Life Sciences Commons^™

The Ingrown World Of Animal Model Research In Psychology, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Experimentation Collection

In the previous essay, I described the proper function of models in science as heuristic, as a way of generating hypotheses about the actual object of study. Turning to animal models in psychology, I offered a general characterization of that enterprise using sham feeding, an animal model of the eating disorder called bulimia, as an example. In this final of three essays, I offer an evaluation of this animal model strategy that largely employs the tools of social science. I close with a recommendation and a prediction.

Quantity-Based Interference And Symbolic Representations In Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes), S. T. Boysen, G. G. Berntson, M. B. Hannan, J. T. Cacioppo

Sentience Collection

Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving …

Mechanisms Of American English Vowel Production In A Grey Parrot (Psittacus Erithacus), Denice K. Warren, Dianne K. Patterson, Irene M. Pepperberg

Sentience Collection

Parrots are known for their capacity to reproduce the sounds of human speech, but few studies have investigated their mechanisms for producing such vocalizations. Using three methods of noninvasive video imaging (Super VHS video, infrared, X-ray radiography), we examined correlations between several elements of a Grey Parrot's (Psittacus erithacus) vocal-tract configuration and the bird's production of two vowels, /i/ ("eat") and /a/ ("rock"). This parrot uses mechanisms that both resemble and differ from those used by: (a) humans to produce English speech; and (b) some avian species to produce conspecific vocalizations. This Grey Parrot, for example, uses its vocal apparatus …

Gender Differences In Attitudes Toward Animal Research, Jennifer J. Eldridge, John P. Gluck

Experimentation Collection

Although gender differences in attitudes toward animal research have been reported in the literature for some time, exploration into the nature of these differences has received less attention. This article examines gender differences in responses to a survey of attitudes toward the use of animals in research. The survey was completed by college students and consisted of items intended to tap different issues related to the animal research debate. Results indicated that women were more likely than men to support tenets of the animal protection movement. Likewise, women were more likely than men to favor increased restrictions on animal use …

Taking Evolution Seriously: A Matter Of Primate Intelligence, Maxine Sheets-Johnstone

Intelligence Collection

No abstract provided.

Light-Saturated Primary Production In Antarctic Coastal Waters, Mark A. Moline, Barbara B. Prezelin, Herve Claustre

Biological Sciences

No abstract provided.

Commercial Adaptations Of Mechanical Stimulation For The Control Of Transplant Growth, Lauren C. Garner, Allen F. Langton, Thomas Bjorkman

Horticulture and Crop Science

The commercial use of mechanical stimulation to control transplant growth is quite limited. To be commercially successful, the technique must be simple and flexible, and must not reduce plant quality. Brushing was applied to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings growing at a density of 2100 plants m^-2 by daily stroking with a piece of polystyrene. Ten or twenty daily strokes typically provided significant height control without plant damage. Increasing the interval between strokes to up to 10 minutes resulted in the same amount of height control as continuous brushing. There were typically no differences between treating the plants …

Temporal Dynamics Of Coastal Antarctic Phytoplankton: Environmental Driving Forces And Impact Of 1991/92 Summer Diatom Bloom On The Nutrient Regimes, Mark A. Moline, Barbara B. Prezelin, Oscar Schofield, Raymond C. Smith

Biological Sciences

Within the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research Program (PAL-LTER), a suite of environmental data sets were collected at a nearshore station throughout the 1991/92 austral summer. Seasonal changes are presented in the context of phytoplankton community ecology. Subseasonal fluctuations in sea-ice coverage, freshwater inputs, as well as wind driven and advective processes disrupting stratified surface waters, appeared to be the major driving forces affecting the timing, duration and demise of local phytoplankton blooms. During a large diatom-dominated bloom (~30 mg chl a m^-3), macronutrients were depleted to detection limits (NO₃^--3, PO₄^-3< 0.03 mmol m^-3) …

Effect Of Larval Swimming Duration On Success Of Metamorphosis And Size Of The Ancestrular Lophophore In Bugula Neritina (Bryozoa), Dean E. Wendt

Biological Sciences

There is a growing realization that events during one portion of an organism's life cycle can have both subtle and dramatic effects on other stages in the life history. Lethal and sublethal effects associated with the duration of larval swimming in marine invertebrates were examined for the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Larvae were kept swimming up to a maximum of 28 h at 20{deg}C by exposure to continuous bright fluorescent illumination. At 4-h intervals, samples of 20-40 larvae were removed from bright illumination and were exposed to seawater containing 10 mM excess KCI, an inducer of metamorphosis in this species. …

An Improved Synthesis Of 2-(Hydroxymethyl)Indene, Hasan Palandoken, William T. Mcmillen, Michael H. Nantz

Chemistry and Biochemistry

No abstract provided.

Analysing Ancient Dna, Raúl J. Cano

Biological Sciences

Much of what we know about extinct organisms comes from traits that are not preserved in the fossil record. Until recently, morphological analysis was the only tool available for scientists to determine relationships for extinct fossil organisms. We now know that ‘ancient’ DNA can be preserved in the remains of extinct organisms. By targeting specific gene sequences, it may be possible to deduce biochemical characteristics and through sequence comparisons, to estimate the extent of evolutionary divergence. By comparing the amount and type of these changes, one could estimate how quickly some DNA ‘evolves’ relative to other segments, or which genes …

The Texture Of Surficial Sediments In Central Long Island Sound Off Milford, Connecticut., Roman Zajac, Larry J. Poppe, B B. Taylor, Dann Blackwood, Ralph S. Lewis, Mary L. Digiacomo-Cohen

Biology and Environmental Science Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to determine the grain-size distributions and associated statistical parameters of the surficial sediment samples from central Long Island Sound off Milford, Connecticut. These grain-size data, which help to ground-truth a pre-existent sidescan sonar survey (Poppe and others, 1995a; Twichell and others, in press), will eventually be used to describe the sedimentary processes active in this portion of central Long Island Sound. Other potential uses for these textural data include benthic biologic studies that evaluate faunal distributions and relate them to habitats (Zajac and others, 1995), and geochemical studies involving the distribution, transport and deposition …

Organic Carbon, Hydrogen, And Nitrogen Concentrations In Surficial Sediments From Western Long Island Sound, Connecticut And New York, Roman Zajac, Larry J. Poppe, Ralph S. Lewis, S E. Pratt, Zofia J. Mlodzinska, B. B. Taylor, Mary L. Digiacomo-Cohen

Biology and Environmental Science Faculty Publications

Total organic carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) analyses were performed on 147 surficial sediment samples from study areas off the Norwalk Islands and Milford, Connecticut, in western Long Island Sound. The CHN data and gross lithologic descriptions of the sediments are reported herein. The concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), hydrogen, and nitrogen in these samples average 1.54, 1.40, and 0.17 weight percent, respectively. The individual CHN concentrations vary inversely with grain size, with CHN values increasing with the percent fines. Increasing nutrient inputs and decreasing circulation cause TOC and nitrogen values to generally increase westward within the Sound. C/N …

The Texture Of Surficial Sediments In Western Long Island Sound Off The Norwalk Islands, Connecticut, Roman Zajac, Larry J. Poppe, B. B. Taylor, Dann Blackwood, A. E. Harmon

Biology and Environmental Science Faculty Publications

Grain-size analyses were performed on 69 samples from western Long Island Sound. The relative grain-size frequency distributions and related statistics are reported herein. Descriptions of the benthic character from video tapes and still camera photographs of the bottom at these stations, and 33 others, are also presented. The southern and eastern parts of the study area are dominated by poorly sorted clayey silts that have nearly symmetrical distributions. Gravelly sediments are prevalent in the shallow northwestern part of the study area, but are also present in central part of the study area. Bands of sand, silty sand, and sand-silt-clay occur …

Forb And Shrub Seed Production Guide For Utah, Richard Stevens, Kent R. Jorgensen, Stanford A. Young, Stephen B. Monsen

All Archived Publications

No abstract provided.

Introduction To The Symposium: "The New Morphology: Potential For Integrating New Techniques And Concepts", Elizabeth Zimmer

Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

No abstract provided.

Raptor Nesting Chronology In Northwestern North Dakota, Robert K. Murphy, John T. Ensign

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Publications

Nesting chronology of raptors is sparsely documented in North Dakota. During 1981-94, we determined hatching dates at 298 nest attempts by eight species of raptors on and within 10 km of Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern North Dakota. Mean hatching dates for most common species were 17 April for great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)(SD = 8.4 days, n = 70 nests), 1 June for red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)(7.3, 99), 19 June for northern harrier (Circus cyaneus)(11.1, 37), 24 June for Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)(4.6, 19), and 27 June for Swainson's hawk ( …

Variation In Selection Of Microhabitats By Merriam's Turkey Brood Hens, Mark A. Rumble, Stanley H. Anderson

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

We studied microhabitats of Merriam's turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) brood hens in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystem in South Dakota from 1986 to 1988. Cluster analysis indicated three groups of microhabitats, open-shrub, open-grass/forb and forest, based on vegetation characteristics at sites selected by brood hens. Poults of brood hen that selected open-shrub microhabitats were younger than those that selected forest microhabitats. Open-shrub and open grass/forb microhabitats had high herbaceous cover. Herbaceous vegetation provides habitat for invertebrates required in diets of poults and was selected by brood hens for feeding. Brood hens selected forest microhabitats more …

Cover - Table Of Contents

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

Pathogenicity Of Septoria Aquilina Isolated From Black Hills Bracken, A. Gabel, C. Salazar

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Septoria aquilina, a pathogenic fungus isolated from Pteridium aquilinum growing in the Black Hills was studied from 1991-1995. S. aquilina sprayed at 8,000 conidia/ml on transplanted fronds followed by high humidity caused severe necrosis seven days after inoculation and disease severity increased until fronds died. Severe necrosis also developed from inoculations at 4,000 and 2,000 conidia/ml. Less severe symptoms developed from inoculations at 1,000 conidia/ml. Inoculations at 4,000 conidia/ml not followed by high humidity caused less necrosis than inoculations at the same concentration with high humidity. Inoculations at 4,000, 2,000, and 1,000 conidia/ml on fronds grown from spores caused similar …

Patterns Of Soil Nitrogen Dynamics In A Central Appalachian Hardwood Forest Ecosystem, Bradley Michael Yurish

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Increasing awareness of the potential effects of acidic deposition prompted a watershed manipulation project at the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF), West Virginia, in 1987. In this project, an acidifying agent, (Nf4)2S04 , was applied to an entire watershed to better understand ecosystem responses to simulated acid deposition in excess of ambient levels. In ecosystems receiving elevated N levels, increased soil N may contribute to soil acidification, lead to nutrient imbalances in plants, increase rates of nitrification, increase leaching of No3• and pollute surface waters. This study was designed to assess changes of three watersheds that received varied N inputs. The …

Population Structuring And Patterns Of Morphological Variation In Californian Styrax (Styracaceae), Peter Fritsch

Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

Recent studies of genetic variation within and among populations and phylogenetic estimates have provided evidence bearing on the evolutionary history and taxonomy of Styrax in California (S. redivivus). In this paper, data from these studies are further analyzed and integrated with new data from morphology to gain insight into the nature and taxonomic significance of character variation within this species. Six morphological characters thought to be important in the delimitation of infraspecific taxa within S. redivivus were measured on 52 herbarium specimens and analyzed with Pearson correlations and multivariate methods. Five characters are significantly associated with latitude and …

Bouteloua Chihuahuana (Gramineae), A New Nomenclatural Combination, J. Travis Columbus

Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

A revision of the Euphorbia dioscoreoides complex (subgenus Agaloma) is provided. Euphorbia dioscoreoides ssp. attenuata and E. eglandulosa, both from Mexico, are proposed as new; E. digitata is reduced to synonymy under E. subpeltata. Representative specimens are cited, and distributional and ecological data are provided.

Using Confocal Microscopy In The Study Of Plant Structure And Development, Mark P. Running, Elliot M. Meyerowitz

Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

The widespread application of confocal laser scanning microscopy has revolutionized biological imaging. We have developed a protocol for using confocal microscopy to examine the development of wild type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana, overcoming the technical difficulties associated with examining whole-mounted plant tissue. This allowed us to rapidly determine the underlying cellular defects that lead to the morphological changes visible in several mutants, and has led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of floral organ number.

Diversity And Evolution Of Seedling Baupläne In Perlargonium (Geraniaceae), Cynthia S. Jones, Robert A. Price

Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany

The genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) exhibits tremendous variation in growth form. We apply a broadly defined concept of Bauplan in our study of growth form, architectural and anatomical features of early seedling development in the type subgenus. We analyze variation in these features within a phylogenetic framework based on sequence comparisons of internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Preliminary ITS sequence comparisons show strong support for two major clades. One major clade contains two subgroups, one consisting of three previously recognized sections of more or less woody shrubs and subshrubs (sections Pelargonium, Glaucophyllum and Campylia), and …

Effects Of Logging Slash On Aspen Regeneration In Grazed Clearcuts, Mark A. Rumble, Timothy Pella, Jon C. Sharps, Arthur V. Carter, J. Barry Parrish

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

In 1975, a quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) stand was clear-cut. Fencing and slash retention treatments designed to exclude or impede livestock-use were implemented. We evaluated the effects of these treatments on regeneration of aspen 19 years later. Leaving all slash was as effective as fencing for maintaining aspen regeneration and supported adequate density of saplings to meet recommendations for ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). Shrub cover also was greater in treatments with slash and fencing. Unfenced treatments with slash less than 8 cm diameter retained, did not differ statistically from fenced treatments, but did not support adequate …

An Nmr Investigation Of The Effect Of Hydrogen Bonding On The Rates Of Rotation About The C-N Bonds In Urea And Thiourea, Karl A. Haushalter, Janice Lau, John D. Roberts

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

The interaction between urea and tetrabutylammonium acetate was investigated in dimethylformamide/ dimethyl sulfoxide solutions using ¹H and 15^N NMR. The chemical-shift behavior of the urea protons is consistent with a urea-acetate hydrogen-bonded complex involving both carboxylate oxygens and the urea hydrogens trans to the carbonyl oxygen with K_assoc = 120 ± 10. Line shape analysis of the temperature-dependent ¹H NMR spectra show that ∆G^‡ for rotation about the C-N bond of urea changes only slightly from 11.0 ± 0.1 to 11.2 ± 0.1 kcal/mol on 1:1 molar addition of tetrabutylammonium acetate to a dilute solution of urea. A parallel investigation …

Book Review - Caddisflies (Trichoptera) Of The Interior Highlands Of North America, John C. Morse

Publications

No abstract provided.

Survey Of The Fishes In Streams Drainig The Jack Mountain Area, Hot Springs And Garland Counties, Arkansas, With Notes On The Ouachita Madtom (Noturus Lachneri), Renn Tumlison, Creed Tumlison

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

PhosphoEnolPyruvate Carboxylase: A Ubiquitous, Highly Regulated Enzyme In Plants, Raymond Chollet, Jean Vidal, Marion H. O'Leary

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Since plant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was last reviewed in the Annual Review of Plant Physiology over a decade ago (O’Leary 1982), significant advances have been made in our knowledge of this oligomeric, cytosolic enzyme. This review highlights this exciting progress in plant PEPC research by focusing on the three major areas of recent investigation: the enzymology of the protein; its posttranslational regulation by reversible protein phosphorylation and opposing metabolite effectors; and the structure, expression, and molecular evolution of the nuclear PEPC genes. It is hoped that the next ten years will be equally enlightening, especially with respect to the three-dimensional …