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Evaluation Of Gene Expression In Pigs Selected For Enhanced Reproduction Using Differential Display Pcr: Ii. Anterior Pituitary, G. R. Bertani, C. D. Gladney, R. K. Johnson, Daniel Pomp

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in the anterior pituitary (AP) of sows selected for enhanced reproductive phenotypes. Selection in the Index (I) line was based on an index of ovulation rate and embryo survival, whereas random selection was used in the Control (C) line. Average numbers of fully formed piglets at birth were 12.5 ± 1.5 and 9.9 ± 2.0 for Line I and C sows used in this study, respectively. In order to induce luteolysis and synchronize follicle development, sows were injected (i.m.) with 2 mL of prostaglandin F_2α analog between d …

The National Pork Producers Council Maternal Line National Genetic Evaluation Program: A Comparison Of Six Maternal Genetic Lines For Female Productivity Measures Over Four Parities, J. S. Moeller, R. K. Johnson, J. W. Mabry, T. J. Baas, O. W. Robison

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Litter (n = 8,424) and female performance records were collected in two breed-to-wean production units in order to evaluate genetic line differences for sow longevity and maternal performance over four parities. Lines evaluated were American Diamond Genetics, Danbred North America, Dekalb-Monsanto DK44, Dekalb-Monsanto GPK347, Newsham Hybrids, and National Swine Registry. Females within a line were derived from a minimum of 65 sires, 197 dams (three dams per sire), and a maximum of three daughters per dam, except in the GPK347, which were produced using semen from 12 Nebraska Index boars mated with Dekalb-Monsanto Line 34 females. All lines expressed 100% …

Segregating Transgenic Grains: Results Of A Survey Among Country Elevators In South Dakota, Bashir Qasmi, Clayton J. Wilhelm, Evert Van Der Sluis

Economics Research Reports

In 2002, cash receipts from crop production in South Dakota totaled $1.76 billion, accounting for 38 % of all receipts of agricultural producers in the state (South Dakota Agricultural Statistics Service, 2003). The three most important crops grown in South Dakota are soybeans, corn, and wheat. In 2001, South Dakota ranked 8th in the production of corn and soybean and 9th in wheat production among the nation's crop producing states (South Dakota Agricultural Statistics Service, 2003). These three crops accounted for 86 % of all cash receipts from marketing crops in the state. Due to the state's reliance on grain …

West River Ag Center Crops And Soils Research Annual Progress Report, 2003, Agricultural Experiment Station

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This is the 2003 progress report of the West River Crops and Soils Research Projects, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. This document includes reports on: weather and climate, wheat and grain variety trials, management and tillage, and weed and pest control.

A Comparison Of Bioaccumulation And Digestive Enzyme Solubilization Of Copper In Two Species Of Sea Cucumbers With Different Feeding Habits., John W. Bundridge

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The mode of feeding exhibited by different organisms may influence the form or quantity of copper that is bioaccumulated. This hypothesis has been tested by exposing 2 species of sea cucumbers, Pentacta anceps and Stichopus chloronotus, which possess different feeding modes, to varying concentrations of copper.

The digestive tract and body wall were dissected and analyzed for copper concentration using atomic absorption spectroscopy. A trend was present, exhibiting a small dose dependent curve. The results did not show a significant difference between species or treatments. This study indicates that feeding mode may influence the amount of copper accumulated but …

The Effects Of Neoprene Sleeve Application On Knee Joint Proprioception In Adolescent Female Athletes., George Ballou Barrett

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Fifteen female subjects ages 13-16 were recruited to determine if differences exist in knee joint proprioception, with and without application of a neoprene knee sleeve (NKS), when performing reproduction of target angle test (RTA), movement sensation test (MS) using a Biodex testing machine, and single leg standing test. Ten subjects had not worn a NKS and five subjects had worn a NKS.

After completing all IRB approved documentation subjects underwent a test trial of each of the three testing methods. Subjects were randomly assigned a number that determined if the subject began the test trial with or without a NKS. …

Central Crops And Soils Research Station Highmore, South Dakota: Annual Progress Report, 2003, Agricultural

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This report of the Central Crops and Soils Research Station at Highmore, South Dakota reflects the 2003 growing season. This document includes data on: temperatures and precipitation, field evaluation of woody plant materials, alfalfa production, winter wheat, oat research, spring wheat breeding, resistance of sunflower germplasm to the red sunflower seed weevil, flax variety test, weed control, fertilizer and soil test on soybeans, aphid infestations, small grain variety test, and corn breeding.

The Osteogenic Effects Of 12 Weeks Of Oral Supplementation Of Androstenedione In Middle-Aged Men., Troy Matthew Wills

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Recent evidence suggests that declining bone mineral density (BMD) in males is related to declining circulating estrogens. The majority of endogenous plasma estrogens in males result from peripheral aromatization of plasma androgens. Thus, it was hypothesized that dietary supplementation with an aromatizable androgen (androstenedione) may stimulate increases in BMD.

BMD (measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and biochemical markers of bone turnover (1, 25 OH2 Vitamin D, calcitonin, deoxypyrodinoline, and parathyroid hormone) were assessed before and after 12 weeks of dietary androstenedione supplementation (200 mg/d). Twenty-four volunteers were randomized into either an androstenedione supplementation or placebo groups. Study volunteers also …

Phenotype Of The Triplo-Lethal Locus Of Drosophila Melanogaster And Its Suppression By Hyperoxia, Laura K. Smoyer, Douglas R. Dorer, Kenneth W. Nickerson, Alan C. Christensen

Papers in Microbiology

The Triplo-lethal locus (Tpl) of Drosophila is both triplo-lethal and haploinsufficient, but the function of the locus is unknown. We have examined Tpl-aneuploid embryos and find that, in both trisomics and monosomics, the midgut shows extensive cell death and the tracheae are abnormal. Shortly thereafter, all tissues die. PCR-based genotyping of individual embryos and larvae show that this phenotype occurs in the trisomics after hatching and in the monosomics before hatching. Weak alleles of the interacting gene Su(Tpl) delay the death of Tpl trisomics, but they still show the same tracheal and midgut phenotypes before dying. Hyperoxia (45% oxygen) …

How Will Cattlemen Deal With The Future?, Marc Vanacht

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Powerful forces are driving the US Beef Value Chain toward fundamental change. Longer term this obviously will affect Rocky Mountain cattlemen. There are also forces and mechanisms in the system that favor inertia and will try to make change slow and incremental. However, as this change occurs, technology will be amongst its key enablers. Many technical issues still need resolving before cattlemen will be able to fully benefit. Technology cycle times are accelerating. Solutions might be closer at hand than many people expect!

Direct Marketing Beef: Pros And Cons, Do’S And Don’Ts, C. J. Mucklow, Robbie Baird Levalley

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Many ranchers are trying to direct market beef, including ranchers in western Colorado. Our experience with these ranchers and others is outlined in this presentation. There are many valid reasons to use direct marketing. One specifically is to supplement ranch income. Of course, there are also reasons not to direct market beef. Examples include: increased liability, low economic returns initially, and very time consuming.

Four main items should be addressed before you begin a direct marketing beef program:
1) You must have a niche that will differentiate your beef products.
2) Prepare a well-written business plan that actually forecasts a …

Reproduction On The Ranch, C. A. Lents, R. K. Peel, G. E. Seidel Jr., G. D. Niswender

Range Beef Cow Symposium

It is generally acknowledged that reproductive parameters are the most important components of a profitable beef operation. Research in beef cattle reproduction has led to a number of management strategies, each of which could improve efficiency of production and profitability. However, to make good decisions regarding applicability of these strategies to a specific operation requires a thorough cost:benefit:feasability analysis. Whether a strategy is appropriate for a given enterprise will be determined by the goals of the owner/manager and the human, animal, land and fiscal resources available. The following are a few of the most important considerations when making decisions regarding …

Traceback, Verification And Animal Identification On The Ranch: “Big Brother Or Best Buddy?”, Jack C. Whittier

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Ranchers operate in a markedly different environment today than they did just five to ten years ago. As communication and technological advances have evolved, so have opportunities and challenges. Almost instantaneous news stories impact world markets. Food consumers hold food manufacturers to a higher and higher standard as detection methods improve the ability to identify risks. Genetic management and production practices are influenced by better information than ever before possible. These factors combine to bring a new set of circumstances to the ranch gate.

This paper will endeavor to describe the factors, circumstances, challenges and opportunities that revolve around “Traceback, …

Beyond Epds – Genomics: Practical And Economic Considerations, Ronnie D. Green

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Genetic improvement in livestock has a truly amazing history, with the beef industry having been blessed with many of the major scientific innovations that have occurred along the way. In recent years, it has been nearly impossible to miss seemingly daily news reports about exciting discoveries in the new field of molecular genetics and genomics. While most of these reports have focused on the unraveling of the human genome and its implications for human health, there has been significant spillover in to plant and animal agriculture as well. At times over the past 15 years, it has seemed to many …

The Journey To Recovery Of The Range After Drought, Roger N. Gates, A. J. "Sandy" Smart, Patrick Reese

Range Beef Cow Symposium

A destination is implicit in considering a journey. While travel may be an end in itself, the notion of a journey most often incorporates a substantial change from current location or present conditions. This is particularly true for a “journey to recovery.” It is essential to have a clear destination and a carefully planned route in order for the journey to have the desired outcome. Yogi Berra is reported to have captured the importance of knowing one’s destination this way: “If you don’t know where you are going, you might wind up someplace else.”

A realistic understanding of drought is …

Effects Of Water Quality On Beef Cattle, Trey Patterson, Pat Johnson

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Producers often invest a great deal of time and money in developing nutrition and grazing strategies for their cattle. It is often taken for granted that if water is available, cattle productivity can be maintained. This is not always the case. The quality of water available to cattle can have substantial impacts on productivity. Much of the water available to cattle in South Dakota, and other parts of the United States, is not sufficient in quality to sustain performance and health of cattle.

Field observations from our laboratory since 1999 have shown both surface and subsurface water to be high …

Strategically Feeding Protein And Energy During Wintering And Managing Cow Condition, Don C. Adams

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Concepts of managing cow body condition score (BCS) during the fall and winter are discussed. A key time in the year-long management of spring calving cows is late summer and fall. If cows are thin at the beginning of winter grazing, they are likely to be thin in the spring at calving. Fall weaning date and protein supplements in the fall and/or winter are key tools for managing cow BCS. Applications of weaning and supplementation in different extended grazing systems are presented. Strategic weaning and supplementation can have significant effects on economic net returns of the ranch.

Making Sense Of Mineral Supplementation, Cody L. Wright

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Mineral nutrition is one of the most complicated and least understood components of nutrition. For years, producers and researchers alike have known about the need for mineral supplementation; however, development of mineral supplements to meet the requirements of grazing cattle often becomes a difficult and challenging problem due to 1) changes in animal requirements with stage and level of production, 2) difference in forage supply of minerals, and 3) methods to supply cost-effective supplemental minerals that ensure adequate intake and bioavailability (Greene, 1999).

New Tools For Estrous Synchronization – Costs And Benefits, Doug D. Zalesky, Ryon S. Walker

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Estrous synchronization has become a powerful tool in managing breeding seasons to compliment niche markets. Synchronization of estrus, along with the use of AI, has become a popular technology that can introduce new sire genetics along with control of the breeding and calving season. Cattle producers have long searched for methods to efficiently and effectively synchronize females for artificial insemination without compromising conception or pregnancy rates versus conventional natural service breeding. Over the past 40 years, research scientists have developed and tested many synchronization protocols to synchronize estrus and ovulation in beef and dairy cattle with a goal to consistently …

Supplementing Fat To The Cow Herd, Bret W. Hess

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Range livestock operations are continually challenged with the need to maintain sustainable production systems. Improvements in the herd’s biological efficiency are important considerations for the sustainability of beef cattle production. In a broad sense there are two levels at which improvements can be made, the cow and the calf. Considering that the majority of income for the typical cow-calf operation comes from the sale of the calf being produced, the calf would be a logical production unit to target for improvement. However, the key factor influencing total calf production is reproductive efficiency of the cow herd. Sound nutritional programs are …

Managing To Alleviate Calf Scours: The Sandhills Calving System, David R. Smith, Dale Grotelueschen, Tim Knott, Steve Ensley

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Diarrhea remains an important cause of illness and death of young beef calves. The economic effects of calf scours can be profound. Some beef cattle herds annually experience death rates of 5 to 10 percent or greater, sometimes with up to 100 percent of calves being ill. Economic costs to the disease include loss of performance, mortality, and the expense of medication and labor to treat sick calves. In addition, herd owners and their employees often become disheartened after investing long hours to treat scouring calves during an already exhausting calving season.

Management practices can have a profound effect on …

The Two Best And Worst Decisions I Have Made In My Operation, Barry H. Dunn

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Since hindsight is always 20:20, important decisions made over a long career in the ranching business have gained a clarity that was surely missing while in the midst of making them. Or have they? With the destinations of the chosen paths clear, but the destinations of those paths not taken only a distant memory of what might have been, rationalization becomes a powerful force in evaluation. While ranch managers search for the perfect lenses to gain strategic advantages for the future, the lenses used to view the past are often clouded with blame, self-doubt, and perhaps, jealousy. And many times, …

The Economic Benefits And Potential When Using Current And Future Epd – Economically Relevant Traits, R. Mark Enns, Dorian J. Garrick

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Expected Progeny Differences (EPD) have been widely adopted by the US Beef Industry over the last several decades. During this time and especially over the last 8 years, the number of EPD published by breed associations has increased dramatically from 5 in some cases to over 15. The assumption has been that by adding additional EPD producers could better characterize the genetic potential of prospective replacements (Bourdon, 1998) and therefore, to make more appropriate selection decisions that would improve or at least maintain profitability. No matter the number of available EPD, making the jump from genetic change through use of …

Selecting For Carcass Marbling And Muscling – Benefits And Pitfalls, James A. Gosey

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Large premiums for Choice quality grade carcasses versus Select carcasses and substantial discounts for Yield Grade 4 carcasses provide incentive for beef cattle breeders to select for carcass traits. Marbling may only account for a small share of the variation in palatability of cooked beef products and is less important than tenderness, but it serves as an "insurance policy" for eating satisfaction and is more easily measured. Thus breeders have responded to increased consumer demand for beef quality and consistency by selecting for marbling as it is one of the few tools available to them. Without doubt, success of programs …

Use Of Irrigated Pastures And Economics Of Establishment And Grazing, Jerry D. Volesky, Richard T. Clark

Range Beef Cow Symposium

The use of irrigated pasture is a potential option for many livestock producers. Irrigated cool-season species, for example, can be used as complementary forage to warm season rangeland (Nichols et al. 1993) or mitigate some of the effects of drought. Irrigated pasture can result in high animal production per acre; however, achieving the high production levels requires excellent grazing management with high water and fertilizer applications (Nichols and Clanton 1985; Gray et al. 2001). There are a number of management considerations associated with irrigated pasture. This includes practical details such as field selection, species and variety selection, seeding methods, and …

Value And Use Of Corn Milling By-Products In The Cow Herdv, Richard J. Rasby, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Don C. Adams

Range Beef Cow Symposium

There are many different grain by-products available for cow/calf producers to use in rations. Grain by-products such as wheat mids, soy hulls, and cottonseed hulls have been available for many years and have been used effectively in cow diets and supplements. More recent grain by-products have come from the production of fructose (wet or dry corn gluten feed) or ethanol (wet or dry distillers grains). This paper will focus on by-product of corn milling industry. This paper will discuss the wet and dry milling process, product quality, nutrient quality, and research on use by beef cattle.

Macro Influences On The Beef Business, Wayne D. Purcell

Range Beef Cow Symposium

There are many major economic focuses at work in the sector. In late 2003, a start to the herd building phase of the cattle cycle is imminent. Export markets are coming back after faltering during 2002, and beef demand, domestic and international, is growing again. We have not seen the combination of heifer holdback to build the herd, which will reduce per capita beef supplies, and increased demand for beef since the early 1970’s. Unless corn prices surge, and this is unlikely, calf prices will go above $1.00 and generally stay there for the next several years—perhaps as long as …

Developing Replacement Heifers: Recent Research Findings On Target Weights And Fat Supplementation, Richard N. Funston, Gene H. Deutscher

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Proper development of replacement heifers is critical. Heifers should be managed to reach puberty early, conceive early in the first breeding season, calve unassisted, and breed back early for their second calf. This development needs to be accomplished at low costs without sacrificing performance. Previous studies (Patterson et al., 1992) indicate puberty can be expected to occur at a genetically predetermined size among individual animals; and only when heifers reach predetermined target weights can high pregnancy rates be obtained. Recommended guidelines generally have been 60 to 66% of mature weight in beef heifers, depending on frame size (Patterson et al., …

Feeding And Managing Cows On High Grain Diets, Steve Paisley

Range Beef Cow Symposium

Increasing land prices, rising lease rates, restrictive grazing leases, intensified operations, as well as drought-related hay availability have all led to an increase in the use of alternative wintering programs for beef herds. While limit-fed grain rations have the potential to reduce wintering costs provided the programs are closely managed, additional herd management and feeding precision is needed to help ensure success. Several recent University studies have investigated different scenarios for limit-feeding high concentrate diets to heifers and adult cows. In addition, there have been several fact sheets, newsletters, and research reports discussing limit-fed high grain wintering rations for adult …