Life Sciences Commons^™

Hemodynamic And Neuromuscular Responses To Exercises Performed On Stable And Unstable Surface With And Without Blood Flow Restriction, Agnelia Tiffany Hernandez

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of circuit training exercises on stable and unstable surface with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on several physiological measures (heart rate, blood pressure, muscle unit activation and rate of perceived exertion).

METHODS: Sixteen recreationally active, males (age= 24.3 ± 1.2); n=8) and females (age= 23.1 ± 0.9); n=8) completed four testing sessions, no blood flow restriction (NBFR) on a stable surface, NBFR on an unstable surface, BFR on a stable surface, and BFR on an unstable surface. Participants performed lower body exercises in a circuit like …

A Comparison Of Site Fidelity And Habitat Use Of Red Snapper (Lutjanus Campechanus) To Evaluate The Performance Of Two Artificial Reefs In South Texas Utilizing Acoustic Telemetry, Andres Garcia

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

Evaluation of artificial reefs is becoming an increasingly important component of fisheries management. This is particularly true for the northwestern Gulf of Mexico where natural hard substrate is limited and 359 petroleum platforms are scheduled for removal in 2013 due to the “idle iron” policy. This study compared the performance of two artificial reef configurations off the south Texas coast, the Texas Clipper and South Padre Island Near Shore Reefs that differ in material, depth, and distance from shore, with respect to behavior of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, an important recreational and commercial species. Red snapper were implanted with depth …

Decomposition Patterns And Nitrogen Dynamics Of Black Mangrove (Avicennia Germinans)Leaf Litter In Disturbed Estuaries Linked To The Lower Laguna Madre, Texas, Mario Alberto Marquez

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

Estuaries are among the most productive aquatic systems in the world but are subject to both anthropogenic and natural disturbances. With increasing environmental concerns, efforts have become commonplace in assessing the status and trends of environmental conditions. In this study, an assessment of ecosystem status of various estuaries affected by different disturbances, was attempted through the examination of key functional processes such as leaf litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics during decay. Three estuaries located along the Brownsville Ship Channel near the southern terminus of the Lower Laguna Madre in Texas were studied. The overlying goal of this study was to …

The Effects Of A Red Tide, Karenia Brevis Episode On The Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities Of South Padre Island, Texas, Liana Lerma

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

South Padre Island, Texas has experienced increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms (Karenia brevis) since the 1900’s, many of which resulted in massive fishes kills. In addition, shorebirds and other terrestrial wildlife deaths have been linked to K. brevis blooms prompting investigations of potential pathways by which brevetoxins may be transmitted to higher trophic levels. The benthic macrofanual community inhabiting the swash zone of sandy beaches consists primarily of filter feeding invertebrates which may serve as toxin bioaccumulators to secondary consumers of both marine and terrestrial food webs. The first reported mass mortality of swash zone benthic macrofauna on the …

Rapid Protocol For Preparation Of Electrocompetent Escherichia Coli And Vibrio Cholerae, Miguel F. Gonzales, Teresa Brooks, Stefan U. Pukatzki, Daniele Provenzano

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has become the method of choice for introducing DNA into prokaryotes that are not naturally competent. Electroporation is a rapid, efficient, and streamlined transformation method that, in addition to purified DNA and competent bacteria, requires commercially available gene pulse controller and cuvettes. In contrast to the pulsing step, preparation of electrocompetent cells is time consuming and labor intensive involving repeated rounds of centrifugation and washes in decreasing volumes of sterile, cold water, or non-ionic buffers of large volumes of …

Getting To Evo-Devo: Concepts And Challenges For Students Learning Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Anna Hiatt, Gregory K. Davis, Caleb Trujillo, Mark Terry, Donald P. French, Rebecca M. Price, Kathryn E. Perez, Diane Ebert-May

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

In this study we used surveys of evo-devo experts to identify the core concepts of evo-devo and outline an underlying conceptual framework. We also use interviews and surveys of conceptual difficulties with these concepts.

To examine how well biology majors have achieved the necessary foundation in evolution, numerous studies have examined how students learn natural selection. However, no studies to date have examined how students learn developmental aspects of evolution (evo-devo). Although evo-devo plays an increasing role in undergraduate biology curricula, we find that instruction often addresses development cursorily, with most of the treatment embedded within instruction on evolution. Based …

Timing Of Favorable Conditions, Competition And Fertility Interact To Govern Recruitment Of Invasive Chinese Tallow Tree In Stressful Environments, Christopher A. Gabler, Evan Siemann

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

The rate of new exotic recruitment following removal of adult invaders (reinvasion pressure) influences restoration outcomes and costs but is highly variable and poorly understood. We hypothesize that broad variation in average reinvasion pressure of Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree, a major invader) arises from differences among habitats in spatiotemporal availability of realized recruitment windows. These windows are periods of variable duration long enough to permit establishment given local environmental conditions. We tested this hypothesis via a greenhouse mesocosm experiment that quantified how the duration of favorable moisture conditions prior to flood or drought stress (window duration), competition and nutrient …

Examination Of Dietary Habits And Fruit And Vegetable Intake In A Chronic Disease Program, Qian Kuang

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

The AHB program is a chronic disease prevention program which provides resources for community health centers along the U.S.-Mexico border. Healthy dietary habits and fruit/ vegetable intake play important roles in maintaining human health. Eight factors were used to evaluate the success of the AHB program. Another twenty factors were considered to predict dietary habits and fruit/vegetable intake status. Chi-square and multinomial logistic regression were used to study their correlation. Results from analysis showed that factors like birth country, employment, diabetes, baseline HbA1c, limited by problems, overall program quality, group, and program duration were correlated to the dietary habits, and …

Effects Of Habitat Enrichment On The Stress Level Of The Sit-And-Wait Predator Sand Boa (Gongylophis Colubrinus), Jose Manuel Cantu Martinez

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

Conditions in which the animals are housed vary according to animal use. Conditions unfamiliar or unsuited to organisms usually induce stress. Stress is mirrored by a hormone cascade resulting in glucocorticoids. Of the glucocorticoids corticosterone is regarded as the most important. The corticosterone levels of sand boas (Gongylophis colubrinus) were measured under enriched and barren soil and cage features. Enriched soil consisted of enough dirt to allow borrowing. Enriched cage featured consisted of a wooded ball. Barren soil consisted of newspaper as substrate. Barren cage features consisted of plane newspaper. Snakes were subject to treatment for two weeks. No significant …

Thorns Of Native Lower Rio Grande Valley Plants Are Colonized By Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria, Felicia A. Charles

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

Epiphytic pathogenic bacteria on the thorns of native LRGV plants may provide a defense mechanism for the plants. To test this, plant thorns were collected from LRGV plant species and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were isolated in thioglycollate medium. Tests were performed to characterize the bacterial cultures. The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to allow for species identification. Sixty-nine bacterial cultures were isolated, including gram-positive and gram-negative cell types. All utilized a variety of carbon sources for nutrients and 23% of isolates displayed hemolysis. Bacterial identification included members of the genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and others. Most were opportunistic pathogens. …

A Lover And A Fighter: The Genome Sequence Of An Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora, Xiaodong Bai, Byron J. Adams, Todd A. Ciche, Sandra Clifton, Randy Gaugler, Kwi-Suk Kim, Parwinder Grewal

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are entomopathogenic nematodes that have evolved a mutualism with Photorhabdus luminescens bacteria to function as highly virulent insect pathogens. The nematode provides a safe harbor for intestinal symbionts in soil and delivers the symbiotic bacteria into the insect blood. The symbiont provides virulence and toxins, metabolites essential for nematode reproduction, and antibiotic preservation of the insect cadaver. Approximately half of the 21,250 putative protein coding genes identified in the 77 Mbp high quality draft H. bacteriophora genome sequence were novel proteins of unknown function lacking homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans or any other sequenced organisms. Similarly, 317 of the …

Uso De Hábitat Y Perspectivas De Lontra Longicaudis En Un Área Protegida De Tamaulipas, México, Piedad Esther Mayagoitia-González, Alejandro Fierro-Cabo, Raul Valdez, Mark Andersen, David Cowley, Robert Steiner

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

El hábitat de la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis) en el Área Natural Protegida (ANP) La Vega Escondida, ubicada al sur de Tamaulipas, se encuentra rodeado de un paisaje urbano en expansión. Los humedales en esta región están sometidos a una intensa presión debido a diversas actividades antropogénicas tales como la agricultura, ganadería y pesca comercial, así como construcciones y rellenos en orillas de laguna y río. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos principales la evaluación y uso de hábitat de la nutria dentro del ANP La Vega Escondida, así como determinar la actitud de la población humana hacia esta especie. …

Sfmtp1 And Spmtp1 Cloning And Expression In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Potential For The Genetic Engineering Of Arabidopsis Thaliana, Elyssa Rae Garza

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

To evaluate metal tolerance conferred by the overexpression of Metal Tolerance Protein 1 (MTP1) in transgenic non-accumulator plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a model system was developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing either SfMTP1 cDNA, from the metal tolerant plant Streptanthus farnsworthianus, or SpMTP1 cDNA, from the hyperaccumulator Streptanthus polygaloides. Nonquantitative RT-PCR showed constitutive expression of MTP1 in both plant species. Alignment of SfMTP1 and SpMTP1 protein sequences shows a gap in SpMTP1 in a variable histidine region known to affect metal transport. Disk assays revealed SfMTP1 cDNA imparted greater Ni tolerance to yeast than SpMTP1 cDNA; however, SpMTP1 showed higher …

Abundance, Distribution, And Habitat Of The Threatened Minnows Campostoma Ornatum And Notropis Chihuahua In The Trans-Pecos Region Of Texas, Seiji Miyazono, Christopher M. Taylor

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

The Rio Grande and its tributaries in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas have been impacted by a variety of anthropogenic activities such as dewatering and the introduction of nonnative species. These environmental manipulations have negatively affected the native fishes leading to extirpations and declining populations throughout the region. Campostoma ornatum and Notropis chihuahua inhabit tributary streams of the Rio Grande in the Trans-Pecos region and are considered as state-listed threatened species. Little is known about their status and ecological requirements in the region. We hypothesized that the distribution and abundance of these threatened minnows in these spring-fed habitats can be …

Biochemical, Nutrient And Inhibitory Characteristics Of Streptomyces Cultured From A Hypersaline Estuary, The Laguna Madre (Texas), Luis E. Espinoza, Anita L. Davelos Baines, Kristine L. Lowe

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Streptomyces are common soil bacteria that produce secondary metabolites, including several antibiotics; however, the characteristics of marine Streptomyces are largely unknown. Sediment samples were taken from 3 sites in the Laguna Madre to isolate marine Streptomyces. Sediment was diluted, spread onto synthetic seawater media to estimate the total bacterial density of the samples and spread onto starch casein agar to isolate Streptomyces. Isolated Streptomyces were tested for salinity tolerance and optimal growth pH. Isolates were assayed using API 20E® test strips and BIOLOG™ plates to construct biochemical profiles and assess nutrient utilization abilities of the bacteria, respectively. Individual Streptomyces were …

Predicted Effects Of Climate Change On The Distribution Of The Invasive Grass Dichanthium Annulatum, Cynthia Isabel Garcia

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

Kleberg bluestem (Dichanthium annulatum) is an invasive grass species native to Africa but now found in southern United States, Mexico, and other tropical and subtropical countries throughout the world. Using the modeling software MaxEnt, climatic variables from WorldClim, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario A1B, and two General Circulatory Models: the Canadian model (Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis or CCCMA), and the Australian model (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation or CSIRO), several models were developed to determine the possible implications of climatic change on the suitable habitat for D. annulatum, in the year 2050. Models …

Self-Organizing: From Child’S Play To An Effective Wellness Program, Francisco Guajardo, Brian J. Warren, Lin Wang

Organization and School Leadership Faculty Publications

This article examines the exercise practices of a group of faculty members at a regional university who for a decade have participated in their own racquetball league. These professors self-organized their exercise regimen and during the period of their participation have found significant benefits beyond the physical benefits, as a result. Through the production of reflective narratives focused on the impact of their racquetball participation, their self-reported data show two broad themes and numerous sub-themes that emerge from their exercise experience. They reveal significant health benefits, and they express more deeply the benefits of the positive social interaction that impacts …

The Extracellular Polysaccharide Pel Makes The Attachment Of P. Aeruginosa To Surfaces Symmetric And Short-Ranged, Benjamin J. Cooley, Travis W. Thatcher, Sara M. Hashmi, Guillaume L'Her, Daniel A. Hurwitz, Daniele Provenzano, Ahmed Touhami, Vernita D. Gordon

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Biofilms are surface-mounted, multicellular communities of microbes. Biofilms are often associated with chronic infections that resist treatment, evade the immune system, and damage host tissue. An essential characteristic of the biofilm state is that constituent organisms are bound in a polymeric matrix. This matrix gives the system spatial structure and clusters bacteria near each other, facilitating intercellular interactions. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 is widely studied as a model biofilm-forming organism. The polymeric matrix of PAO1 biofilms is dominated by two bacteria-produced extracellular polymers, Pel and Psl. We use a combination of optical and atomic force microscopy to examine the …

Coca: An Andean Daily Chew, Robert C. Bradley

School of Art & Design Faculty Publications

“Coca: An Andean Daily Chew” distinctly separates the benign tradition of coca chewing in South America, an 8,000 year old practice, from the modern plague of cocaine addiction. The article specifically addresses Western misconceptions about coca. The text goes on to detail many aspects of the process of coca chewing, from the fields of the Andes to the mouths of the chewer. Coca is chewed with quick lime and this process is compared to the preparation of corn tortillas in Mexico. The most celebrated variety of coca, Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense, or Tupa Coca in Quechua, is positioned as the …

The Evodevoci: A Concept Inventory For Gauging Students’ Understanding Of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Kathryn E. Perez, Anna Hiatt, Gregory K. Davis, Caleb Trujillo, Donald P. French, Mark Terry, Rebecca M. Price

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

The American Association for the Advancement of Science 2011 report Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education encourages the teaching of developmental biology as an important part of teaching evolution. Recently, however, we found that biology majors often lack the developmental knowledge needed to understand evolutionary developmental biology, or “evo-devo.” To assist in efforts to improve evo-devo instruction among undergraduate biology majors, we designed a concept inventory (CI) for evolutionary developmental biology, the EvoDevoCI. The CI measures student understanding of six core evo-devo concepts using four scenarios and 11 multiple-choice items, all inspired by authentic scientific examples. Distracters were designed …

Avifauna Of The Mache Chindul Ecological Reserve, Northwest Ecuador, Luis Carrasco, Karl S. Berg, Jennifer Litz, Andrew Cook, Jordan Karubian

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

We report on the avifauna of the 120,000 ha Mache Chindul Ecological Reserve (REMACH), northwest Ecuador. The study area is located in a poorly studied transition zone between three major Neotropical biogeographic regions-the Chocó, Tumbesian, and Tropical Andes-each of which contains exceptional diversity and endemism in birds and other organisms. We collected data from 1998–99 and 2004–11 from the Bilsa Biological Station (a 3500 ha private reserve) and several farms, forest fragments, and communities distributed across the central portion of REMACH using observations (aural and visual), audio recordings, mist netting, point counts and photographs. We recorded 360 species of bird …

Factors Shaping The Ontogeny Of Vocal Signals In A Wild Parrot, Karl S. Berg, Steven R. Beissinger, Jack W. Bradbury

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Parrots rely heavily on vocal signals to maintain their social and mobile lifestyles. We studied vocal ontogeny in nests of wild green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus) in Venezuela. We identified three successive phases of vocal signaling that corresponded closely to three independently derived phases of physiological development. For each ontogenetic phase, we characterized the relative importance of anatomical constraints, motor skills necessary for responding to specific contexts of the immediate environment, and the learning of signals that are necessary for adult forms of communication. We observed shifts in the relative importance of these three factors as individuals progressed from …

Opportunistic Pathogenic Bacteria Colonize Thorns Of Native Rio Grande Valley Plants, Felicia A. Charles, Sergio Cepeda, J. Andrew Mcdonald, Kristine L. Lowe

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Thorns serve as mechanical defenses of plants against herbivory. However, plant thorns harbor microorganisms that are potentially pathogenic. These pathogens may be transferred to herbivores and other animals and provide an additional defense for the plants. Thorns from 5 plant species native to the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas were collected and used to isolate bacteria colonizing the thorn surface. Thorns, leaves and stems of plants were visualized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe any bacteria on the plant surface. Isolated bacteria were tested for their ability to grow in aerobic versus anaerobic environments, to produce hemolysis, carbon …

Arthropod Abundance And Diversity In Street Trees Of South Texas, Usa, Alexis Racelis, Ann T. Vacek, Carol Goolsby, John Brush, John A. Goolsby

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

In urban areas, street trees provide a variety of ecological services, including biodiversity conservation. In this study we examined arthropod diversity on native and non-native street trees sampled during the fall of 2010 and spring of 2011 in McAllen, Texas, one of the most rapidly growing urban areas in the country. Eighty-eight street trees were sampled by removing arthropods from the lower canopy foliage using a hand held vacuum. Arthropods were collected into nylon bags, identified to order, and counted by morphospecies. Overall, street trees supported a significant and diverse population of arthropods: a total of 1,971 arthropods were collected, …

Mitigating Predatory Ants Promotes Establishment Of Biological Control Of Arundo By Arundo Scale In The Cattle Fever Tick Quarantine Zone, A. Velez-Bonner, W. L. A. Osbrink, D. W. Thomas, Kenneth R. Summy, A. T. Showler, A. Perez De Leon, John A. Goolsby

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Ant collection, identification, and control experiments were conducted to improve the establishment of the arundo scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis, a biological control agent of Arundo donax, an invasive weed in the riparian habitats along the Rio Grande in Texas. Observational studies indicated R. donacis immatures are preyed upon by a variety of predator insects, especially ants. A survey of the principle ant species was made at sites along the Rio Grande with Arundo donax to help direct biological control strategies. We conclude that uses of ant baits can effectively control the common ant species found in these habitats and improve the …

Tuning Of Alternative Splicing - Switch From Proto-Oncogene To Tumor Suppressor, Aleksandra Shchelkunova, Boris Ermolinsky, Meghan Boyle, Ivan Mendez, Michael Lehker, Karen S. Martirosyan, Alexander V. Kazanksy

Health & Biomedical Sciences Faculty Publications

STAT5B, a specific member of the STAT family, is intimately associated with prostate tumor progression. While the full form of STAT5B is thought to promote tumor progression, a naturally occurring truncated isoform acts as a tumor suppressor. We previously demonstrated that truncated STAT5 is generated by insertion of an alternatively spliced exon and results in the introduction of an early termination codon. Present approaches targeting STAT proteins based on inhibition of functional domains of STAT's, such as DNA-binding, cooperative binding (protein-protein interaction), dimerization and phosphorylation will halt the action of the entire gene, both the proto-oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions …

Constitutive Type Vi Secretion System Expression Gives Vibrio Cholerae Intra- And Interspecific Competitive Advantages, Daniel Unterweger, Maya Kitaoka, Sarah T. Miyata, Verena Bachmann, Teresa M. Brooks, Jessica Moloney, Oscar Sosa, David Silva, Jorge Duran-Gonzalez, Daniele Provenzano

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) mediates protein translocation across the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae - the causative agent of cholera. All V. cholerae strains examined to date harbor gene clusters encoding a T6SS. Structural similarity and sequence homology between components of the T6SS and the T4 bacteriophage cell-puncturing device suggest that the T6SS functions as a contractile molecular syringe to inject effector molecules into prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cells. Regulation of the T6SS is critical. A subset of V. cholerae strains, including the clinical O37 serogroup strain V52, express T6SS constitutively. In contrast, pandemic strains …

Small Molecule Inhibitors Of Bacillus Anthracis Protective Antigen Proteolytic Activation And Oligomerization, Alexander N. Wein, Brian N. Williams, Shihui Liu, Boris Ermolinsky, Daniele Provenzano, Ruben Abagyan, Andrew Orry, Stephen H. Leppla, Michael Peredelchuk

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Protective antigen (PA), lethal factor, and edema factor, the protein toxins of Bacillus anthracis, are among its most important virulence factors and play a key role in infection. We performed a virtual ligand screen of a library of 10000 members to identify compounds predicted to bind to PA and prevent its oligomerization. Four of these compounds slowed PA association in a FRET-based oligomerization assay, and two of those protected cells from intoxication at concentrations of 1-10 μM. Exploration of the protective mechanism by Western blot showed decreased SDS-resistant PA oligomer on cells and, surprisingly, decreased amounts of activated PA. In …

Land Snails In Ephemeral Pools At Ottine Swamp, Gonzales County, Texas, Frank J. Dirrigl, Robert H. Mohlenbrock

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

We found five species of terrestrial land snails in dried ephemeral pools at Ottine Swamp, Palmetto State Park, Gonzales County, Texas. We recorded four species previously known (Anguispira stronglyodes, Mesomphix friabilis, Olygyra orbiculata, and Rabdotus dealbatus) and added a new occurrence (Mesodon thyroidus) to the list of species in the park.

Se encontraron cinco especies de caracoles terrestres en los fondos secos de unos charcos efímeros en Ottine Swamp, Palmetto State Park, en el condado de Gonzales, Texas. Registramos cuatro especies conocidas anteriormente (Anguispira stronglyodes, Mesomphix friabilis, Olygyra orbiculata y …

Responses To Predator Recognition Odors In Marmorkrebs, Loren Samantha Beard

Theses and Dissertations - UTB/UTPA

Marmorkrebs is a parthenogenetic crayfish with no indigenous populations. They have been introduced in several countries and could become an invasive species. Individuals introduced in Germany had longer, sharper spines, suggesting an adaptation to predators via developmental plasticity. This was tested by exposing juveniles to the odor of a fish during development and comparing them to controls. Subsequent spine length or sharpness did not differ. Other crayfish detect predators via an alarm cue, hemolymph, and exhibit avoidant behavior in response. I hypothesized that Marmorkrebs would also treat hemolymph as an alarm cue. The behavior of adult crayfish exposed to food, …