as a top-quality food product have been performed in Russia, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Over the past several decades, plant breeders have selected a number of cultivars that show excellent physical and nutritional properties. The aim of this study was to monitor and determine the total contents of phenols and flavonoids as well as antioxidant capacity and scavenging activity of methanolic extracts on reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in some cultivars of sea buckthorn suitable …

Physicochemical Properties Of Turkish Green Tea Powder: Effects Of Shooting Period, Shading, And Clone, Ayhan Topuz, Cüneyt Di̇nçer, Mehmet Torun, İsmai̇l Tontul, Hi̇lal Şahi̇n Nadeem, Ayhan Haznedar, Feramuz Özdemi̇r

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of the green tea powders produced from 2 different Turkish tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze] clones (Derepazarı 7 and Fener) grown under different shade levels and harvested during 2 consecutive shooting periods. Moisture, ash, crude fiber, and total phenolic contents of the green tea powders were determined based on the experimental factors. Products were also evaluated for their water activity, bulk density, particle size, color, extraction yield, and antioxidant activity. The shooting period, specific to Turkish tea cultivation, showed remarkable effects on the main quality parameters of the green tea powders. It …

Possibilities For The Use Of Whey In Tel Kadayıf (A Turkish Dessert) Production, Feri̇d Aydin, Songül Çakmakçi

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The utilisation of whey is very important for preventing the waste of a protein- and lactose-rich dairy by product and protecting the environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of whey use in tel (wire) kadayıf (a Turkish dessert raw material) production on microbiological and technological properties and sensory characteristics of tel kadayıf. For this purpose, 3 experimental tel kadayıf samples were produced using different amounts (0%, 25%, and 50%) of fresh whey instead of water in the production of raw tel kadayıf. The samples were placed in plastic bags and vacuum packaging and stored …

The Choice Of Auxin Analogue For In Vitro Root Induction Influences Post-Induction Root Development In Eucalyptus Grandis, Muhammad Nakhooda, Maria Paula Watt, David Mycock

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Previous studies on in vitro rooting for improved micropropagation of eucalypts indicated that root graviperception and post-acclimatisation architecture are determined by the relative exogenous auxin analogue and its stability, supplied during the pre-rooting culture stages. The specific roles of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the rooting medium on the in vitro root morphological processes were explored using a good-rooting clone. In vitro rooting percentage was significantly reduced when either of the auxin inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and ρ-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) or the auxin antagonist kinetin was supplied at rooting, with or without exogenous auxin. For all treatments, …

Bending Moment Capacity Of Simple And Haunched Mortise And Tenon Furniture Joints Under Tension And Compression Loads, Javane Oktaee, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Mohammad Layeghi, Mohammad Ghofrani, Carl Albert Eckelman

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

A study was conducted to examine the effects of tenon geometry on the bending moment capacity of simple and haunched mortise and tenon joints under the action of both compressive and tensile loads. The effects of tenon width (25, 37.5, and 50 mm), tenon thickness (7.5, 10, and 15 mm), and tenon length (20, 25, and 30 mm) were examined. All of the joints were constructed of Turkish beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and were assembled with a 40% solid-content polyvinyl acetate. Optimum results were obtained with joints constructed with 10-mm-thick tenons that were 37.5 mm wide by 30 mm long. …