Life Sciences Commons^™

Concurrent Heart Rate Validity Of Wearable Technology Devices During Trail Running, James W. Navalta, Jeffrey Montes, Nathaniel G. Bodell, Robert W. Salatto, Jacob W. Manning, Mark Debeliso

Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences Faculty Research

Validation of heart rate responses in wearable technology devices is generally composed of laboratory-based protocols that are steady state in nature and as a result, high accuracy measures are returned. However, there is a need to understand device validity in applied settings that include varied intensities of exercise. The purpose was to determine concurrent heart rate validity during trail running. Twenty-one healthy participants volunteered (female n = 10, [mean (SD)]: age = 31 [11] years, height = 173.0 [7] cm, mass = 75.6 [13] kg). Participants were outfitted with wearable technology devices (Garmin Fenix 5 wristwatch, Jabra Elite Sport earbuds, …

Analysis Of Genomic Sequence Data Reveals The Origin And Evolutionary Separation Of Hawaiian Hoary Bat Populations, Corinna A. Pinzari, Lin Kang, Pawel Michalak, Lars S. Jermiin, Donald K. Price, Frank J. Bonaccorso

Life Sciences Faculty Research

We examine the genetic history and population status of Hawaiian hoary bats (Lasiurus semotus), the most isolated bats on Earth, and their relationship to northern hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus), through whole-genome analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms mapped to a de novo-assembled reference genome. Profiles of genomic diversity and divergence indicate that Hawaiian hoary bats are distinct from northern hoary bats, and form a monophyletic group, indicating a single ancestral colonization event 1.34 Ma, followed by substantial divergence between islands beginning 0.51 Ma. Phylogenetic analysis indicates Maui is central to the radiation across the archipelago, with the southward expansion to Hawai‘i and …

Genetic And Environmental Indicators Of Climate Change Vulnerability For Desert Bighorn Sheep, Tyler G. Creech, Clinton W. Epps, John D. Wehausen, Rachel S. Crowhurst, Jef R. Jaeger, Kathleen Longshore, Brandon Holton, William B. Sloan, Ryan J. Monello

Life Sciences Faculty Research

Assessments of organisms’ vulnerability to potential climatic shifts are increasingly common. Such assessments are often conducted at the species level and focused primarily on the magnitude of anticipated climate change (i.e., climate exposure). However, wildlife management would benefit from population-level assessments that also incorporate measures of local or regional potential for organismal adaptation to change. Estimates of genetic diversity, gene flow, and landscape connectivity can address this need and complement climate exposure estimates to establish management priorities at broad to local scales. We provide an example of this holistic approach for desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) within and surrounding …

Effects Of Caffeinated And Non-Caffeinated Gum On Premotor, Motor, And Overall Reaction Time, Ashton E. Holliday, Maelee A. Wells, Rebecca R. Rogers, Joseph A. Pederson, Tyler Williams, Christopher G. Ballmann

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

• Chewing gum and caffeine when used independently and concurrently increase neural activity ultimately improving reaction time but less is known about how caffeinated gum influences distinct phases of the reaction time response.
• Physically active college females (n=14) completed a 60-second reaction time test on a visuomotor board under the following counterbalanced conditions: 1) Baseline, 2) Non-caffeinated gum, 3) Caffeinated gum (300 mg caffeine).
• Point of application #1: Chewing gum improved premotor reaction time compared to baseline, but caffeine did not provide additional benefit.
• Point of application #2: Neither non-caffeinated nor caffeinated gum improved motor reaction times from baseline.
• Point of …

Complete Genome Sequences Of Cluster P1 And Cluster C1 Mycobacterium Smegmatis Phages Jung And Ronan, Richard Van, William Nie, Feruz Abdela, Bardia Eivazi, Dolores Kickbusch, Michael Finkle, Cody Cris, Matthew Rubinstein, Baylor Akavan, Mahdeed Raja, Jessica Vergara, Wilson Andrade, Abimael Barajas, Jocelyn Sanchez, Maria Duenas, Kurt Regner, Christy Strong, Philippos K. Tsourkas, Jay Barilla

Life Sciences Faculty Research

We present the complete genome sequences of Mycobacterium smegmatis phages Jung and Ronan, isolated from soil in Las Vegas, Nevada. The phages were isolated and annotated by students enrolled in a course for undergraduate research experience (CURE). Jung is a cluster P1 mycobacteriophage, while Ronan is in cluster C1.

Evapotranspiration Of Urban Landscape Trees And Turfgrass In An Arid Environment: Potential Trade-Offs In The Landscape, Tamara Wynne, Dale Devitt

Life Sciences Faculty Research

Irrigation in arid urban landscapes can use significant amounts of water. Water conservation must be based on plant species and the ability to meet plant water requirements while minimizing overirrigation. However, actual evapotranspiration (ET) estimates for landscape trees and turfgrass in arid environments are poorly documented, especially direct comparisons to assess potential trade-offs. We conducted research to quantify ET of 10 common landscape tree species grown in southern Nevada and compared these values with the ET of both a warm season and cool season turfgrass species. The trees were grown in a plot with a high-density planting (256 trees/ha). A …

Dementia-Related Psychosis And The Potential Role For Pimavanserin, Jeffery L. Cummings, D. P. Devanand, Stephen M. Stahl

School of Medicine Faculty Research

Dementia-related psychosis is prevalent across dementias and typically manifests as delusions and/or hallucinations. The mechanisms underlying psychosis in dementia are unknown; however, neurobiological and pharmacological evidence has implicated multiple signaling pathways and brain regions. Despite differences in dementia pathology, the neurobiology underlying psychosis appears to involve dysregulation of a cortical and limbic pathway involving serotonergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic signaling. Thus, an imbalance in cortical and mesolimbic excitatory tone may drive symptoms of psychosis. Delusions and hallucinations may result from (1) hyperactivation of pyramidal neurons within the visual cortex, causing visual hallucinations, and (2) hyperactivation of the mesolimbic pathway, causing …

An Investigation Into Multi-View Error Correcting Output Code Classifiers Applied To Organ Tissue Classification, Daniel Alvarez

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Large amounts of data is being generated constantly each day, so much data that it is difficult to find patterns in order to predict outcomes and make decisions for both humans and machines alike. It would be useful if this data could be simplified using machine learning techniques. For example, biological cell identity is dependent on many factors tied to genetic processes. Such factors include proteins, gene transcription, and gene methylation. Each of these factors are highly complex mechanism with immense amounts of data. Simplifying these can then be helpful in finding patterns in them. Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) does …

Transcriptional Control Of Virulence Genes In The Bacterial Pathogen Shigella Flexneri, Joy Asami Mckenna

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Shigella species, the causal agents of bacillary dysentery, use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject two waves of virulence proteins, known as effectors, into the human colonic epithelium to subvert host cell machinery. Transcriptional regulation of these virulence genes is controlled by the three-tiered VirF/VirB/MxiE signaling cascade. Of these, VirB has the largest regulon (~50 genes); however, VirB regulatory properties are poorly understood. To date, VirB is known to function to counter or 'anti-silence' transcriptional silencing mediated by the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS. To better understand VirB regulation, my colleagues and I chose to better define the …

Using Novel Mouse Knockout Models To Study The Roles Of Asm (Acid Sphingomyelinase) In The Regulation Of Multiple Stem Cell Compartments In Vivo, Amro Abdalla

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Acid Sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lipid-modifying enzyme that breaks down sphingomyelin lipids into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Genetic mutations in the human ASM gene leads to Niemann pick diseases (NPD) type A & B. In NPD type A, patients die between 1-2 years old due to severe neurological complications, while NPD type B patients live to adulthood but suffer from severe visceral organ complications. Type A is usually associated with complete inactivation of the ASM gene. The hallmark of NPD is Purkinje neuron (PN) death. PNs, the major neurons in the cerebellum part of the brain, regulate the balance and fine …

Does Wearing Multiple Pairs Of Shoes Influence Injury Rates?, Julien Mihy

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Running research has attempted to better understand the causes of movement-related injuries and a large segment of this research revolves around footwear and training regimens. A survey has reported lower injury rates in runners who wore multiple shoes with in a 5-month period. Previous literature lacks the analysis of variables leading to training related decisions and whether wearing multiple pairs of shoes can have an extended influence on injury rates. PURPOSE: To determine whether wearing multiple pairs of shoes has an influence on injury rates. METHODS: A survey was developed to ask participant’s injury related history along with their footwear, …

Transposable Element Expression In Human Embryo Single-Cell Rna-Seq Data, Corinne Sexton

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic sequences which are mobile within the genome, including DNA transposons and retrotransposons. Though the vast majority are no longer able to move or duplicate in humans, they still are actively transcribed in both germline and somatic cells, particularly in early human development. TEs are expressed in an extremely cell-type and stage specific pattern during embryogenesis, suggesting that they may either have a regulatory role in the cell or be transcribed along with cell-specific genes. However, earlier studies have focused on hESC models or early embryos up to day 6, with differing patterns of TE expression. …

The Influence Of Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On Motor Function In Parkinson’S Disease, Lidio Lima De Albuquerque

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. PD is characterized by dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to a reduction in dopamine in the striatum. These physiological mechanisms lead to a number of motor impairments such as bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability that severely limit the ability of individuals with PD to perform many essential daily living activities. Although current pharmacological, surgical, and physical exercise treatment approaches are valuable they are either only mildly effective, expensive, or associated with a variety of side effects. Therefore, …

Machine Learning Approaches For Fracture Risk Assessment: A Comparative Analysis Of Genomic And Phenotypic Data In 5130 Older Men, Qing Wu, Fatma Nasoz, Jongyun Jung, Bibek Bhattarai, Mira V. Han

School of Public Health Faculty Research

The study aims were to develop fracture prediction models by using machine learning approaches and genomic data, as well as to identify the best modeling approach for fracture prediction. The genomic data of Osteoporotic Fractures in Men, cohort Study (n = 5130), were analyzed. After a comprehensive genotype imputation, genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated from 1103 associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for each participant. Data were normalized and split into a training set (80%) and a validation set (20%) for analysis. Random forest, gradient boosting, neural network, and logistic regression were used to develop prediction models for major osteoporotic fractures …

Identifying Pleiotropic Snps Associated With Femoral Neck And Heel Bone Mineral Density, Pei He, Xinag-He Ming, Xiao Zhang, Xu Lin, Qiang Zhang, Ri-Li Jiang, Martin R. Schiller, Fei-Yan Deng, Hong-Wen Deng

Life Sciences Faculty Research

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) routinely identify loci associated with risk factors for osteoporosis. However, GWASs with relatively small sample sizes still lack sufficient power to ascertain the majority of genetic variants with small to modest effect size, which may together truly influence the phenotype. The loci identified only account for a small percentage of the heritability of osteoporosis. This study aims to identify novel genetic loci associated with DXA-derived femoral neck (FNK) bone mineral density (BMD) and quantitative ultrasound of the heel calcaneus estimated BMD (eBMD), and to detect shared/causal variants for the two traits, to assess whether the …

Effect Of Botulinum Toxin Injection On Asymmetric Lower Face And Chin Deviation, Dongwook Kim, Ju-Hyun Park, Vittorio Favero, James Mah, Young-Soo Jung, Seong Taek Kim

Dental Medicine Faculty Research

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in masseter muscle reduction depending on the amount of chin deviation. Exploring distinctive effects of BoNT relative to the characteristics of facial asymmetry will aid in planning and predicting treatment outcomes. Sixteen adult volunteers were classified into two groups according to the degree of menton deviation observed in posteroanterior cephalograms. Eight had a menton deviation of 3 mm or more and the other eight had less than 3 mm. A total of 25 Units of BoNT was injected into the unilateral masseter muscle of the prominent …

Microbiome Shifts Associated With The Introduction Of Wild Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus Polyphemus) Into A Touch-Tank Exhibit, Ariel D. Friel, Sean A. Neiswenter, Cale O. Seymour, Lauren Rose Bali, Ginger Mcnamara, Fabian Leija, Jack Jewell, Brian P. Hedlund

Life Sciences Faculty Research

The Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a common marine aquarium species and model organism for research. There is potential monetary and conservation value in developing a stable captive population of horseshoe crabs, however, one major impediment to achieving captivity is a lack of knowledge regarding captive diseases. We utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to track changes in the microbiomes of four body locations in three wild-caught (tracked over 14 months in captivity) and three tank-acclimated (>2 years in captivity) adult L. polyphemus in a touch tank at Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, NV. …

Rowing Ergometer Kinematics Of Collegiate Female Rowers, Christina Lemunyon, Kevin Carlson

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

• The purpose was to quantify rowing kinematics of female rowers and compare how rowing mechanics concurred with the rowing style taught by the coaching staff.
• Rowing kinematics at various paces were captured using Xsens motion capture hardware and processing software.
• Point of application 1: Lack of knee extension at the end of the drive phase limited the knee range of motion and time for force development.
• Point of application 2: Elbow flexion and hip extension occurred too early in the stroke leading to poor skeletal segmental interactions.
• Point of application 3: It was determined that the rowers examined in this …

Genomic Diversity Of Bacteriophages Infecting Microbacterium Spp, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Lawrence A. Abad, Richard M. Alvey, Kirk R. Anders, Haley G. Aull, Suparna S. Bhalla, Lawrence S. Blumer, David W. Bollivar, J. Alfred Bonilla, Kristen A. Butela, Roy J. Coomans, Steven G. Cresawn, Tom D'Elia, Arturo Diaz, Ashley M. Divens, Nicholas P. Edgington, Gregory D. Frederick, Maria D. Gainey, Rebecca A. Garlena, Kenneth W. Grant, Susan M.R. Gurney, Heather L. Hendrickson, Lee E. Hughes, Margaret A. Kenna, Karen K. Klyczek, Hari Kotturi, Travis Mavrich, Angela L. Mckinney, Evan C. Merkhofer, Jordan Moberg Parker, Sally D. Molloy

Life Sciences Faculty Research

The bacteriophage population is vast, dynamic, old, and genetically diverse. The genomics of phages that infect bacterial hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria show them to not only be diverse but also pervasively mosaic, and replete with genes of unknown function. To further explore this broad group of bacteriophages, we describe here the isolation and genomic characterization of 116 phages that infect Microbacterium spp. Most of the phages are lytic, and can be grouped into twelve clusters according to their overall relatedness; seven of the phages are singletons with no close relatives. Genome sizes vary from 17.3 kbp to 97.7 kbp, …

Efficient Method Of Delivery For Powdered Supplement Or Placebo For An Outdoor Exercise Investigation, R W. Salatto, Dustin W. Davis, Bryson Carrier, Brenna Barrios, Jacquelyn Sertic, Peyton Cater, James W. Navalta

Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology

• Researchers often encounter issues while attempting to deliver complete doses of a desired supplement/placebo when conducting research in outdoor environments. The problem faced by our research team was how to efficiently deliver 6.4 grams of Beta Alanine (BA) powder to subjects while conducting a hiking study on a windy trail in Southern Utah. To minimize the potential impact of the weather, and to maximize the efficiency of delivery, we determined a premixed bolus of BA contained in individual commercially available 8oz water bottles was the most efficient delivery method. The purpose of this article is to detail the development and …

Long-Term Impact Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries On Multiple Functional Outcomes And Epigenetics: A Pilot Study With College Students, Hyunhwa Lee, Sungchul Lee, Ipuna Black, Laura Salado, Jonica Estrada, Katrina Isla

Nursing Faculty Research

People who suffer a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have heterogeneous symptoms and disease trajectories, which make it difficult to precisely assess long-term complications. This pilot study assessed and compared deficits in cognitive, psychosocial, visual functions, and balance performance between college students with and without histories of mTBI. Global DNA methylation ratio (5-mC%) in blood was also compared as a peripheral epigenetic marker. Twenty-five volunteers participated, including 14 healthy controls (64.3% females; mean age of 22.0) and 11 mTBI cases (27.3% females; mean age of 28.7 years) who self-reported mTBI history (63.6% multiple; 2.5 ± 1.29 injuries) with 7.1 years …

In Vivo Biosynthesis Of Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Eukaryotes - A Review, Ashiqur Rahman, Julia Lin, Francisco E. Jaramillo, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Clayton Jeffryes, Si Amar Dahoumane

Life Sciences Faculty Research

Bionanotechnology, the use of biological resources to produce novel, valuable nanomaterials, has witnessed tremendous developments over the past two decades. This eco-friendly and sustainable approach enables the synthesis of numerous, diverse types of useful nanomaterials for many medical, commercial, and scientific applications. Countless reviews describing the biosynthesis of nanomaterials have been published. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review has been exclusively focused on the in vivo biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by describing the many different facets of the in vivo biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living eukaryotic …

Roadmap For Naming Uncultivated Archaea And Bacteria, Alison E. Murray, John Freudenstein, Simonetta Gribaldo, Roland Hatzenpichler, Philip Hugenholtz, Peter Kämpfer, Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis, Christopher E. Lane, R. Thane Papke, Donovan H. Parks, Ramon Rossello-Mora, Matthew B. Stott, Cameron Thrash, Stephanus N. Venter, William B. Whitman, Silvia G. Acinas, Rudolf I. Amann, Karthik Anantharaman, Jean Armengaud, Brett J. Baker, Roman A. Barco, Helge B. Bode, Eric S. Boyd, Carrie L. Brady, Paul Carini, Patrick S. G. Chain, Daniel R. Colman, Kristen M. Deangelis, Maria Asuncion De Los Rios, Paulina Estrada-De Los Santos, Christopher A. Dunlop

Life Sciences Faculty Research

The assembly of single-amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) has led to a surge in genome-based discoveries of members affiliated with Archaea and Bacteria, bringing with it a need to develop guidelines for nomenclature of uncultivated microorganisms. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) only recognizes cultures as ‘type material’, thereby preventing the naming of uncultivated organisms. In this Consensus Statement, we propose two potential paths to solve this nomenclatural conundrum. One option is the adoption of previously proposed modifications to the ICNP to recognize DNA sequences as acceptable type material; the other option creates a nomenclatural code …

The Gut Microbiome And Its Potential Role In Paradoxical Anaerobism In Pupfishes Of The Mojave Desert, Brian Hedlund

Life Sciences Faculty Research

Background: Pupfishes frequently enter paradoxical anaerobism in response to endogenously produced or exogenously supplied ethanol in a dose-dependent manner. To decipher the role of the gut microbiota in ethanol-associated paradoxical anaerobism, gut microbial communities were depleted using a cocktail of antibiotics and profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Compared to the control group (n = 12), microbiota-depleted fish (n = 12) spent more time in paradoxical anaerobism. Our analysis indicated that the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Patescibacteria, and Dependentiae dominated the pupfish gut, which is consistent with other fish gut microbiota. Although the gut microbial communities …

Scald Injury-Induced T Cell Dysfunction Can Be Mitigated By Gr1+ Cell Depletion And Blockage Of Cd47/Cd172a Signaling, Nadine Beckmann, Franziska Huber, Marc Hanschen, Barbara St. Pierre Schneider, Vanessa Nomelli, Charles C. Caldwell

Nursing Faculty Research

Infection is a common and severe complication of burn injury: Sepsis accounts for 47% of postburn mortality. Burn-induced T cell suppression likely contributes to the increased infection susceptibility in burn patients. However, little is known about the kinetics of T cell dysfunction after burn and its underlying mechanisms. In this study, we show in a murine scald injury model that T cell activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as T cell cytokine production is suppressed acutely and persistently for at least 11 days after burn injury. Purified T cells from scald-injured mice exhibit normal T cell …

Defining Athletic Training In The Military Setting: A Survey Investigation Into Professional Characteristics, Preparation, And Barriers In Clinical Practice, Kara N. Radzak, Edward J. Sedory, Michael Hooper, Tricia M. Kasamatsu

Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences Faculty Research

Context: The skill sets of athletic trainers (ATs) provide a unique contribution to the US military's optimization of physical readiness, and these positions are becoming more prevalent. However, knowledge regarding the job characteristics of, and ATs' preparation for, employment in a military setting is limited. Objective: To assess the position and clinician characteristics of ATs working with military members and document their perceptions of working in the military setting. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online survey. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 53 ATs who currently or formerly worked in the military setting. Data Collection and Analysis: A Web-based survey …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Synthetic Urban Melt Glass, Rebecca Kristien Lowe

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Melt glass formed from the explosion of a nuclear device is a unique post-detonation material that can aid in the ensuing forensics investigation. Trapped in the melt glass are chemical and isotopic signatures that can provide diagnostic and source information about the weapon by comparison with documentation of previous detonations. A nuclear terrorist attack would likely take place in an urban environment and as such, the melt glass formed would consist of a complex matrix including urban materials like cement and glass, activation products from the large neutron flux that will be seen, and fission products from the detonation. The …

Investigation Of Acute Response To Carbohydrate In Subsequent Resistance Training, Damon Mccune

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Resistance training has been shown to have several positive benefits to health including increasing muscle size and strength, reducing risk of sarcopenia with aging, and is associated with reduced risk of mortality. A cornerstone in accomplishing these goals is to progressively overload the muscle by increasing training volume to promote muscle protein synthesis following training stimulation. Total training volume has been demonstrated in the literature to be a prime determinant of muscle hypertrophy and overall training performance. Carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation has been observed as a potential ergogenic aid when training demands are high. Current research investigating nutrition related to exercise …

Rapid Evolution Of Starvation Resistance In Drosophila: Physiological And Molecular Mechanisms, Austin Joseph Mckenna

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The Gibbs lab has maintained starvation-selected Drosophila melanogaster for >130 generations. These starvation-selected flies evolved an obese phenotype with a suite of physiological differences compared to control-fed flies. Previous studies have shown that long-term starvation-selected Drosophila contain more lipids, have lower metabolic rates and develop more slowly than controls. This dissertation encompasses 1) Examining the molecular mechanisms contributing to starvation resistance, 2) Functional validation of the candidate plin1 allele, and 3) Rapid physiological and genomic evolution in starvation-selected Drosophila.

Starvation-selected Drosophila survive starvation conditions much longer than control-fed flies. This study took a simple approach to identify possible differences in …

The Influence Of Motivational And Attentional Focus Factors On Throwing Accuracy In Elite Softball Athletes, Jacquelyn Sertic

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

According to the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016), autonomy support (AS), enhanced expectancies (EE), and external focus (EF) of attention are key to effective motor performance and learning. AS allows individuals to exercise control, EE

provides performers with an increased sense of confidence, and EF directs attention to the intended movement effects. Previous research indicates that these factors individually and collectively can improve motor performance and learning in novices and experienced performers. Few studies have used elite performers as participants. Purpose: To determine whether skilled throwing performance can be enhanced by a successive implementation of AS, …