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Articles 121 - 150 of 14517

Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences

Intensification Of For Age Crop Production 1n The Gdr By Sprinkler Irrigation And Fertilization, Willi Breunig, Wolfgang Henkel, Rudolf Jauert, Dieter Roth Jul 2026

Intensification Of For Age Crop Production 1n The Gdr By Sprinkler Irrigation And Fertilization, Willi Breunig, Wolfgang Henkel, Rudolf Jauert, Dieter Roth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since the sixties, sprinkler irrigation experiments and production trials have been per­formed with different forage crops and in selected locations to reach the necessary scien­tific advance for the long-term irrigation pro­gramme of the GDR. The combining effect and efficiency was stud­ied of varying doses of supplemental ·water and nitrogen fertilizer on the level and stability of fresh matter, dry matter, crude protein ,md energy yields, and on forage quality. Supplemental sprinkling of 150-200 inm (and nitrogen fertilization in case. of non­leguminous crops) applied to multi-cut forage crops gave a 30% dry matter yield increment on a long-term average, 12 t …

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Results Of Pasture Management 1n The Medium-Altitude Mountains Of The Gdr, Henrich Olschewski Jul 2026

Results Of Pasture Management 1n The Medium-Altitude Mountains Of The Gdr, Henrich Olschewski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture management in the County of Karl­Marx-Stadt, which is considered representative of the medium-altitude mountain areas in the German Democratic Republic, is used as an example to demonstrate the results that were obtained when using the method for grazing efficiency determination as proposed by FALKE in 1927. Long-term and large-scale determina­tion of grazing efficiency has contributed to the intensification of pasture managernc·nt. The increasing division of labour between crop production farms and those of animal production is a characteristic feature of in­dustry-like production in agriculture. This re­quires exact commodity-and-money relations for pasture farming as well. New principles of pasture management …

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Experience In Grazing Large Young-Cattle Herds In The "Lewitz" State Farm, Ulrich Scharfenorth Jul 2026

Experience In Grazing Large Young-Cattle Herds In The "Lewitz" State Farm, Ulrich Scharfenorth

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Lewitz, a region with a large share of grassland, an efficient centre of heifer raising with an annual output of 5,000 head was established with the help of our socialist State. Heifer production in the "Lewitz" State farm is being expanded on account of the positive experience gained. Industrialized heifer raising allows grazing and makes it economically ad­visable. The advantages of grazing can be ade­quately linked with the requirements of inten­sive young-cattle raising. Grazing herds of 200 to 500 head of young cattle puts higher de­mands on the herdsmen than indoor keeping in summer. This kind of grazing …

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Young-Cattle Rearing Along Industrial Lines And Pasturing In The Gdr, H Kleiber, F Morchen, F Lemme Jul 2026

Young-Cattle Rearing Along Industrial Lines And Pasturing In The Gdr, H Kleiber, F Morchen, F Lemme

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Young-cattle rearing along ind us trial lines involves a general increase ofrearing standards. When pasturing large herds of young cattle it is difficult to achieve high live weight gain. Factory-like milk production requires not only optimal live weight development of the heifers but also an excellent state of health of the animals' legs. The latter is achieved more easily through pasturing than by way of indoor rear­ing of the youngstock. The intensification of young-cattle rearing includes the intensifica­tion of pasture rearing as well. Young-cattle rearing along industrial lines brings up new problems to be solved by technological re­search workers.

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Studies Regarding The Influence Of Weather Conditions On The Performance Of Grazing Cattle, W Rotschke, W Lampeter Jul 2026

Studies Regarding The Influence Of Weather Conditions On The Performance Of Grazing Cattle, W Rotschke, W Lampeter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In a pasture trial with cattle youngstock the influence of weather conditions on the live weight gain was studied. Comparisons between the weekly average in global radiation and the weight gain showed that for each 100 cal/ cm2 • d -1 the daily live weight gain increased by 80 g per animal, and under extreme weather conditions the increase in live weight gain even amounted to 219 g per animal and day. On a pasture farm of 590 cows an average weekly increase in global radiation by 100 cal/ cm2 • d -1 resulted in a rise in milk performance …

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Behaviour And Efficiency Of Animals On Intensively And Extensively Managed Pastures, Jan Sinkovic, Frantisek Bures Jul 2026

Behaviour And Efficiency Of Animals On Intensively And Extensively Managed Pastures, Jan Sinkovic, Frantisek Bures

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of investigations conducted from 1971 to 1973 have shown that the cattle in the mountainous regions of Czechoslovakia graze mainly from between 4.00 and 5.00 to between 9.00 and 10.00 a.m. and from between 5.00 and 8.00 to 9.00 p.m. On intensive pastures the dairy cows gave 25. 95 % of their time to grazing in the same place and 5.5 % to grazing in walk­ing. For this the young cattle needed 24.32 and 12.19 %, respectively. On extensive pastures the respective values were 16.1 and 15. 5 % for dairy cows and 19.56 and 23.74 % for young …

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Comparison Between Free Grazing With Artificial Shade And Controlled Grazing With Natural Shade On Milk Production, J Ugarte, I Dominguez Jul 2026

Comparison Between Free Grazing With Artificial Shade And Controlled Grazing With Natural Shade On Milk Production, J Ugarte, I Dominguez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

One hundred sixty crossbred Holstein cows were used in the middle of their lactation dur­ing the hot season. A completely randomized design was employed to compare: (A) free grazing with artificial shade ( open stables with concrete floors), and (B) controlled grazing with natural shade (trees). Pangola grass (Di­gitaria decumbens Stent.) was fertilized with 120 and 35 kg/ha of N and P2O5 , respectively. Stocking rate was 5 cows/ha without additional supplementation. There were no significant differences in pasture availability or live weight changes. Milk production was higher with controlled grazing (6.0 vs. 5.2 kg/day) and number of cows in …

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The Herding Efficiency Of Electric Fences In Cattle Pastures As Influenced By The Operating Principle, Erhard Geithner, Wolfgang Lange Jul 2026

The Herding Efficiency Of Electric Fences In Cattle Pastures As Influenced By The Operating Principle, Erhard Geithner, Wolfgang Lange

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An interdisciplinary team studied the herding efficiency of electric fences as influenced by the operating principle. As a result of this work, an electric fence implement with direct discharge of capacitors was developed. This implement supplies fence wires, up to 40 km in length, with adequate current impulses. The demands on the herding efficiency of electric fences are increasing with the concen­tration of both crop production and animal production. As a result of the transition to industry-like methods of production, success­fully accomplished by way of cooperation, in our socialist agriculture grazing herds consist of about 250 to 300 cows or …

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Intensive Pasture Management With Large Herds Of Dairy Cows, Joachim Fritz Jul 2026

Intensive Pasture Management With Large Herds Of Dairy Cows, Joachim Fritz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At a concentration of 1,000 dairy cows in one farm, pasture management is done with herds of 200 to 300 cows each, with 60 to 90 ha of pasture ground being available· for each of these herds. Each two herds are milked and handled in one pasture centre. Under the given conditions, over several years a mean green matter yield of 39 t/ha has been reached at a cost of 19.60 M/t. In the pasture centre which is equipped with a herringbone milk­ing parlour, 0.95 man-hours were needed to produce 100 kg of milk. The concentration of 400 to 600 …

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Effectiveness Of Irrigated Pastures, Nikolai Gavrilovich Andreev Jul 2026

Effectiveness Of Irrigated Pastures, Nikolai Gavrilovich Andreev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Irrigated pastures are of greatest relevance to stabilizing the general fodder situation, for reasons of the high yield and low cost of pasture forage. If irrigation and fertilization are pro­vided, best yields may be expected from forage plant mixtures which consist of five species: three grasses and two legumes. Fertilizer appli­cation must be quantified, depending on the soil nutrient status and in conformity with agrochemical test results and soil maps. The use of slurry obtained from livestock farms is useful not only for higher pasture forage yields but also for better protection of ground water and surface water. Irrigated pastures …

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Aspects Of Efficient Grassland Utilization By Concentrated Sheep Flocks, Hans-Joachim Gutsche Jul 2026

Aspects Of Efficient Grassland Utilization By Concentrated Sheep Flocks, Hans-Joachim Gutsche

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture utilization by sheep and its adaptation to crop production along industrial lines is a main point of sheep farming and implies the concentration of sheep flocks. Electric fencing is increasingly employed in grassland utili­zation. Whole-day ration grazing with daily rotation is finding general acceptance. Avoid­ing unproductive driftways and utilizing natural activity periods for feed intake are major fea­tures that make this procedure so effective. Working-time expenditure of 0.19 man-min­utes per sheep at a flock size of 1500 head was found to be the optimum value. Combina­tion of three flocks provides the conditions necessary for work in groups and for …

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Intensive Use Of Pasture By Sheep In Southland, New Zealand, A J. Harris, M J. Hickey Jul 2026

Intensive Use Of Pasture By Sheep In Southland, New Zealand, A J. Harris, M J. Hickey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Production from pastures containing white clover is described for the southern region of New Zealand. An outline is given of a self­contained grazing experiment in which district practice at a high ewe stocking rate is compared with a moderate rate with an induced high lambing percentage. Yields of animal products and pasture utilisation patterns are presented and these demonstrate advantages of fitting animal requirements as closely as possible to pasture production. Yield increases are possible from improved plant varieties and it is suggested that the in­corporation of these into efficient animal sys­tems will lead to further productivity increases.

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Lamb Production From Temperate Grassland - A Systems Approach, N E. Young, J E. Newton Jul 2026

Lamb Production From Temperate Grassland - A Systems Approach, N E. Young, J E. Newton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centres of industrial-scale production of young cattle have been, and are being, systematically developed by way of the specialization, concen­tration, and regional distribution of productive forces in order to make the most effective use of absolute permanent grassland areas in foot­hill and medium-altitude mountain areas. Op­timization calculations carried out in a number of locations allow to determine the demands on the size and quality of grassland used for cattle grazing, on land improvement, use, grazing management, the proportion of grass­land suitable for mechanized farming, the share of grassland in the available farmland, the grazing area available for one head of …

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Efficient Use Of Absolute Permanent Grassland In Foothill And Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas Through The Develop­ Ment Of Young-Cattle Raising Centres, Joachim Ilgner, Waldemar Endter Jul 2026

Efficient Use Of Absolute Permanent Grassland In Foothill And Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas Through The Develop­ Ment Of Young-Cattle Raising Centres, Joachim Ilgner, Waldemar Endter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centres of industrial-scale production of young cattle have been, and are being, systematically developed by way of the specialization, concen­tration, and regional distribution of productive forces in order to make the most effective use of absolute permanent grassland areas in foot­hill and medium-altitude mountain areas. Op­timization calculations carried out in a number of locations allow to determine the demands on the size and quality of grassland used for cattle grazing, on land improvement, use, grazing management, the proportion of grass­land suitable for mechanized farming, the share of grassland in the available farmland, the grazing area available for one head of …

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Interrelationships Of Pasture Production, Pasture Utiliza­Tion And Animal Production From Grazed Pastures On Kangaroo Island, South Australia, P R. Gibson Jul 2026

Interrelationships Of Pasture Production, Pasture Utiliza­Tion And Animal Production From Grazed Pastures On Kangaroo Island, South Australia, P R. Gibson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture dry matter production, crude utili­zation and availability data are presented for two treatments (annual- and perennial-based pasture) in a larger stocking rate experiment carried out on the Kangaroo Island Research Centre, South Australia. There was no significant effect of stocking rate on mean annual pasture production for the four-year experimental period although some within-season correlations (both positive and negative) were observed. The mean efficiency of wool production in relation to pasture production and rainfall increased with stocking rate up to 17 sheep/ ha highlighting the biological efficiency of high stocking rates on these pastures.

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Stocking Rate And The Ecosystem: Some Soil-Plant-Animal Interrelationships On Annual Pastures In South Australia, Edward D. Carter Jul 2026

Stocking Rate And The Ecosystem: Some Soil-Plant-Animal Interrelationships On Annual Pastures In South Australia, Edward D. Carter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Merino wethers were grazed continuously for five years on an annual pasture at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in the Medi­terranean environment of South Australia to assess the soil, plant and animal responses to, and financial returns from, five stocking rate treatments ranging from 7.4 to 22.2 sheep per hectare. The experiment highlighted the biological and economic inefficiency of low stocking rates. Not only was pasture production in­creased by increasing the stocking rate but production of wool per head of sheep was not significantly affected except at the highest stocking rate. Wool production and wool value increased almost linearly with …

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Possibilities Of Raising Grassland Yields And Sheep Production By Means Of Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization, Jozef Kvietok Jul 2026

Possibilities Of Raising Grassland Yields And Sheep Production By Means Of Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization, Jozef Kvietok

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Application, after every grazing cycle, of 40 and 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare of sheep pasture, respectively, raised pasture yields to several times the level achieved in the unfer­tilized control. The fertilized herbage contained larger quan­tities of nitrogen compounds, with a trend to further increase in the following years. In variant A (40 kg N/ha) conversion of fertilizer nitrogen into plant matter was more efficient. In variant B (80 kg N/ha) we found a better balance of herbage regrowth over the whole grazing season. The amount of animal products produced in the individual variants correlated with the quantity and …

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Dynamics Of Botanical And Chemical Compositions Of Plants In Pasture Mixture, Y A. Yakimova, N Petrovski, R Stoilova Jul 2026

Dynamics Of Botanical And Chemical Compositions Of Plants In Pasture Mixture, Y A. Yakimova, N Petrovski, R Stoilova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies were conducted over five years into the dynamics relating to the botanical and chemical composition of the plant stand on an irrigated pasture run by the Institut po furazite, Pleven. The seed mixture consisted of20 % white clover, 60 % cocksfoot, and 20 % perennial rye grass and received annual phosphorus-potassium fertil­ization. The pasture was located on a plain 130 m a.s.l. and based on slightly leached cher­nozem of pH 7 .2. The climate is continental, with an annual mean temperature of 11. 7 °C and a long-term annual precipitation rate of 591 mm. The site was irrigated, which …

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Cutting Riverside Meadows Under High-Intensity Management, Klavdiya Terekhova, Viktor Pavlov, Petr Komakhin Jul 2026

Cutting Riverside Meadows Under High-Intensity Management, Klavdiya Terekhova, Viktor Pavlov, Petr Komakhin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cutting regime applied to a natural grass stand is of great impact upon productivity and persistence as well as upon composition by groups and species. The date of cutting has effects on the ratio of age groups within popula­tions of species as well as on generative and vegetative renewal, plant vitality, and morpho­genesis. The following yields may be obtained from a three-cut or four-cut regime of natural stands accompanied by application of 180 kg N + 60kgP + 60kgK/ha or240kgN + 60kgP + 60 kg K/ha: 6-10 tons of air-dry matter per hectare and 1-2 tons of crude protein …

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Productivity Of A Natural Grass Stand At Different Cutting Frequency, Jan Tomasik, Ondrei Tomka Jul 2026

Productivity Of A Natural Grass Stand At Different Cutting Frequency, Jan Tomasik, Ondrei Tomka

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At adequate moisture supply from the soil, the productive potential of a natural grass stand can be considerably increased within a very short time even in the warmer regions of Czechoslovakia. Under the given ecological conditions, under three•cut use dry matter yields were 7 .2 t/ha when fertilized with 50 kg N/ha, and I 1.7 t/ha after application of 400 kg N/ha; that is a 2. l-3.5fold increase. The crude protein yield increased 2. If old under two-cut use and 5fold under six-cut use, as compared to the unfertil­ized control plot. The increase in cutting frequency decreased • the dry …

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Yield And Nutritive Value Of Forage Plants As Influenced By Stage Of Plant Development At Harvest, Khindrek Older, Ants Linnutaya, Yulo Oll Jul 2026

Yield And Nutritive Value Of Forage Plants As Influenced By Stage Of Plant Development At Harvest, Khindrek Older, Ants Linnutaya, Yulo Oll

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field experiments were conducted for the pur­pose of studying yield formation in six single­crop sown grass species and two clover/grass mixtures, as well as the. chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the forage as in­fluenced by the stage of plant development at the time of harvest. Highest dry matter yields were obtained from two-cut use with harvesting in flower. Highest digestible dry matter levels were obtained from three-cut use in the stage of shooting. Highest protein levels were recorded in the context of four-cut use in the heading stage. Digestible nutrients were high in the tillering and shoot­ing stages. …

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Use Of Legume/ Grass Pastures In The Central District Of The Ussr Forest Zone, Anelya Kutuzova, Kira Privalova Jul 2026

Use Of Legume/ Grass Pastures In The Central District Of The Ussr Forest Zone, Anelya Kutuzova, Kira Privalova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Permissible grazing frequency was elucidated by comparing forage plant mixtures for their response to different regimes of use, with reference being made to variation in yields and in the percentage of sown legume com­ponents in the stand. In the absence of nitro­gen-fertilized grass stands in the pasture, a mixture with white clover is recommended for five uses. For four uses it is more suitable to take mixtures with red clover or alsike clover, or with white clover as well, provided the availability of grass stands for early pasture use. Only three uses per season are permissible of alfalfa/ grass mixtures, …

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Continuous Supply Of Fresh Forage To Factory-Like Dairy Farms As Demonstrated By The Example Of Eibau, Horst Neubert, Christiane Ruppert Jul 2026

Continuous Supply Of Fresh Forage To Factory-Like Dairy Farms As Demonstrated By The Example Of Eibau, Horst Neubert, Christiane Ruppert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Investigations conducted in a factory-like dairy farm and in a crop production cooperative farm specialized in forage have proved that the use of fresh forage is very efficient from the economic point of view and that under the conditions of crop production along industrial lines fresh forage can be supplied according to demand and with great effectiveness. This depends, however, on the following conditions: site-specific cropping organization above all with regard to the choice of species and varieties; efficient organization of the harvesting process as well as of transport and storage; science­based organization and management of work. Great importance in …

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Coronilla Varia L. As Forage Plant And For Prevention Of Soil Erosion, Jan Hofbauer Jul 2026

Coronilla Varia L. As Forage Plant And For Prevention Of Soil Erosion, Jan Hofbauer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 1973 to 1975, the following parameters were studied in crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), variety 'Chemung': contents of crude protein, crude fibre, digestible protein, fixed essential amino acids, and NO3-N, as well as the matter and seed yields. The matter and seed yields were analogous to data stated in foreign cita­tions, but the nutrient contents were lower. The optimum time of the first cutting (in terms of nutrient content) is from the end of May to mid-June in the first harvest year, and from mid-June to the end of June in the second. Good seed yields were obtained only from …

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New Cultivation Method And Mode Of Utilization Off Orage Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Zdzislaw Gonet Jul 2026

New Cultivation Method And Mode Of Utilization Off Orage Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Zdzislaw Gonet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A new method of sunflower cultivation was tested in a field experiment over one year. At 70 cm row spacing it is possible to use the harvester-chopper without crop yield going down. Spring seeding for a density of 200,000 plants/ha is the most favourable approach. The proper plant density at other seeding times (catch cropping) has to be ascertained in further experiments. Because of the remark­able increase of dry matter and nutrient con­tents from the beginning of flower to the stage of yellow pollen basket, sunflower grown for silage should be harvested only at this later date. Further investigations into …

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Biological And Ecological Properties Of Lotus Corniculatus L., Vitalo Strelkov Jul 2026

Biological And Ecological Properties Of Lotus Corniculatus L., Vitalo Strelkov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tests have shown that the life duration of wild-growing birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corni­culatus L.) on natural meadows was between five and six years. That spa_n can be extended to something between eight and nine years in a seeded-grass environment. The winter hardi­ness of birdsfoot trefoil is poor, and so is its growth under flood water, as it would be displaced by wild-growing grasses. Its yield is higher if proper drainage is provided, with ground-water tables varying between 60 and 100 cm. About 60 % or even more birdsfoot trefoil plants may be destroyed when grown under cover crops for grain. …

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Red Clover/Grass Mixtures For Continuous Forage Supply In Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas, Gerhard Knoch, Johanna Leistner Jul 2026

Red Clover/Grass Mixtures For Continuous Forage Supply In Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas, Gerhard Knoch, Johanna Leistner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The fresh forage supply of a 2000-head dairy farm with clover/grass and red clover, 'Pe­renta' variety, is possible from about the third pentad of May up to the second pentad of September. For this, 740 hectares have to be harvested, i.e. 4 to 9 ha per day. The mean energy concentration of the fresh forage amounts to 562 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM. The lowest values of 507 and 510 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM are obtained in the second growth of clover/grass in the third and fourth pentads of July, respectively, and the highest values, …

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Cultivation Of Alfalfa And Alfalfa/ Grass Mixtures At Higher Altitudes In Czechoslovakia, Jan Radej Jul 2026

Cultivation Of Alfalfa And Alfalfa/ Grass Mixtures At Higher Altitudes In Czechoslovakia, Jan Radej

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experimental results have shown that the cropping area of alfalfa can be extended to suitable locations of the potato growing region. Due to the great heterogeneity of soil con­ditions, red clover cannot, however, be com­pletely eliminated from the cropping pattern in this area, because alfalfa gives higher dry matter yields than red clover only after three years. Therefore, in a more humid potato growing region with compacted soils it will be more suitable to grow red clover, or mix­tures including red clover, at differentiated levels of nitrogen fertilization.

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Yield And Stand Dynamics Of Medicago Sativa As Influenced By Seeding Management, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, H E. Laborde, C L. Rhykerd Jul 2026

Yield And Stand Dynamics Of Medicago Sativa As Influenced By Seeding Management, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, H E. Laborde, C L. Rhykerd

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Late summer seeding of alfalfa resulted in higher yields than did spring seeding only for the first year after seeding. Yields of late summer seeded plots progressively decreased through the third year after seeding, but yield of spring seeded plots remained constant. In the third year, there were 14 % more plants/m2 in spring seeded plots than in late summer seeded plots, but stems/m2 remained constant for both seeding dates. In second and third years, broadcast seeding resulted in greater yields and more plants and stems/m2 than row seeding. Over the three-year period high­est yields were obtained when plants and …

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Effects Of Seeding Rate On Chemical Composition Of Alfalfa Herbage, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, V L. Lechtenberg, C H. Noller, H E. Laborde Jul 2026

Effects Of Seeding Rate On Chemical Composition Of Alfalfa Herbage, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, V L. Lechtenberg, C H. Noller, H E. Laborde

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cell wall constituent (CWC) percentage, in vitro cell wall constituent disappearance (IVCWCD), and crude protein percentage were determined in alfalfa herbage from plots broad­cast seeded at 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, and 36.0 kg of seed/ha. Data were obtained for the seeding year and two years following the seeding year. CWC percentage for first cutting alfalfa herbage averaged 4.2 percentage units lower than for second cutting alfalfa herbage. How­ever, IVCWCD did not differ between first and second cutting alfalfa herbage (p < 0.05). No relationships were apparent between CWC percentage and IVCWCD, which were appar­ently not affected by seeding rates. Crude pro­tein percentage of alfalfa herbage did not vary among the various seeding rates. High plant population resulting from high seeding rates did not result in increased alfalfa herbage digestibility and crude protein.

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