Life Sciences Commons^™

An Investigation Of Nylon Fiber As A Papermaking Material, Robert J. Thiessen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Investigations were made to determine whether or not a practical method of bonding nylon-wood blend paper could be devised in which advantage is obtained from the strength qualities of the nylon fibers in the finished sheet. Two unsatisfactory methods were tried before a satisfactory method was found. By this method 25-to 50-per cent nylon content sheets were dipped in a five to ten-per cent solids water emulsion of a polyamide resin. The sheets were then dried, free of surface support, and then heat pressed to complete the bonding. Paper of high strength and durability was thus produced.

The Reclamation Of Fibers From Blueprint Stock, Joseph A. Boyle

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Object

A method of reclaiming the fibers from blueprint paper after it has been used in the photocopying precess and the subsequent bleaching of these fibers is sought.

A Comparison Of Sheffield Instruments For Smoothness And Porosity With Others Now Used, John B. Yonker

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This report shows that there is a correlation between Bekk and Sheffield smoothness and between Gurley and Sheffield porosity. The correlation is not as good in the upper Bekk smoothness range or in the upper Gurley range.

A Photographic Study Of The Effects Of Beating On Fiber Structure, Gene D. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Because beating is the most fundamental, but highly important, process in the paper industry, some of the changes in fiber structure that occur during beating have been investigated. A literature survey is also presented concerning a number of related investigations of fiber structure.

The experimental results indicate that fibrillation begins very shortly after the beating process is started. As beating progresses, the primary cell wall is removed, and the specific area of the fiber increases greatly when the watery medium encounters the secondary lamella area of the fiber. Continued beating shows that the action is a mechanical one, in that …

A Basis For Forest Tree Seed Collection Zones In The Lake States, Paul O. Rudolf

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

A Survey Of The Effect Of Mineral Salts On Direct Dyeings, Lawrence R. Bortolotti

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study of the effect of various minerals salts on dyeings made with direct dyes. Dyes were chosen for their frequency of usage in the paper industry; the salts were chosen for several reasons, the prime one being that they form a floc at approximately the same pH as that of the stock run over the paper machine, also for its cost and availability. Sheets were made with the various dyes and salts in severals percentages of each dried, out up into test sheets for fading and bleeding. The test sheets were examined visually for evidence of fading and bleeding …

Impartial Evaluations Of The Printing Quality Of Paper, Warren R. Engel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Several methods for the evaluation of paper have been investigated for their desirability as means of an impartial evaluation of the printing quality of paper. The halftone plate method showed the most desired results as an impartial evaluation of both coated and uncoated papers. The printing gage was not found to be a satisfactory method of evaluation. The drawdown method is especially significant in evaluating properties which influence the printing quality but lacks a suitable numerical evaluation.

Foliage Symptoms As Indicators Of Potassium-Deficient Soils, Laurence C. Walker

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Some Factors Which Influence The Rigidity And Durability Of Waxed Paperboard Cartons For Packaging Liquid Food Products, R. Nitz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

A. Paperboard

There are many types of heavy papers and paperboards manufactured today from various pulps. The paperboard which has grown the fastest in consumption in the past ten years is that intended for packaging foods. ⁽¹⁾ The most common food board is that manufactured on either a cylinder or fourdrinier machine, is nearly all consumed by manufacturers of varied milk cartons, and fruit juice cartons. These cartons are fabricated from the afore mentioned paperboard for many reasons.

Determination Of Percentage Of Polyethylene In Paper, James Alan Lawson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this this thesis was the development of a quantitative test for polyethylene in paper. A review of the literature discloses that no published method exists; however valuable information was obtained, which directed the planning of the experimental work. A method was developed for the determination of polyethylene in paper. This method involves the extraction of paper in a Soxhlet extractor with CCl_4. The extract is evaporated to near dryness. The residue, containing polyethylene and waxes, is than extracted with diethyl ether to remove the waxes. The results of this method show that it is accurate on …

Bulletin No. 8: The Mamacoke Acquisition And Our Research Program, Richard H. Goodwin, William A. Niering

Bulletins

No abstract provided.

Separation Of Carbon From Deinking Waste By Means Of Flotation, Lester R. Beeman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The technique of froth flotation, as practiced in the separation of mineral ores, has been applied to the separation of carbon black from the deinking waste of the paper industry.

On the theory that carbon black (from ink) has a positive charge in water, and clay and cellulose fibers have negative charges in water, experiments were of two types. First, it was attempted to float the carbon from the clay and cellulose fibers. Second, it was attempted to float the clay and cellulose fibers from the carbon.

Several possible formulas were found for separating carbon black from deinking waste. Favorable …

Measurement Of The Degree Of Cellulose Degradation Caused By Fungi, Ronald C. Morgan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis is to obtain a method for determining the degree of cellulose degradation, caused by fungal attack, using testing methods commen to the paper industry rather than complex biochemical testing procedures.

Supercalender Variables (Iii) The Effects Of Static Pressure And Rolling Pressure On Paper, Donald V. Martin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is the third in a series of fundamental investigations of the variables of supercalendering. The variables studied in this thesis are the internal effects derived from rolling pressure and of static pressure on paper. These variables were investigated by testing four grades of paper after being subjected to supercalendering and comparing them with similar grades pressed by a hydraulic press. The experimental results show that a definite comparative trend in the internal effects of paper were established between the rolling pressure caused by supercalendering and static pressure given by a hydraulic press. The physical properties tested were Mullen, …

The Bonding Of Felted Glass Fibers By The Use Of Ordinary Papermakers' Wet-Strength Resins, Kenneth C. Rasmussen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Papermakers' wet-strength resins have been added to felted glass fibers as to increase the strength of the fibers.

On the basis that a stronger sheet of paper made from glass fibers could be put to many uses, experiments were of two types. First, an excess of wet-strength resins were added to the fibers. Second, handsheets made of one hundred per-cent glass fibers were dipped into a two per-cent resin tub-sizing solution.

Favorable results were obtained in both cases.

The Effect Of Various Deinking Solutions And Concentrations Upon The Strength Of Fiber, Leonard J. Timmer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Preliminary investigation produced limited information on the effect of various deinking solutions and concentrations upon the strength of fiber. Experimentation indicated that deinking does have a destructive effect upon the strength of fiber. This effect correlates to the temperature and the amount of chemical used. Also indicated is the fact that a mixture of Sodium hydroxide and Sodium carbonate has less of a destructive effect than either of these alone.

Site Identification For Bigtooth Aspen Sucker Stands, S.A. Graham, R.P. Harrison

Aspen Bibliography

Bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) is an upland species that reaches its best development on relatively moist, loamy and sandy soils. Following logging of this tree, reproduction is almost invariably by root suckers which, in clear-cuttings, appear in profusion. Because these suckers are supported by the fully developed root systems of the parent trees, they grow at an almost unbelievably rapid rate on both good and poor sites. As a result it is impossible to recognize site quality from their growth rate alone. For this reason other indicators of site are needed in order to judge the potentialities of …

Seeds In The Forest Floor Of The Ponderosa Pine Type, James T. Krygier

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Regeneration of forest stands is often complicated by the establishment and competition of brush on logged and burned-over areas. The encroachment of brush in the ponderosa pine type of Idaho, particularly Ceanothus velutinus, Dougl. presents a difficult problem to the forest manager. The brush competition severely reduces the growth rate of associated trees, thus extending the period necessary to grow a crop of trees. This situation may seriously limit the economic production of a wood crop of ponderosa pine.

Optimization Of A Kraft Pulp Dioxirane Bleaching Stage, Eric A. Thompson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This research characterized and optimized the bleaching potential of dimethyldioxirane (DMD) on an -oxygen-delignified hardwood kraft pulp. The DMD wash produced in-situ using a caroate (2KHSO₅^.KHSO₄^.K₂ SO₄) acetone under controlled conditions. The studied variables included chemical concentration, consistency, temperature, reaction time, and chelation. Statistically designed experiments with response surface, methodology were used - to help locate the optimum conditions with respect to pulp brightness and strength. These conditions were located at 2.8% AO (activated-oxygen charge), 5.5% consistency, and 55^° C.

It was found that over 95% of the total brightness …

Deer, Mice, And Hares Damage Young Aspen And Paper Birch Plantings In Norteastern Wisconsin, Joseph Henry Stoeckeler

Aspen Bibliography

In the Spring of 1951, a planting of wilding quaking aspen and paper birch was made on the Argonne Experimental Forest in northeastern Wisconsin on open sodded land prepared with a heavy disk.

A Review Of Literature Relating To Quaking Aspen (Populus Tremuloides) Sites, M.L. Heinselman, Z.A. Zasada

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Amount And Chemical Composition Of The Organic Matter Contributed By Overstory And Understory Vegetation To Forest Soil, David Robert Main Scott

Yale School of the Environment Bulletin Series

No abstract provided.

The Influence Of Varying Hydrogen Ion And Alumina Concentrations On The Strength Characteristics Of Handsheets Made In The Presence Of Locust Bean Gum, Ronald L. Hamilton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Mannogalactans and particularly locust bean gum are used for a wide variety of applications. They serve as thickening agents and emulsifiers for foodstuffs, in sizing as well as finishing yarns and in creaming rubber latex. The papermaking industry is the largest user of mannogalactans. Here they are used in kraft grades, sulphite, book papers, coating raw stock, offset and printing grades, bonds, ledgers, and other fine papers and also in newsprint and other groundwood sheets.

Locust bean gum and methylcellulose are effective as deflocculating agents and are said to surpass the performance of deacetylated karaya gum. Both hydration film and …

The Influence Of Pith Cells On The Papermaking Characteristics Of Pulp From Bagasse, Miguel A. Cabrera

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Literature Survey

Introduction

The fact that the need for paper products is increasing in an unparallel manner with the wood resources available at the United States market, has open the field for research studies in the development of new raw materials.

Bagasse has been a waste product submitted to intense laboratory investigation due to the fact that is a world available and relatively cheap fiber. Its use as a papermaking material has been investigated over a 100 years. Its development has been attacked by the different and contradictory opinions obtained from pilot plant runs and lack of knowledge techniques in …

Fiber Length As A Variable Influencing Wet Strength, Charles Elliott

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It was desired to discover the influence of fiber length on wet strength obtained by the addition of a resin. The wet strength tests chosen were the tear and tensile, the retention of the resin was also measured. The resin used was melamine formaldehyde acid colliod.

The wet tensile showed no significant drop with decreasing fiber length until the fibers were cut very short. The wet tear was shown to be very sensitive to any change in fiber length. The retention of the resin was relatively unaffected by the fiber length.

The Performance Of Sodium Hypochlorite And Sodium Hypobromite As Bleaching Agents At Varying Levels Of Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Ted Jewson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Limited information was found in literature survey on the bleaching of wood pulp by means of hypobromites. Experimentation showed that the addition of sodium bromide to sodium hypochlorite results in accelerated bleaching. The optimum pH range for bleaching was found to be higher in presence of hypbromites than in straight hypochlorite bleaching. The maximum brightness values obtained in bleaching with either straight sodium hypobromite or with mixtures of hypochlorite and hypobromites were lower than those obtained with sodium hypochlorite.

Possible Use Of Chlorine Dioxide For Bleaching Deinked Paper Stock, Donald E. Thorton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature survey shows that chlorine dioxide can be used to bleach virgin pulp to a high brightness. The purpose of chlorine dioxide is to preserve the strength of the pulp.

The purpose of this thesis was to find out if chlorine dioxide could be used to preserve the strength of deinked paper stock.

Paper stock was found to lose strength when bleached with calcium hypochlorite and mixed with virgin pulp the loss of strength carried over in the mixture.

When the paper stock was bleached with chlorine dioxide, there was no loss of strength in the paper stock.

Supercalender Variables (Ii) The Effect Of Supercalender Pressure And Temperature On The Physical Properties Of Paper, Robert C. Walker

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is the second in a series of fundamental investigations of the variables of supercalendering. The variables studied in this thesis are roll temperature and nip pressure. These variables were investigated by testing three types of paper that were supercalendered at various controlled roll pressures and temperatures. Different values of these variables during supercalendering were found to cause noticeable differences in the physical properties of supercalendered paper. It was observed, after studying the physical tests made on each of the three types of paper, that the type of paper being supercalendered, influences, to a varying degree, the effect of …

Tree Planting In Lower Michigan Sandblows, Paul O. Rudolf

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

The Influence Of Locust Bean Gum On The Strength Characteristics Of Handsheets Under Varying Ph Conditions. A Study Of The Effect Of Alum Or Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Robert J. Witters

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature survey concerning the addition of locust bean gum to beaten pulp and the resulting strength characteristics imparted to handsheets through the addition of the gum has been undertaken. Although much literature can be found, hardly any detailed information can be extracted on the effect of alum or hydrogen ion concentration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to draw some conclusion, through laboratory work, as to any possible change, due to pH or alum, in the strength characteristics of handsheets containing locust bean gum.

The first part of this thesis will be a brief review of work that …