Life Sciences Commons^™

Some Remarks Concerning The Theory Of Nutrition And Biology Of Grass Stands, A Korab

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The growth rate and yielding capacity of grasses, expressed as kg crude protein/ha per unit of time, are dependent upon the plants' capacity to take up and utilize nitrogen. This character is specific in individual grass species and has been found to be more or less heredi­tarily determined and relatively coincident in different sites. These assumptions and inter­relations have been utilized for determining the yield indices to express not only the rela­tive yielding capacity of major cultivated grasses but also their requirements in terms of effective nitrogen nutrition. The principle of determining effective doses of nitrogen using the index method …

Nitrogen Fertilization Effect On The Chemical Composition Of Phalaris Arundinacea, Alopecurus Pratensis, And Poa Pratensis, Jan Kowalczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of investigations with 3 grass species proved that there was not any negative effect of nitrogen fertilization of meadows on muck­peat soils on the forage quality determined by means of chemical analysis. Nitrogen fer­tilization contributed to a distinct increase of the total nitrogen content as well as of magnesium and, to a lesser degree, zinc con­tents. The contents of other minerals, except for copper, did not undergo any significant changes, although some differences existed between grass species and between particular cuts. The grass species investigated were de­ficient in copper, and therefore on soils poor in this element the forage …

Raising The Value Off Orage At Higher Rates Of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Application, Josef Kralovec, Alfred Frycek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The increasing levels of nitrogenous fertilization increase not only the yield but also the content of nitrates in forage. In dependence on the developmental stage of the stand, on the course of weather, and the fertilizer applied, the concentration of nitrate ions in forage varied; there are not enough data for a detailed analysis yet. Nitrates have a negative importance owing to their reduction to nitrites taking place in the digestive tract of ruminants.

The Effect Of Nitrogen Fertilization And Age Of Regrowth On The Chemical Composition Of Coast Cross No. 1 Bermuda Grass (Cynodon Dactylon), R Herrera, N Ramos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha) and regrowth age from 1 to 12 weeks on the chemical composition of Coast Cross cv. No. 1 bermuda grass was studied during the dry season using sprinkler irrigation. Crude protein tended to decrease with age, increasing with the N levels up to 20 % with 100 kg N/ha. Total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) were in­fluenced by age (P < 0.001); the same did not hold true for N. The adjustment of regres­sion equations for lignin and cellulose showed increasing values with respect to age. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) showed signifi­cant differences (P < 0.001) only when 100 kg N were applied (50.46%). The two other levels did not differ between them, being 43.45 and 46.11 % for 0 and 50, respectively. The highest value obtained was of 62.07 % in the fourth week with 100 kg N. From the 8th week a sharp trend to decrease was found for all the treatments. Suggested is the use of 100 kg N/ha every twelve weeks and cuts between the fifth and sixth weeks in order to obtain good­quality pastures.

The Effect Of Different Levels Of Peat Decomposition And Nitrogen Fertilization On The Content Of N, Mg, Na, And Cu In Hay, Irmina Lekawska, Leon Doboszynski, Andrezej Sapek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments with increasing nitrogen rates (0-300 kg N/ha/year) were carried out from 1971 to 1974 on meadows situated on peat soils of different decomposition and mucking lev­els. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in higher nitrogen, magnesium and sodium contents in hay, while the copper content, which was alto­gether very low, decreased. Soil and ecological conditions, too, pro­duced a distinct effect on the nitrogen, magne­sium, sodium and copper contents in hay. The level of the above elements increased along with an increase of the decomposition and mucking levels of peat as well as with a decline in moisture content connected therewith.

Dynamics Of Efficiency And Chemical Composition Of Meadow Grasses, Jan Filipek, Miroslaw Kasperczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The rate of dry matter growth in meadow grasses was found to increase in dependence on the amounts of fertilizer nitrogen applied. Fertilizer nitrogen stimulated above all the uptake of macro-nutrients by the meadow plants. If the first cut was taken at the heading stage of Festuca pratensis, herbage yield came up to 74 % of the yield obtained when the first cut had been taken at the flowering stage of Festuca pratensis. However, the herbage har­vested at the heading stage contained 98 % of the nitrogen, 85 % of the phosphorus, 104 % of the potassium, 91.5% of the …

The Intensification Of Grass Production Through Nitrogen Fertilization, And The Nitrate Problem, Klau Ebert, Henrich Koriath, Gunter Rinno

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two-year pot and five-year field tests with increasing nitrogen doses revealed an increase in the nitrate content of forage grasses. In the pot tests the content of 0.25 % N03-N in the dry matter, which is safe in animal nutrition, had by far been exceeded. In the field tests the· nitrate content increased more slowly for the average of the tests and did not reach this limit when giving 140 to 240 kg N/ha. In single cases this value had, however, already been reached when giving 100 kg N/ha. By selecting grass species with a lesser tendency to nitrate accumulation, …

Study On A Proper Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilization Of Forage Grasses, Edmund Nowacki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The biochemical effect of heavy fertilization with nitrogen and potassium on the yield and the quality of the crop was investigated. The results of experiments performed with both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants indicate that in order to produce a valuable crop of forage plants the nitrogen to potassium ratio must be adjusted in such a way that the nitrates, amines, and nitrosoamines in the plant remain at a low level. Nitrogen and po­tassium fertilization leads to changes in the accumulation of other minerals in the plants.

Effect Of The Nitrogenous Fertilizer Level On The Performance Of Bulls Grazing On Common Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) At Two Stocking Rate Levels, L R. Valdes, A Perdomo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A study was made of the effect of nitrogenous fertilization and stocking rate on the live weight gain and the composition of the carcass of bulls grazing on pangola grass. Treatments were five nitrogen levels: 80, 160,240, 320, and 400 kg/ha/year, each with stocking rates of 4 and 6 animals per hectare. No nitrogen level effect was found during the rainy season, while in the dry season the major levels of 240 kg/ha produced greater gains of live weight (P < 0.001). Animals that were submitted to stocking rates of 6 animals/ha gained less and the production per hectare was significantly greater (P < 0.01 ). Animals of higher levels of nitrogen had more adipose carcasses. The results suggest that the increased levels of nitrogen applied in the rainy period in­fluenced the growth of grass and the animals during the succeeding dry period.

The Residual Effect Of Fertilizer Nitrogen On Grassland Within One Growing Season, W H. Prins, P.F J. Van Burg

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In field experiments it has become clear that at a high level of N fertilization an N reserve can be built up in the soil-plant system which can have a residual effect on the regrowth of a grazed or mown pasture. This residual effect is most apparent when the regrowth is not fer­tilized with N. In the experiments on clay soil comparisons were made between the amounts of residual N of high-and low-N pretreat­ments. This was done by calculating the dif­ference between N application and N uptake during the pretreatment period. In the high-N pretreatments this difference was about 80 …

Influence Of Nitrogen On Yield And Variations Of The Botanical Composition Of The Plant Stand At Different Cutting Frequency On Periodically Flooded Meadows Bor­Dering The Lower Course Of The River Niemen, Yu Yu Grigalasukas, Ch. C. Chyapas, Z K. Apalia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Every year since 1950, the Yoke Branch of the Lithuanian Research Institute of Agriculture have been conducting experiments to determine efficient ratios of mineral fertilizers on peri­odically flooded bottomland meadows along the lower course of the river Niemen. These studies are performed under a programme for developing the fundamentals of a sustained forage basis for industrialized production of dehydrat­ed feed. Fields trials and laboratory experiments have revealed that rates of 240 kg N/ha are optimal for these grasslands. With that level of nitrogen fertilization the yields of dry matter, crude protein and carotene were found to increase, whilst the crude …

The Application Of Liquid Nitrogen To Grass Pastures, V Iglovikov, V Kulakov, M Vasilevski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of both liquid ammonia and a solu­tion consisting of ammonium nitrate and urea (30 % N) on forage plant yields and quality was found to be similar to that of ammonium nitrate, and these forms of nitrogen fertilizers are suitable for improving the productivity of grass pastures. Liquid ammonia differs from ammonium nitrate by its longer aftereffect so that it is possible to place the annual amount of nitrogen in one or two portions. Liquid ammonia produces a positive effect on the life activities of ammonifying, nitrifying, and nitro­gen-fixing microorganisms. As compared to ammonium nitrate, the amounts of …

Effect Of High Nitrate Fertilization On The Yield And Biological Value Of Grasses Tested By Common Vole, Slawomir Pronczuk, Janina Gnat, Tadeusz Szuperski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of different fertilization doses ( 4 x 60, 4 x 120, and 1 x 480 kg N/ha) on the yield of grasses and their basic chemical composition as well as on the growth efficiency and health of animals fed those grasses was studied. Yield of grass during three following years was higher from the fields fertili_zed 4 x 120 and 1 x 480 kg N/ha, when compared to 4 x 60 kg N/ha. No differences were found be­tween 1 x 480 kg N/ha and 4 x 120 kg N/ha. Growth ·efficiency of the common voles which were fed …

Nitrogen Fertilization In Tropical Brown Soils In The Escambray Region, Cuba, J L. Aspiolea, O Arteaga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

During 3 years, a study was made of the effect _of increasing quantities of N fertilization (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg/ha/cut) on the yield and mineral content (GP, P, and Mg) of three types of grasses: Coastal Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.), and Guinea grass (Pani­cum maximum Jacq.), by a split random block design having four replications, under dry conditions. In the statistical analysis of dry matter, differences were found between species, N levels, and species x level interrelation. As a result, the best level of application for all species was that …

Use Of Nitrogen On Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) In Cuban Conditions, J J. Paretas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

DM and CP yields and the N efficiency from different sources (ammonium nitrate, ammo­nium sulphate, and urea) and levels (400, 800, 1200, and 1600 kg/ha/year) and times of ap­plications (M1 = after cutting, M2 = sprout­ing phase, and M3 = stem formation phase) were studied in two experiments on pangola grass. A factorial desigh and a control (N0) as reference were arranged in both experiments. N sources did not differ. The DM and CP yields were increased (P < 0.001) by the N levels and were significantly affected by the time of application. The efficiency to produce DM and the percentage of recovered N fell drastically when increasing the N level. Data showed that this species can be used intensively during spring time. It is necessary to find out suitable methods to exploit pangola grass economically during the dry season.

Influence Of Differed N Fertilization On Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.), J J. Paretas, M Cardenas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was carried out during two years to study the effect of differed N fertili­zation on DM and CP yields of pangola grass. A factorial design with four replications was used. N levels were 200 (N1 ) and 400 (N2) kg/ha/year, and the differed systems of appli­cation were S1 (after each cut), S2 (at the be­ginning and at the end of springtime), S3 (at each springtime cut), S4 (at each dry season cut), S5 (75 % of the application at dry season cuts), S6 (25 % of the application at dry season cuts). There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the studied factors and their interactions. S2, S3, and S6 produced a marked imbalance between and within the season. S1 showed seasonal imbalance and S4 and S5 produced less grass although these treatments remained constant throughout the experiment. Data showed that the seasonal frame of this plant could be altered by means ofN, and that DM yields of 40 kg/day with 7 % CP or more can be obtained.

Nitrogen Utilization On Permanent Grassland As Dependent On The Level Of Fertilization, Gustaw Michna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Within the frame of 10-year fertilization trials on permanent grassland, the nitrogen utili­zation at rising levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 kg/ha) was investigated in 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1974. Apart from dry matter and nitrogen yields, the botanical composition of the plant popula­tion and the amount of precipitations were established as well. The level of nitrogen utili­zation was rather high, being higher in dry years than in wet ones. As nitrogen fertilization increased, the degree of fertilizer nitrogen utili­zation declined as follows: at 400 kg N /ha to 80 %, at 500 kg N/ha …

Effect Of Autumn And Spring Dates Of Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On The Herbage Yield And Crude Protein Content In Dry Matter, Ondrej Tomka, Eugen Lihan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the hilly region where nitrogen was applied early in spring and just after the intensive growth phase of the grass sward the production of dry matter was more or less the same. If nitrogen is applied in autumn, especially in the case when the soil will be frozen very soon, it comes to higher volatile losses of nitrogen. It is very similar in the case that the influence of nitrogen is longer than one month. The crude protein content of the grass sward and also its production were highest when the fer­tilizer was applied just before the intensive growth …

Some Problems Regarding Nitrogen Fertilization Of Sown Grassland, Wolfgang Kreil, Albrecht Baath

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Analysis of long-term test results has shown that sown grassland calls for nitrogen fertili­zation being differentiated according to age of stand, soil series, predominant grass species, and intensity of use. In the seeding year 50 kg N/ha and in the following year 75 kg N/ha are the maximum quantities to be applied per growth. On deep low-bog soil nitrogen fertili­zation can be altogether dropped in the seeding year. For well-established mixed stands (Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis) harvested twice or three times a year the opti­mum would be about 100 kg N per ha and growth. At an …

Forage Production With Intensive Fertilization And Sprinkler Irrigation For The Supply Of A Dairy Farm Working On An Industrial Scale, Gerhard Weinreich, Wolfgang Richter, Jurden Gellrich, Manfred Meyer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The development and the results of the Dedelow cooperative farm for crop production testify the successful agricultural policy pursued in the GDR. Intensification measures, such as mecha­nization, fertilization and irrigation, brought about a stable growth of production and form the basis for further economic success. At the same time it becomes obvious that cooperative farmers and farm workers have developed in a way that enabled them to master the processes prevailing in large-scale crop and animal pro­ductions from the technical as well as organi­zational points of view, even at a growing in­tensification of production.

Programming The Effect Of Fertilizers On The Yield Of Sown Grassland, A Levkovski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Multi-variant factorial trials yield compre­hensive information about the regularities of the effect of fertilizers on the yield of meadow plants. The regression equation interprets the dependence obtained and permits to predict the effectiveness of various combinations of fertilizer doses which were not investigated in the trial but are within the scope of the experiment. The application of mathematical methods of control theory permits to find optimum solutions to any practical tasks re­garding the use of fertilizers.

The Effectiveness Of Mineral Fertilizers On Meadows In The Western Ukraine, V D. Gorb, M T. Yarmolyuk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the western parts of the Ukrainian SSR, the effectiveness of mineral fertilization of culti­vated pastures depends on the type of soil, the forage plant stand, and the rates of fertilizer applied. Without irrigation, nitrogen fertili­zation on a slightly loamy meadow soil was highly effective. The yield increment per 1 kg N applied at rates of 60-240 kg/ha was 25- 1 7 kg in the case of dry matter yields of 7.45-10.14 t/ha. On highly acid medium-loamy pseudogleyed soddy podzolic soils, cultivated pastures gave much lower dry matter yields, namely 2.06-4.27 t/ha. Nitrogen fertilization is highly effective at higher rates …

Factory-Like Practices Of Mineral Fertilizer Application On 12,000 Hectares Of Grassland In The Territory Of The See­ Hausen/ Altmark Agrochemical Centre, Ernst Jesse, Gunter Janicke, Klaus Siegmeyer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Seehausen Agrochemical Centre has the task of carrying out mineral fertilization on a total of 75,000 ha, 30,000 ha of them grassland. Mineral fertilizers are mainly applied by means of lorries, type W 50, equipped with D 032/ D 032-N spreading attachment. The spreader lorries operate in groups of 3 or 4 either in two work shifts or in one prolonged shift. Thus, 200 to 400 hectares can be fertilized per day. The major principles of planning the fer­tilizing campaign are:

Observance of agrochemical dates;

Ensuring high area performance at low cost;

Ensuring high labour productivity and uti­lization of …

Projecting The Fertilization Practices In The Grassland Fund In Czechoslovakia, Alfred Frycek, Josef Kralovec

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

When projecting fertilization practices in the grassland fund in Czechoslovakia, the authors use the average hay yield achieved in tons per hectare as the starting point. This yield is an expression of the producing ability of the grassland fund limited by the given ecological and production conditions; for this reason it was given the name of "ecological produc­tion level". The relation between the ecological production level of cereals (BAIER) and the ecological production levels of the grassland fund (FRYCEK, KRALOVEC) in Czechoslovakia can be expressed mathematically and graphi­cally. Besides a corresponding fertilization level, each ecological production level has its respec­tive …

The Application Of Edp Programmes For Calculating The Fertilization Of Grassland, Hermann Ansorge, Hans Gorlitz, Werner Bergmann, Bodo Witter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

EDP programmes have been developed and used widely in the GDR to give an optimum nutrient supply by working out recommen­dations for fertilization with macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), micro-nutrients (B, Mn, Cu, Mo, Zn), and organic manures. Recom­mendations are given for specific locations regarding the quantity, subdivision, form, period and method of fertilization. All the important factors influencing the effect of fertilization are taken into consider­ation when working out the recommendations. This is performed according to the optimi­zation procedure in the case of N fertilization and by balancing in the case of P, K, and Mg fertilization, with …

Intensification Of For Age Crop Production 1n The Gdr By Sprinkler Irrigation And Fertilization, Willi Breunig, Wolfgang Henkel, Rudolf Jauert, Dieter Roth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since the sixties, sprinkler irrigation experiments and production trials have been per­formed with different forage crops and in selected locations to reach the necessary scien­tific advance for the long-term irrigation pro­gramme of the GDR. The combining effect and efficiency was stud­ied of varying doses of supplemental ·water and nitrogen fertilizer on the level and stability of fresh matter, dry matter, crude protein ,md energy yields, and on forage quality. Supplemental sprinkling of 150-200 inm (and nitrogen fertilization in case. of non­leguminous crops) applied to multi-cut forage crops gave a 30% dry matter yield increment on a long-term average, 12 t …

Results Of Pasture Management 1n The Medium-Altitude Mountains Of The Gdr, Henrich Olschewski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture management in the County of Karl­Marx-Stadt, which is considered representative of the medium-altitude mountain areas in the German Democratic Republic, is used as an example to demonstrate the results that were obtained when using the method for grazing efficiency determination as proposed by FALKE in 1927. Long-term and large-scale determina­tion of grazing efficiency has contributed to the intensification of pasture managernc·nt. The increasing division of labour between crop production farms and those of animal production is a characteristic feature of in­dustry-like production in agriculture. This re­quires exact commodity-and-money relations for pasture farming as well. New principles of pasture management …

Experience In Grazing Large Young-Cattle Herds In The "Lewitz" State Farm, Ulrich Scharfenorth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Lewitz, a region with a large share of grassland, an efficient centre of heifer raising with an annual output of 5,000 head was established with the help of our socialist State. Heifer production in the "Lewitz" State farm is being expanded on account of the positive experience gained. Industrialized heifer raising allows grazing and makes it economically ad­visable. The advantages of grazing can be ade­quately linked with the requirements of inten­sive young-cattle raising. Grazing herds of 200 to 500 head of young cattle puts higher de­mands on the herdsmen than indoor keeping in summer. This kind of grazing …

Young-Cattle Rearing Along Industrial Lines And Pasturing In The Gdr, H Kleiber, F Morchen, F Lemme

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Young-cattle rearing along ind us trial lines involves a general increase ofrearing standards. When pasturing large herds of young cattle it is difficult to achieve high live weight gain. Factory-like milk production requires not only optimal live weight development of the heifers but also an excellent state of health of the animals' legs. The latter is achieved more easily through pasturing than by way of indoor rear­ing of the youngstock. The intensification of young-cattle rearing includes the intensifica­tion of pasture rearing as well. Young-cattle rearing along industrial lines brings up new problems to be solved by technological re­search workers.

Studies Regarding The Influence Of Weather Conditions On The Performance Of Grazing Cattle, W Rotschke, W Lampeter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In a pasture trial with cattle youngstock the influence of weather conditions on the live weight gain was studied. Comparisons between the weekly average in global radiation and the weight gain showed that for each 100 cal/ cm2 • d -1 the daily live weight gain increased by 80 g per animal, and under extreme weather conditions the increase in live weight gain even amounted to 219 g per animal and day. On a pasture farm of 590 cows an average weekly increase in global radiation by 100 cal/ cm2 • d -1 resulted in a rise in milk performance …