Life Sciences Commons^™

The Effectiveness Of Lime-Based Amendments And Bauxite Residues At Removing Phosphorus From Piggery Effluent, D. M. Weaver, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Piggery effluent may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways, if it is not treated before disposal, because of high levels of phosphorus. Limes and red muds (a residue from bauxite refining) were used to remove phosphorus from piggery effluent (41 mg litre^-1 total P). Lime-based amendments were more effective than the red muds at removing phosphorus when compared at the same liquid: solid ratios. Based on laboratory data, the cost of treating effluent increased rapidly as the final required phosphorus concentration decreased to less than 4 mg litre^-1. Kiln dust was the cheapest amendment tested down to …

Cloning And Sequence Analysis Of Bovine Β-Casein Cdna, Rafael Jiménez-Flores, Young C. Kang, Tom Richardson

Dairy Science

A bovine β-casein cDNA clone was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from mammary gland mRNA. Sequence analysis revealed 25 nucleotides (nt) of the 5′ noncoding region, 672 nt of the complete sequence coding and a 3′ region of approximately 500 nt. When the nucleotide sequence of bovine β-casein cDNA is compared to rat β-casein cDNA (5), a high degree of homology is observed in the first 100 nt corresponding to the signal peptide of the pre-β-caseins.

Evaluation Of Liquid-Applied Nitrogen Fertilizers On Kentucky Bluegrass Turf, B. G. Spangenberg, T. W. Fermanian, David J. Wehner

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Solution and suspension N sources have been developed as substitutes for urea in spray solutions used by lawn-care professionals. A field study was conducted to evaluate the response of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) growing on a Catlin silt loam (Typic Argiudoll), to applications of the new solution and suspension N sources, alone or combined with urea, by comparison to turf response from application of the traditional fertilizer materials ammonium nitrate (AN), Nitroform (ureaform), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), ammonium sulfate (AS), granular urea, spray-applied urea (US), and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. Also, urea and AS treated with dicyandiamide (DCD) were …

Nonfat Dairy Coffee Whitener Made From Ultrafiltered Skimmilk Retentates, Rafael Jiménez-Flores, Frank V. Kosikowski

Dairy Science

Retentates of different protein concentrations obtained by ultrafiltration of skimmilk were freeze-dried and evaluated as nonfat dairy coffee whiteners. Blended in hot coffee the retentate whiteners containing added riboflavin gave a pH of 6.3-6.55, coffee whitening capacity comparable to a commercial nondairy coffee creamer, and acceptable dispersibility. The retentate nondairy whitener with optimum qualities contained 56% total protein, 0.5% fat, 31.0% carbohydrates, 1.92% calcium, and 27 mg sodium/100g.

Relative Toxicities Of Inorganic Aluminum Complexes To Barley, R. S. Cameron, G. S.P. Ritchie, A. D. Robson

Food Science and Nutrition

The inorganic forms of Al in the soil solution that decrease plant growth in acid soils have not been clearly identified. Therefore, we examined the effects of Al and its complexes with F^- and SO₄^2- on the root elongation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in nutrient solutions containing 3333 μmol Ca L^-1 and 6 μmol B L^-1 at pH 4.5. The anions were chosen because of their presence in the soil solution at levels sufficient to complex Al. The toxicity of 0 to 100 μmol Al L^-1 was studied in the presence of …

Synopsis Of The Florida Species Of Pectis (Asteraceae), David J. Keil

Biological Sciences

A key, descriptions, revised nomenclature, range statements and maps ate presented for the species of Pectis known to occur in Florida. A new combination, Peetis glaucescens, is published for the plant formerly known as P. leptocephala. A naturally occurring triploid interspecific hybrid, Peetis X floridana (P. glallcescens X P. prostrata), is described and illustrated.

Wood Of Giant Sequoia: Properties And Unique Characteristics, Douglas D. Piirto

Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences

Wood properties of giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea [Lindl.] Decne.) were compared with those for other coniferous tree species. Wood properties such as specific gravity, various mechanical properties, extractive content, and decay resistance of young-growth giant sequoia are comparable to or more favorable than those of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [D. Don] Endl.). It is recommended that giant sequoia be considered for planting stock in managed production forests to increase future supplies of wood having the characteristics so highly valued in coast redwood and other decay-resistant species

Heat Tolerance Of Kentucky Bluegrass As Influenced By Pre- And Post-Stress Environment, David J. Wehner, D. D. Minner, P. H. Dernoeden, M. S. Mcintosh

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

An understanding of the natural variation in heat tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass is needed to develop predictive models for stress tolerance. The variation in heat tolerance of ‘Adelphi’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) over the growing season and the effect of recovery environment on the perceived heat tolerance of the plants was determined. Field-grown plants (Chillum silt loam, fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults) were exposed to heat stress on 11 dates over two growing seasons by immersion in a water bath for 30 min at either 42, 44, or 46°C and then placed in either a greenhouse, or one of …

Lectotypification Of Pectis L. (Asteraceae), David J. Keil

Biological Sciences

Linnaeus (1975a) described Pectis and included within it two species, P. ciliaris and P. linifolia. In 1913 Britton and Brown designated P. ciliaris as the lectotype for Pectis. This lectotypification was accepted by the editors of Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum) (Farr et al., 1979). I will present evidence below that the lectotypification of Pectis by Britton and Brown was superfluous and that Pectis was actually lectotypified over 90 years earlier by Cassini.

Estimates Of Soil Solution Ionic Strength And The Determination Of Ph In West Australian Soils, P. J. Dolling, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The average ionic strength of 20 West Australian soils was found to be 0.0048. The effects of three electrolytes (deionized water, CaCl₂ and KNO₃), three ionic strengths (0.03, 0.005 and soil ionic strength at field capacity, I_s) and two soil liquid ratios (1:5 and 1:10) on the pH of 15 soils were investigated. pH measurements in solutions of ionic strength 0.005 differed the least from measurements made at I_s. The differences that occurred in comparisons with distilled water or CaCl₂ of ionic strength 0.03 (0.01 M) were much greater (≥0.4 pH …

The Role Of Organic Matter In Soil Acidification, G. S.P. Ritchie, P. J. Dolling

Food Science and Nutrition

The pH and buffer capacity of two soils increased or remained constant after incubation with different amounts of plant material (lucerne cham at field capacity and when air dry. For both soils, the pH changes were greater at field capacity, whereas the buffer capacities were independent of the water treatments. The pH changes observed could be explained in terms of the organic anion concentration of the plant material. The results indicate that the initial soil pH and the anion concentration (i.e. the per cent dissociation of soluble organic acids when released into the soil) determine the acidifying effect of organic …

A Microecosystem For Fertilizer And Pesticide Fate Research, B. E. Branham, David J. Wehner, W. A. Torello, A. J. Turgeon

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

A microecosystem was designed to study the behavior of pesticides, fertilizers, or related compounds applied to plant stands. The system consists of three parts: a brass base that holds the plant growth media, a glass atmospheric chamber that rests on the base, and a set of analytical traps. The brass base is fitted with a porous ceramic plate so that tension can be applied to the water in the growing media. Air enters the bottom of the glass atmospheric chamber and exits through the top into appropriate trapping systems to recover volatilized pesticides, ammonia, or metabolized ¹⁴CO₂ from …

The Fate Of Diazinon Applied To Thatched Turf, B. E. Branham, David J. Wehner

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Diazinon (0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-primidinyl) phosphorothioate) is widely used to control turfgrass insect pests. Poor control of soil-inhabiting insects has been found where diazinon has been applied to thatched turfgrass stands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental fate of diazinon applied to turfgrass stands. A microecosystem was used to follow the fate of radiolabeled diazinon surface applied to Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turfs, with or without a thatch layer, growing on Flanigan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) irrigated daily or every 4 days. Loss of diazinon by volatilization, leaching, and degradation accompanied by release of …

Foliar Application Of N And Fe To Kentucky Bluegrass, A. K. Yust, David J. Wehner, T. W. Fermanian

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

The goal of the professional lawn care industry is to provide the homeowner with a dark green weed-free lawn. Members of this industry are interested in techniques to enhance the color of a turfgrass stand in lieu of excessive N fertilization. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the use of foliar applications of Fe alone or in combination with N on the color response of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Iron sulfate or an iron chelate was applied at the rate of 1.1, 2.2, or 4.5 kg Fe ha^–1 in combination with either 0, 25, or 49 …

New Species Of Pectis (Asteraceae) From The West Indies, Mexico, And South America, David J. Keil

Biological Sciences

Four new species of Peetis are described: P. ericifolia from Barbuda, P. luckoviae from west-central Mexico, P. arida from Ecuador and Peru, and P. cajamarcana from Peru. Chromosome counts for P. erieifolza (n = 48) and P. luekoviae (n = 12) are presented. Relationships of the newly described taxa are discussed.

Heat Stress Effects On Protein Synthesis And Exosmosis Of Cell Solutes In Three Turfgrass Species, David J. Wehner, T. L. Watschke

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) differ in their heat tolerance as determined by plant dry weight 2 weeks after exposure to heat stress. The status of the plants at that time depends on the degree of injury that occurs during the stress treatment and the repair or tolerance of that injury. The purpose of this research was to evaluate species differences in the degree of initial injury due to heat stress. The incorporation of radio-labeled leucine as an indicator of the net rate of protein synthesis …

Heat Tolerance Screening Of Field-Grown Cultivars Of Kentucky Bluegrass And Perennial Ryegrass, D. D. Minner, P. H. Dernoeden, David J. Wehner, M. S. Mcintosh

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

The quality of cool-season turfgrasses frequently declines during periods of high temperature stress. Simple tests are needed to rapidly identify heat tolerant germplasm for incorporation into breeding programs. Facilitative screening tests have been devised, however, in the few studies that have been performed only immature and greenhouse or growth chamber-grown plants have been evaluated. To be of practical value, results of screening tests, employing plants grown under artificial conditions, should correlate closely with results of tests involving field grown plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the heat tolerance of several cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis …

Urease Activity In A Kentucky Bluegrass Turf, W. A. Torello, David J. Wehner

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

The components of a turfgrass ecosystem, including plants, an intervening layer of thatch and the underlying soil, influence the fate of topically applied urea fertilizer. The loss of urea N by ammonia volatilization may be governed by the rate of urea hydrolysis. The main objective of this study was to determine the extent of urease activity associated with turfgrass plant tissue, thatch, and the underlying soil. This information may help elucidate the mechanism of ammonia loss following urea application. Because a turfgrass stand frequently possesses an extensive thatch layer that may serve as the primary plant growth medium, additional objectives …

A Black Marlin, Makaira Indica, From The Early Pleistocene Of The Philippines And The Zoogeography Of Istiophorid Billfishes, Harry L. Fierstine, Bruce J. Welton

Biological Sciences

A nearly complete articulated head (including pectoral and pelvic girdles and fins) was collected from an Early Pleistocene, upper bathyal, volcanic ash deposit on Tambac Island, Northwest Central Luzon, Philippines. The specimen was positively identified because of its general resemblance to other large marlins and by its rigid pectoral fin, a characteristic feature of the black marlin. This is the first fossil billfish described from Asia and the first living species of billfish positively identified in the fossil record. The geographic distribution of the two living species of Makaira is discussed, Except for fossil localities bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the …

Ammonia Volatilization From Fertilized Turfgrass Stands, W. A. Torello, David J. Wehner, A. J. Turgeon

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Nitrogen applied to turfgrass stands can be lost through leaching, denitrification, or ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of N carrier and mode of application on NH₃ volatilization from a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf growing on an acidic (pH 6.4) Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) soil. The NH₃, which volatilized after application of any of several sulfur-coated ureas (SCU), prilled urea, spray-applied solubilized urea, and two liquid N products was measured by passing the airstream from microecosystems, in which the treated turfs …

Effects Of Weeds On The Diversity And Abundance Of Insects In Soybeans, Mark D. Shelton, C. R. Edwards

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Sweep-net sampling and pitfall trapping were used to survey insects in weedy and weed-free soybean habitats. Weedy soybean habitats consisted of (1) grassy soybeans; (2) soybeans with broadleaf weeds; and (3) soybeans with broadleaf weeds and grasses. Insect species diversity was greater in weedy soybean habitats than in weed-free soybeans. Greatest diversity of species occurred in the mixed-weed soybean habitat. The most important phytophagous insect on soybeans in Indiana, the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, was most abundant in weed-free soybeans. Predators were most ahundant in weedy soybeans. Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) was most abundant in weedy soybean habitats, whereas …

The Hairless-Obese Mouse, William D. Stansfield

Biological Sciences

Viable mice homozygous for two recessive autosomal genes, hairless (hr) and obese (ob) were produced with an average life span of 538 ± 34.1 days. On the average, hairless-obese mice weighed about 73 percent as much as obese mice. Since obese mice consumed approximately 73 percent as much oxygen per gram body weight per hour as hairless-obese mice at about 24°C, the weight averages appear to be closely inversely related to the oxygen consumption averages. The presence or absence of pelage seems to make a negligible contribution to oxygen consumption in these two types of obese …

Systematics Of Isocarpha (Compositae: Eupatorieae), David J. Keil, Tod F. Stuessy

Biological Sciences

Isocarpha comprises five species ranging from southern Texas and the Bahamas to northern Peru and northeastern Brazil. The genus belongs in Eupatorieae rather than Heliantheae, but structure of the head of Isocarpha with its elongate, chaffy receptacle is anomalous within Eupatorieae. An hypothesis is presented suggesting the evolutionary derivation of this type of head through formation of floral buds in the axils of the involucral bracts. Generic ties of Isocarpha within Eupatorieae are unclear, but the closest affinities appear to be with Ayapana and relatives.

The Pzc Of Mercury In The Presence Of Humic Acids And Their Complexes With Aluminium, Geraldine S.P. Ritchie, Alan M. Posner, Ian M. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Variation of the lifetime of a mercury drop with potential was used to determine the pzc of mercury in the presence of soil humic acids and their aluminium complexes. In all cases there was an overall net shift in the pzc in the cathodic direction. Variation in the extent of the shift with pH and concentration indicated greater adsorption of negatively charged species. The shift was smaller in the presence of aluminium humates, probably due to a decrease in the negative charge of the humic acid molecules after complexing. The use of electroanalytical techniques for metal speciation studies in soils …

Heat Tolerance Of Kentucky Bluegrasses, Perennial Ryegrasses, And Annual Bluegrass, David J. Wehner, T. L. Watschke

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Use of cool-season turfgrasses in transitional environments is limited, in part, by their heat tolerance. Development of a rapid heat tolerance screening technique would be of value in determining the potential of turf•grasses for use in warmer areas.

The heat tolerance of 22 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars, Poa annua L., and four perennial ryegrass cultivars (Lolium perenne L.) was evaluated by exposing plants for 30 min to temperatures ranging from 41 to 49 C in single degree intervals. Ten-week-old plants, which had been grown under a low level of N fertilization and watered infrequently to maximize …

Occurrence Of Farming Practices In Idaho: With Special Reference To Remote Sensing, Mark D. Shelton, Joseph Ulliman

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

This survey of information was initiated and compiled because of the needs of remote sensing interpreters to identify crops throughout the year on various types of remote sensing imagery. A fairly comprehensive guide to what crops grow in a county and the specific cropping practices has been developed.

The Determination Of Trace Levels Of Aluminum By Differential Pulse Polarography, Geraldine S. P. Ritchie, Alan M. Posner, Ian M. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The direct determination of aluminium in aqueous solutions by differential pulse polarography is described. If the pH is carefully controlled to 4.00 ± 0.01, there is a linear relationship between the peak height of the polarographic wave and the aluminium concentration up to 2.5 × 10^-5 mol dm^-3. The coefficient of variation is about 4% at the 10^-5 mol dm^-3 level. With increasing aluminium concentrations, the relationship ceases to be linear, and above 9 × 10^-5 mol dm^-3, the peak splits, probably because of hydrolysis and polymerisation. Na⁺, NH_{4 …}

A New Marlin, Makaira Panamensis, From The Late Miocene Of Panama, Harry L. Fierstine

Biological Sciences

Makaira panamensis new sp. is described from a single neurocranium found in the Chagres Sandstone (Late Miocene) of the Atlantic coast of Panama. The new species is closely related to and possibly ancestral to the extant M. indica (black marlin) and M. nigricans (blue marlin). It differs from both by possessing a triangular rather than elongate basioccipital foramen, large nutrient canals in the rostrum and probably a more elongate orbit. The fossil is compared to all known fossil Istiophorids as well as to the living marlins. It is suggested that the black marlin is a more recent derivative (than the …

A Revision Of Pectis Section Pectothrix (Compositae: Tageteae), David J. Keil

Biological Sciences

Pectis L. sect. Pectothrix A. Gray (Compositae: Tageteae) comprises a group of showy, yellow-headed species which occurs mainly in the arid and semi-arid portions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Although several regional floras have included one or more of the species in this group, no workers since Fernald (1897) and Rydberg (1916) have attempted to treat this portion of genus in its entirety. Since 1916, several workers have described new taxa (Cory, 1927; Johnston, 1940; Wiggins, 1951; Keil, 1974), and many new collections have been made. Recent studies (Keil, 1974) have suggested that the species relationships proposed …

Effect Of P, K, And Lime On Growth, Composition, And P Absorption By Merion Kentucky Bluegrass, T. L. Watschke, D. V. Waddington, David J. Wehner, C. L. Forth

Office of the Dean (CAFES) Scholarship

Information is needed concerning the effects of different soil fertility levels on the activity of turfgrass roots in that part of the soil profile sampled for routine soil tests. In Pennsylvania, a sampling depth of 5 to 7.5 cm is suggested for established turf. A study was conducted on 'Merion' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to determine relationships among lime, phosphorus, and potassium applications; soil test results; foliar growth and elemental analysis; and root activity as determined by ³²P uptake from three soil depths. In the field, soil pH values were 5.8 and 7.0, P ranged from 13 …