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Articles 1 - 30 of 91
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Towards The Total Synthesis Of Thioviridamide: Thiyl Radical Approach To The Beta-Thioenamide Linkage Formation, Jung-Hoon Kang
Towards The Total Synthesis Of Thioviridamide: Thiyl Radical Approach To The Beta-Thioenamide Linkage Formation, Jung-Hoon Kang
Theses and Dissertations
We developed an approach to the β-thioenamide linkage contained in the S-(2-aminovinyl)cysteine (avCys) residue of thioviridamide.1,2 Kinetic and thermodynamic control of radical additions of thiols to ynamides were studied for the formation of β-thioenamide linkage. Thiyl radicals are electrophilic and ynamides are electron-rich alkynes. This complementary polarity of the radical and acceptor increases the likelihood of a successful radical addition reaction. Because little is known about these types of compounds (β-thioenamides), we were unsure what kinds of yields and stereoselectivities (cis vs. trans) to expect. The adduct stability is another issue to consider. Fortunately, under typical radical addition conditions, the …
Comparison Of Two Training Programs On Acceleration Out Of The Break In American Football, Micah Adam Alba
Comparison Of Two Training Programs On Acceleration Out Of The Break In American Football, Micah Adam Alba
Theses and Dissertations
Athletes of American football need the ability to stop, start, and reach top speed in an efficient manner. Football players on the defensive side of the ball require the skill of stopping a backward run and accelerating to a forward run. This action is termed the break. Football players receive year-round training in an effort to improve performance. Yet, many times, these athletes may not focus specifically on the muscular systems that are unique to the position they play. The law of specificity states that the more specific the training is for the action required, the more beneficial the outcome. …
Effects Of Metal Protoporphyrins On Burn Wound Conversion, Katie Braun
Effects Of Metal Protoporphyrins On Burn Wound Conversion, Katie Braun
Theses and Dissertations
A murine model was utilized to test the influence of heavy metal protoporphyrins on burn conversion, heme oxygenase – 1 (HO-1) expression, and inflammation. Heavy metal protoporphyrins, such as cobalt protoporphyrin (Co PP) and tin protoporphyrin (Sn PP), were used to influence the heme oxygenase activity. The effects of these heavy metal protoporphyrins on burn wound conversion were examined using a burn comb model in rats. In addition to assessing the extent of conversion, HO-1 expression and parameters of inflammation were also examined in the area of injury (interspace region) subject to conversion. These studies demonstrate proof in principal that …
Effects Of Light Exposure On The Release Of Oxygen From Hemoglobin In A Red Blood Cell Suspension, Tanikka Toler
Effects Of Light Exposure On The Release Of Oxygen From Hemoglobin In A Red Blood Cell Suspension, Tanikka Toler
Theses and Dissertations
The main function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver a sufficient quantity of oxygenated blood to the tissues, cells, and organs of the body in order to provide the cells with essential nutrients for metabolism and for the removal of waste products. All cells require and utilize oxygen. Oxygen is transported to various cells and tissues via red blood cells flowing through the microcirculation of an organism. Measurement of oxygen transport in the microcirculation has shown that about ten times more oxygen appears to leave the blood of arterioles than can be accounted for by diffusion. One possibility to …
Does Shape Predict Performance? An Analysis Of Morphology And Swimming Performance In Great Basin Fishes, John R. Aedo
Does Shape Predict Performance? An Analysis Of Morphology And Swimming Performance In Great Basin Fishes, John R. Aedo
Theses and Dissertations
Swimming performance strongly influences fitness in aquatic organisms and is closely tied to external body morphology. Although this connection has been closely examined at the individual and species level, few studies have focused on this relationship as it pertains to functional group assemblages. Using functional groups based on similarities in habitat use and morphology, I tested the hypothesis that swimming performance can be reliably predicted by functional group composition. I measured swimming performance as burst speed using a simulated predator attack and as prolonged speed using a step-endurance test in a laboratory flume. I measured morphology using geometric morphometric techniques. …
Molecular Mechanisms Involved In Oligodendrocyte Development, Rochelle Coelho
Molecular Mechanisms Involved In Oligodendrocyte Development, Rochelle Coelho
Theses and Dissertations
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the CNS myelin-producing cells. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that control OLG development can provide valuable knowledge regarding remyelination therapies for MS. This disease is thought to result from an autoimmune attack towards myelin. FTY720, an immunomodulator under evaluation for MS treatment is a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analog. We found before that S1P plays a crucial role in the NT-3-mediated survival of OLGs, an observation that led us to investigate whether FTY720 could have any effect on these cells. Our studies …
A Population Genetic Study Of Middle Eastern Populations Using Dys 458 Microvariants And Cohen Modal Haplotypes, Enass Nabeel Tinah
A Population Genetic Study Of Middle Eastern Populations Using Dys 458 Microvariants And Cohen Modal Haplotypes, Enass Nabeel Tinah
Theses and Dissertations
A comprehensive population study in the Middle East was conducted using different genetic markers in order to establish a wider genetic profile of the Middle Eastern populations. The main goal of this study was to analyze DNA from samples collected from different locations, and produce genetic motifs and patterns that could be used to identify and distinguish the target populations. This information will allow us to analyze the ancestry of these populations, their interactions through time and space, and the effects these interactions have on the populations' structure. We have collected around 1300 individual samples from different populations in the …
A Correlational Study: The Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels, Physical Self-Worth, And Global Self-Worth In High School Physical Education Students, Ashley Danelle Eyre
A Correlational Study: The Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels, Physical Self-Worth, And Global Self-Worth In High School Physical Education Students, Ashley Danelle Eyre
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels, physical self-worth, and its sub-domains; (a) skill, (b) body attractiveness, (c) fitness and conditioning, and (d) strength, and overall global self-worth in high school students. One-Hundred and sixty-seven students (male = 66;female = 101) from the western United States, ages 13-18, participated in this study. Each participant completed a minimum of four days of physical activity (PA) data collection and completed the self-worth questionnaire. Pedometers were used to collect PA levels, calculating mean step counts, and the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) was used …
Co-Administration Of Sildenafil Potentiates Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis In Prostate Cancer: The Role Of Nf-Kappab, Sarah Hassanieh
Co-Administration Of Sildenafil Potentiates Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis In Prostate Cancer: The Role Of Nf-Kappab, Sarah Hassanieh
Theses and Dissertations
Our recent studies have shown that that erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs including Sildenafil (Viagra), Vardenafil (Levitra) and Tadalafil (Cialis) enhance killing of several types of cancer cells by anticancer drug, Doxorubicin (DOX). We observed increased cell death by apoptosis in response to the combined treatment with ED drugs and DOX. However, the mechanism of such enhancement of cell death by combined treatment of ED drugs and DOX is not fully understood. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an oxidant-sensitive transcription factor that plays a critical role in the immediate-early activation of a multitude of genes that have been documented to play critical …
Regulation Of Mdm2 Mediated Nfκb2 Pathway In Human Lung Cancer, Lathika Mohanraj
Regulation Of Mdm2 Mediated Nfκb2 Pathway In Human Lung Cancer, Lathika Mohanraj
Theses and Dissertations
Overexpression of oncoprotein MDM2 and mutations of tumor suppressor p53 are frequently observed in human cancers. The NFκB pathway is one of the deregulated pathways in oncogenesis. The overall goal of the project was to study the regulation of NFκB pathway by MDM2 in lung cancer. Our first effort was to determine the frequency of MDM2 overexpression in human lung tumor samples and to identify co-occurring abnormal gene expression by studying the levels of MDM2 and members of NFκB pathway with respect to p53 status. Higher than normal levels of MDM2 were found in approximately 30% of the cancer samples …
The Effects Of Excess Corticosterone On Lkb1 And Ampk Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Of Rats, Gary N. Nakken
The Effects Of Excess Corticosterone On Lkb1 And Ampk Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Of Rats, Gary N. Nakken
Theses and Dissertations
Cushing's syndrome and glucocorticoid therapy lead to central obesity, insulin resistance, and symptoms of altered energy regulation similar to those observed in the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that excess glucocorticoids alter energy sensing/signaling in skeletal muscle through mediation of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. To test this hypothesis, three 100 mg pellets of corticosterone were implanted subcutaneously in each of nine rats for two weeks. Responses were compared with sham operated controls fed ad libitum or food restricted to produce the body weights similar to the treatment group rats. After the treatment period, animals were anesthetized and the right gastrocnemius-plantaris and …
Does Light Control Algal Abundance In Large River Systems?, Amy Macdonald
Does Light Control Algal Abundance In Large River Systems?, Amy Macdonald
Theses and Dissertations
A limited amount of research has been done to investigate the factors influencing algal abundance in large river systems. This study examines light as the primary factor that controls algal abundance in the Upper Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio Rivers. Data were collected for 2004 in conjunction with the Environmental Monitoring Assessment Program- Great River Ecosystems EMAP-GRE project using EPA approved methods. Chlorophyll a concentrations were 34.6 µg•L-1 in the Upper Mississippi, 19.8 µg•L-1 in Missouri River and 9 µg•L-1 in the Ohio River for 2004. Chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly different among the three rivers (p<0.0001) but not between years. Inter-river variation could be loosely correlated with light availability: mean Average Irradiance Dosages, which consider factors that affect light climate (depth, transparency, velocity, surface irradiance), by river corresponded with mean chlorophyll a levels by river. Intra-river variation seemed to be due to both the influence of light and nutrients.
Crosstalk Between Mdm2 And Akt Signaling Pathway In Oncogenesis., Mahesh Ramamoorthy
Crosstalk Between Mdm2 And Akt Signaling Pathway In Oncogenesis., Mahesh Ramamoorthy
Theses and Dissertations
MDM2, the human homologue of the Mouse Double Minute 2 gene product, has been shown to be over-expressed in many cancers and to induce tumorigenesis. The role of MDM2 in oncogenesis was thought to be p53 dependent. However recent years have shown MDM2 to be a key player in a complex network of interactions that affect cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis in a p53 independent manner. Here we report a novel p53 independent role for the multidimensional protein MDM2; its ability to induce phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 residue. Transient and stable over-expression of MDM2 in cultured cell lines …
Using Pedometers As A Valid Method Of Determining Physical Activity Intensity Level, Alan M. Groves
Using Pedometers As A Valid Method Of Determining Physical Activity Intensity Level, Alan M. Groves
Theses and Dissertations
As researchers explore the benefits of using pedometers to assess physical activity they are discovering that intensity of physical activity may be estimated from steps per minute (SPM). The purpose of this study was to determine the SPM and kilocalories (kcals) expended associated with moderate physical activity in middle school students (12 - 14 years old). Methods: Ninety-three (49 boys, 44 girls) middle school youth between the ages of 12 and 14, walked on a treadmill at four different speeds (4.0, 4.8, 5.64, and 6.4 km/h) for three minutes at each speed. Each participant wore a pedometer in order to …
Ceramide Kinase And Ceramide-1-Phosphate, Dayanjan Wijesinghe
Ceramide Kinase And Ceramide-1-Phosphate, Dayanjan Wijesinghe
Theses and Dissertations
Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) is a bioactive lipid that has been implicated in many biological processes. Our laboratory has conclusively demonstrated its role in inflammation via activation of cPLA2α. The only known enzyme to date responsible for direct synthesis of C1P is ceramide kinase. Very little was known about this enzyme in terms of its enzyme kinetics and substrate specificity. As CERK is an enzyme that acts on membrane lipids, its kinetics cannot be studied using standard bulk dilutions methods. Thus we developed a surface dilution approach using Triton X 100 mixed micelles for studying the kinetics of CERK. We discovered that …
Evolution Of Picornaviruses: Impacts Of Recombination And Selection, Nicole Noel Lewis-Rogers
Evolution Of Picornaviruses: Impacts Of Recombination And Selection, Nicole Noel Lewis-Rogers
Theses and Dissertations
Picornaviruses are responsible for some of the most common and debilitating diseases affecting humans and animals worldwide. The objectives of this dissertation research were (1) estimate phylogenetic relationships among 11 picornavirus genera and within three species: foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV: Aphthovirus) which afflicts cloven-hoofed animals and human rhinovirus A and B (HRV: Enterovirus) which cause the common cold; (2) better understand the impact recombination has on genomic organization and evolution; (3) characterize where positive and purifying selection has occurred in proteins and how selection has influenced phenotype. The dissertation includes four studies. The first chapter provides an overview of the …
Hair, Feces And Breath Isotope Fractionation In Alpacas (Llama Pacos), Llamas (Llama Glama) And Guanacos (Llama Guanacoe) From Bolivia And Chile, Lino Constancio Lopez Lopez
Hair, Feces And Breath Isotope Fractionation In Alpacas (Llama Pacos), Llamas (Llama Glama) And Guanacos (Llama Guanacoe) From Bolivia And Chile, Lino Constancio Lopez Lopez
Theses and Dissertations
This study was conducted to determinate carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation in Bolivian and Chilean alpaca, llama and guanaco, hair, breath, plasma and feces. We also wanted to determine forage selection for these camelids using stable isotope technology. From the data, niche feeding and diet selection habits will determinate based on fecal composition. Bolivian sites were located near the high snow Altiplano Mountains at Tomarapi, Sajama, and at the Technical University Oruro's research center at Condoriri, Bolivia. Chilean samples were collected at INIA's (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria) Kampenaike Research Station, Punta Arenas, Chile. Bolivian alpacas and llamas were 3 …
Specific Compartmentalization Of Iga Ascs In Mouse Salivary Glands Via Differential Expression Of Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors, Yuet Ching Law
Specific Compartmentalization Of Iga Ascs In Mouse Salivary Glands Via Differential Expression Of Chemokines And Chemokine Receptors, Yuet Ching Law
Theses and Dissertations
The mucosal system, which forms a barrier between internal organ systems and the external environment, is frequently exposed to pathogenic microorganisms. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody secreting cells (ASCs) localize in the lamina propria, and produce IgA antibodies which help protect mucosal tissues. The concept of a common mucosal immune system in which IgA ASCs have the ability to populate any mucosal site has been proposed (1, 2). However, recent research has suggested that IgA ASCs primed in different mucosal sites might possess different sets of chemokine receptors, and therefore migrate specifically to particular mucosal locations (3). In this study, the …
Photocycloaddition Of Allenes, Crystal Ward
Photocycloaddition Of Allenes, Crystal Ward
Theses and Dissertations
For the past ten years the Fleming research group has been involved in the research of allene compounds. We have explored the synthesis of allenes as well as several reactions involving allenes, such as oxidation and nitrene addition. Recently, we have explored the synthesis and photochemistry of allenic alcohols tethered to silicon. There are literature examples using allenes in synthesis, but very few examples exist using allenes in photochemical cycloaddition reactions. We have found that a diisopropylallenyloxy(cinnamyloxy)silane derivative undergoes [2+2] photochemical cycloaddition to produce a cyclobutylsilane product when irradiated for 60-75 minutes.
Physical Mapping Of Ribosomal Genes In New World Members Of The Genus Chenopodium Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Maria C. Sederberg
Physical Mapping Of Ribosomal Genes In New World Members Of The Genus Chenopodium Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, Maria C. Sederberg
Theses and Dissertations
The genus Chenopodium contains many economically important species in the New World, but is relatively understudied and poorly understood, especially in terms of evolutionary relationships. A better understanding of the structure of this genus could significantly help in breeding efforts on its cultivated members, notably the tetraploid C. quinoa and also certain varieties of C. berlandieri, also tetraploid. Of special concern is determining which diploid weed species are the most likely ancestors for C. quinoa, C. berlandieri, and the other tetraploid members of subsection Cellulata. The phylogeny can be understood in part by examining the ribosomal RNA loci and observing …
Avian Dispersal Of The Actinomycete Frankia Across A Barrier Island Landscape, Spencer Bissett
Avian Dispersal Of The Actinomycete Frankia Across A Barrier Island Landscape, Spencer Bissett
Theses and Dissertations
In the nutrient-poor soils characteristic of coastal environments, symbiotic association with the nitrogen-fixing root endosymbiont Frankia is essential to establishment and survival of the woody shrub Morella cerifera. Nutrient deficiency quickly becomes severe unless seedlings are infected by Frankia soon after germination. However, the means of arrival of Frankia prior to shrub establishment has not been determined. Using sterilized lab-grown M. cerifera seedlings and fecal samples collected from passerine birds on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, viability of avian dispersal of the bacteria was tested. Although passerine fecal samples did produce nodules on some sterilized M. cerifera seedlings, these experimental …
Application Of Shortest-Path Network Analysis To Identify Genes That Modulate Longevity In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Jr Managbanag
Application Of Shortest-Path Network Analysis To Identify Genes That Modulate Longevity In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Jr Managbanag
Theses and Dissertations
Shortest-path network analysis was employed to identify novel genes that modulate longevity in the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based upon a set of previously reported genes associated with increased life span, a shortest path network algorithm was applied to a pre-existing protein-protein interaction dataset in order to construct a shortest-path longevity network. To validate this network, the replicative aging potential of 88 single gene deletion strains corresponding to predicted components of the shortest path longevity network was determined. The 88 single-gene deletion strains identified by a network approach are significantly enriched for mutation conferring both increased and decreased replicative life …
Wnt5a Signaling Independently Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Resulting In Convergent Extension And Neural Tube Closure During Vertebrate Development, Jared James Barrott
Wnt5a Signaling Independently Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Resulting In Convergent Extension And Neural Tube Closure During Vertebrate Development, Jared James Barrott
Theses and Dissertations
Vertebrate development is regulated by cellular communication by mechanisms of cell fate and cell behavior. These crucial mechanisms are regulated by cellular signaling and in the case of cell fate, cellular signaling results in transcription of developmentally important genes. Communication between cells can also result in regulation of cell behavior by acting on cytoskeletal elements rather than nuclear factors. One of the cellular signals that regulate both cell fate and cell behavior is the family of Wnt signaling molecules. Wnt5a is one of 19 Wnt molecules and has been previously demonstrated to play critical roles in many important processes in …
Determining The Role Of Wnt5a Signaling In Embryonic Limb Outgrowth Via Clonal Analysis, Whitney Herrod Sowby
Determining The Role Of Wnt5a Signaling In Embryonic Limb Outgrowth Via Clonal Analysis, Whitney Herrod Sowby
Theses and Dissertations
The exact mechanisms that regulate limb outgrowth the mouse embryo are unknown. Although there are several models, we favor a hypothesis where cells become polarized by signals secreted from the AER which orient their cell migration and/or divisions causing limb outgrowth. Clonal analysis has provided a mechanism to study cell behavior. We have generated a targeting construct containing the Fgf8 inhibitor, Sprouty2, in order to generate mutant clones for behavioral analyses in the limb. In order to more effectively study clonal behavior we report the modification of a novel clonal analysis approach, exo-utero surgery. We have modified, enhanced and proven …
The Antioxidant Defense Network: Synergistic Combinations To Prevent Oxidative Damage, Amy Marie Clement
The Antioxidant Defense Network: Synergistic Combinations To Prevent Oxidative Damage, Amy Marie Clement
Theses and Dissertations
One of the matchless ironies of the human body is its requirement for the highly reactive oxygen molecule, which has been clearly implicated in many diseases and the aging processes. Oxidants produced by metabolic processes damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions including oxidation of DNA and proteins as well as lipid peroxidation. Damage to DNA can cause mutations and lead to cancer if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms. Damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition, denaturation and protein degradation. Lipid peroxidation can cause cell lysis as well as creating mutagenic and carcinogenic by-products. The human body contains antioxidants and …
I. Thermodynamics And Magnetism Of Cu2ocl2 Ii. Repairs To Microcalorimeter The "2"S Are Subscripts, And The Second 2 Is Preceded By A Lower Case L, Not A One, Thomas J. Parry
Theses and Dissertations
Adiabatic calorimetry provides accurate and precise specific heat (Cp) data. From this data, thermodynamic functions may be calculated. Cu2OCl2, melanothallite, became of interest as part of a study of a particular thermochemical cycle. The experimental specific heat data and the calculated thermodynamic functions are reported here. Free energies of formation, calculated from the thermodynamic functions, suggest the particular cycle of interest with this compound as an intermediate is not feasible; uncertainty as to the accuracy of CuO and CuCl2 data used in the calculations indicate further study may be necessary. Upon collection of the specific heat data, an antiferromagnetic transition …
Domain Duplication, Darwinian Selection, And The Origin Of The Globulin Seed Storage Proteins, Nathaniel S. Cannon
Domain Duplication, Darwinian Selection, And The Origin Of The Globulin Seed Storage Proteins, Nathaniel S. Cannon
Theses and Dissertations
The seed storage globulins found among virtually all spermatophytes comprise a multi-gene family of proteins with ancient evolutionary origins. The two main groups of storage globulins include the legumins (11S) and vicilins (7S), both of which play a main role in protein deposition and storage in the seed endosperm. Composed of two cupin domains (bicupin), these proteins have been recently noted not only for their close structural relationships among the two subfamilies (7S and 11S) but also for their similarity to other proteins such as germin-like proteins (GLP's), bacterial oxalate decarboxylases, and other cupin containing proteins. Previous studies have investigated …
Cellular And Matrix Changes In Articular Cartilage Of The Disproportionate Micromelia Mouse Model Of Osteoarthritis, Crystal Noelle Smaldone
Cellular And Matrix Changes In Articular Cartilage Of The Disproportionate Micromelia Mouse Model Of Osteoarthritis, Crystal Noelle Smaldone
Theses and Dissertations
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects more than 60% of Americans 65 and older. Because human subjects and samples are not readily available for research, animal models are an invaluable resource for the study of OA. Disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) is one such model that develops OA early in life due to a deletion in the c-propeptide of the Col2a1 gene. Light microscope analysis of the articular cartilage in Dmm has been completed, but is insufficient to show the cellular effects of the deletion mutation in Dmm in adequate detail. The present study explores the changes that occur …
A Radical Conjugate Addition Approach To The Total Synthesis Of Celogentin C, Steven G. Capps
A Radical Conjugate Addition Approach To The Total Synthesis Of Celogentin C, Steven G. Capps
Theses and Dissertations
The synthesis of five chiral DBFOX (dibenzofuran-oxazoline) ligands with either aryl or benzyl substituents will be presented. The requisite amino alcohols were obtained with high enantioselectivity either commercially (DBFOX/Bn), via Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation (DBFOX/Nap, DBFOX/t-BuPh, DBFOX/Pip), or via phase-transfer catalyzed asymmetric alkylation (DBFOX/MeNap). These ligands, complexed with Mg(NTf2)2, were used as Lewis acid promoters of enantioselective radical conjugate additions to α/β-unsaturated nitro-amides/esters. A summary of these results is presented and discussed. These findings led us to believe that our initial binding model between metal, ligand, and substrate was flawed. Thus, we figured that if we started with a functionality known …
Regulators Of G-Protein Signaling, Rgs13 And Rgs16, Are Associated With Cxcl12-Mediated Cd4+ T Cell Migration, Lijin Xia
Theses and Dissertations
Chemokines are important chemical signals that guide lymphocyte movement within the immune system and promote the organization and functions of germinal centers (GCs) in the secondary lymphoid tissues. Previous studies have shown that GC T cells exhibit high expression of chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4, but that these cells are unable to migrate to the ligand for this receptor, the chemokine CXCL12. This “migratory paralysis” to CXCL12 was found to be correlated with the expression of two Regulators of G-protein Signaling, RGS13 and RGS16 in the GC T cells. The objective of my research was to determine whether RGS13 and RGS16 …