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Articles 301 - 330 of 487
Full-Text Articles in Legislation
The Relevance Of Temporary Child Custody Orders To The Formation Of An Established Custodial Environment: A Model Statute For Uniform Application Under Michigan Law, Christine M. Drylie
The Relevance Of Temporary Child Custody Orders To The Formation Of An Established Custodial Environment: A Model Statute For Uniform Application Under Michigan Law, Christine M. Drylie
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note presents a Model Statute that clearly indicates when a court may find that an established custodial environment has arisen out of a temporary custody order. The Model Statute thus clarifies when it is appropriate to apply the clear and convincing evidentiary standard to situations involving temporary child custody orders. Part I of this Note describes the court's use of temporary custody orders to determine whether an established custodial environment exists. Part II sets forth the Model Statute, which integrates current case law into statutory language designed specifically for temporary custody situations. Part II also analyzes each section of …
The Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities: The Rationale Of The 90-Year Waiting Period, Lawrence W. Waggoner
The Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities: The Rationale Of The 90-Year Waiting Period, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Articles
The Uniform Law Commissioners promulgated the Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities in 1986. The perpetuity-reform efforts of the American Law Institute in the Restatement (Second) inspired the Uniform Act. The Restatement and the Uniform Act employ the so-called wait-and-see approach to perpetuity reform. Wait-and-see is a two-step strategy. Step One preserves the validating side of the common-law Rule Against Perpetuities (the common-law Rule): By satisfying the common-law Rule, a nonvested future interest in property is valid at the moment of its creation. Step Two is a salvage strategy for future interests that would have been invalid at common law: Rather …
The Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities: Oregon Joins Up, Lawrence W. Waggoner
The Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities: Oregon Joins Up, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Articles
Uniform perpetuity reform is on the march, and Oregon has joined the parade. On January 1, 1990, the Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities (Uniform Act) became effective in Oregon. Although promulgated only three years ago, the Uniform Act has been enacted in over twenty percent of the states and appears to be on its way toward enactment in several others. Prior to the adoption of the Uniform Act, Oregon followed the common-law Rule Against Perpetuities (common-law Rule). Noted for its unjust consequences, the common-law Rule disregards actual events and invalidates a contingent (nonvested) future interest merely on the grounds of …
Spousal Probate Rights In A Multiple-Marriage Society, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Spousal Probate Rights In A Multiple-Marriage Society, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Other Publications
Nearly everyone knows about the transformation of the American family that has taken place over the last couple of decades. The changes comprise one of the great events of our age-from the latter half of the 1970's into the present. Articles on one aspect or another of the phenomenon frequent the popular press, and a special edition of Newsweek was recently devoted to the topic. The traditional "Leave It To Beaver" family no longer prevails in American marriage behavior. To be sure, the wage-earning husband, the homemaking and child-rearing wife, and their two joint children-this type of family still exists. …
Misreading The Williams Act, Lyman Johnson, David Millon
Misreading The Williams Act, Lyman Johnson, David Millon
Michigan Law Review
This Article examines the emerging controversy over preemption of the most potent of recent antitakeover laws, the so-called business combination statutes recently passed by Delaware, New York, and other states, and Pennsylvania's director-approval statute. After examining the strategy employed by the states to shield these statutes from constitutional attack, we consider the issues raised by the preemption claim and the arguments currently being advanced by the SEC and others in favor of preemption. Resolving the preemption controversy requires inquiry into the original meaning and objectives of the Williams Act. We argue that this should involve attention not only to the …
Perestroika, Glasnost And Law Reform In The Soviet Union Today, V K. Zabigailo
Perestroika, Glasnost And Law Reform In The Soviet Union Today, V K. Zabigailo
Dalhousie Law Journal
Three years have passed since the elaboration, on the initiative of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of a new strategy of action for Soviet society - the acceleration of the country's social-economic development. Today this strategy is finding wide implementation in the policy of perestroika, the revolutionary renewal of society and profound changes in every sphere of its life - political, economical, social and spiritual. Formulated at the April Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 and the 27th Party Congress in 1986, the concept ofperestroika is based on …
Libel Reform: An Appraisal, C. Thomas Dienes
Libel Reform: An Appraisal, C. Thomas Dienes
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Today, I am going to talk about the law of libel. A major part of my work at U.S. News is prepublication review of U.S. News and World Report and The Atlantic. I make difficult decisions such as assessing the risk that the Ayatollah Khomeini might sue the magazine for libel. I am not sure if you can libel the Ayatollah, but be careful if you do-he has very potent remedies. I will not focus on the law of libel as it is practiced in Michigan or in other states today. Instead, I want to examine proposals for the …
Copyright Legislation And Technological Change, Jessica D. Litman
Copyright Legislation And Technological Change, Jessica D. Litman
Articles
Throughout its history, copyright law has had difficulty accommodating technological change. Although the substance of copyright legislation in this century has evolved from meetings among industry representatives whose avowed purpose was to draft legislation that provided for the future,6 the resulting statutes have done so poorly. The language of copyright statutes has been phrased in fact-specific language that has grown obsolete as new modes and mediums of copyrightable expression have developed. Whatever copyright statute has been on the books has been routinely, and justifiably, criticized as outmoded.7 In this Article, I suggest that the nature of the legislative process we …
At-Will Employment: An Overview, Theodore J. St. Antoine
At-Will Employment: An Overview, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Articles
The most dramatic development of the last decade has been the rapid judicial expansion of modifications in at-will employment doctrine.
Omnibus Taxpayers' Bill Of Rights Act: Taxpayers' Remedy Or Political Placebo?, Creighton R. Meland Jr.
Omnibus Taxpayers' Bill Of Rights Act: Taxpayers' Remedy Or Political Placebo?, Creighton R. Meland Jr.
Michigan Law Review
This Note examines whether the bill, as drafted, addresses the problems which spawned it. It anticipates the bill's effects on existing law and identifies areas where the bill would likely create new problems in the administration of the federal tax laws. It further identifies areas where the bill would solve problems. This Note concludes that (1) the bill's audit provisions will not significantly expand taxpayer rights, and may in fact disrupt the audit process; (2) except for safeguards for installment agreements, the bill's attempts to reform IRS collections procedures will not achieve its intended objectives; and (3) the bill's damages …
Hard-Core Pornography: A Proposal For A Per Se Rule, Bruce A. Taylor
Hard-Core Pornography: A Proposal For A Per Se Rule, Bruce A. Taylor
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this Article discusses the history and pervasiveness of the pornography problem. Part II explains the current legal test for obscenity, as evolved from Miller v. California, with an emphasis on terms commonly used in the definition of obscenity. Part III examines the problems in applying Miller that suggest that the application of a per se hard-core pornography rule may be appropriate. Finally, Part IV presents a proposal for a per se hard-core pornography rule, similar to child pornography laws existing in many jurisdictions and upheld by the Supreme Court in New York v. Ferber. This Article concludes …
Rape Shield Laws--Is It Time For Reinforcement?, Catherine L. Kello
Rape Shield Laws--Is It Time For Reinforcement?, Catherine L. Kello
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note takes a critical look at civil suits arising from allegations of rape, particularly from the perspective of how these actions run counter to the spirit of rape reform and rape shield legislation. The analysis begins with a brief history of the Rape Shield Law and its intended purposes. Part II then utilizes two cases to outline the current dilemma posed by civil suits that are filed during a pending criminal sexual conduct prosecution. After presenting these cases, Part III considers whether a legislative remedy is required and determines that it is. Part IV then proposes a Model Statute. …
Improving Handicappers' Civil Rights In Michigan--Preventing Discrimination Through Accommodation, Aldebaran Bouse Enloe
Improving Handicappers' Civil Rights In Michigan--Preventing Discrimination Through Accommodation, Aldebaran Bouse Enloe
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I of this Note explains the development of· the current state of handicappers' civil rights law in Michigan, beginning with legislative initiatives and progressing to administrative and judicial decisions. Part II analyzes traditional antidiscrimination theory and suggests how that theory can be adapted to handicappers. By examining hypothetical situations, Part III exposes the disparity between the current state of the law in Michigan and the proposed theoretical analysis and suggests amendments to the MHCRA to reconcile this disparity.
Promise Fulfilled And Principle Betrayed, James J. White
Promise Fulfilled And Principle Betrayed, James J. White
Articles
My responsibility in this paper is to address three questions. (1) How has the legal realist body of thought affected contract law and its application? (2) How will contract law and its application be affected in the future by realist thinking? (3) If the realist viewpoint were fully accepted, what kind of system would result and how would contract law be affected? Because my focus is upon a principal legislative monument to realism, Article Two of the Uniform Commercial Code (the "U.C.C."), and upon its drafter, Karl Llewellyn, I will not answer any of the three questions explicitly. By focusing …
Should General Utilities Be Reinstated To Provide Partial Integration Of Corporate And Personal Income—Is Half A Loaf Better Than None?, Douglas A. Kahn
Should General Utilities Be Reinstated To Provide Partial Integration Of Corporate And Personal Income—Is Half A Loaf Better Than None?, Douglas A. Kahn
Articles
The General Utilities doctrine is the name given to the now largely defunct tax rule that a corporation does not recognize a gain or a loss on making a liquidating or nonliquidating distribution of an appreciated or depreciated asset to its shareholders. The roots of the doctrine, can be traced to a regulation promulgated in 1919 that denied realization of gain or loss to a corporation when making a liquidating distribution of an asset in kind. No regulatory provision existed which specified the extent to which realization would or would not be triggered by a nonliquidating distribution such as a …
At-Will Employment And The Handsome American: A Case Study In Law And Social Psychology, Theodore J. St. Antoine
At-Will Employment And The Handsome American: A Case Study In Law And Social Psychology, Theodore J. St. Antoine
Other Publications
The past decade has seen a genuine revolution in employment law, as some forty American jurisdictions, in square holdings or strong dictum and on one or more diverse theories, have modified the conventional doctrine whereby employers "may dismiss their employees at will...for good cause, for no cause or even for cause morally wrong." In this paper I shall briefly review the theories most frequently invoked by the courts in dealing with wrongful dismissal and indicate their deficiencies as a permanent solution for the problem. Next, I shall summarize the major arguments for and against the doctrine of employment at will. …
Condominium Conversion Of Residential Rental Units: A Proposal For State Regulation And A Model Act, Bernard V, Keenan
Condominium Conversion Of Residential Rental Units: A Proposal For State Regulation And A Model Act, Bernard V, Keenan
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article has several objectives. Part I provides a foundation for discussion by briefly outlining the relationship between the recent history of the rental housing market and those factors prompting the conversion of apartments to condominium status. With this background information, the relevance of conversion legislation is more readily grasped. Part II seeks to establish that state government is the appropriate governmental entity to formulate legislation intended to protect individuals affected by the conversion of rental units. Federal legislation has addressed this specific issue in the relatively unknown Condominium and Cooperative Conversion Protection and Abuse Relief Act of 1980. In …
Affordable Housing For The 1990'S, Harold A. Mcdougall
Affordable Housing For The 1990'S, Harold A. Mcdougall
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article examines the history of national housing policy and the factors that will influence its future. Part I discusses the role of capital costs in influencing housing policy. Part II summarizes the changes that have occurred in housing policy in the last fifty years. Part III studies how local- and state-level institutions have reacted to these changes. Finally, Part IV predicts the future of national housing policy, focusing particularly on local efforts.
Recognition Of Proprietary Interests In Software In Korea: Programming For Comprehensive Reform, Byoung Kook Min, Gary Sullivan
Recognition Of Proprietary Interests In Software In Korea: Programming For Comprehensive Reform, Byoung Kook Min, Gary Sullivan
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article will review the legal environment and major issues concerning software protection in the Republic of Korea, and will describe the existing applicable laws and regulations and the trend towards software protection in the region. In addition, the implications of Korea's pending accession to the Universal Copyright Convention will be analyzed. Finally, this article will conclude with a discussion of the current reforms and their implications for Korean international trade law.
Computer Technology And Copyright- A Review Of Legislative And Judicial Developments In Japan, Teruo Doi
Computer Technology And Copyright- A Review Of Legislative And Judicial Developments In Japan, Teruo Doi
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article discusses and evaluates the legislative and judicial developments after the enactment of the Copyright Law which apply to computer programs and other computer-related technology. It examines: (1) the 1985 amendment to the Copyright Law enacted to protect computer programs, including the history of discussions by government agencies and judicial determinations that led to the amendment; (2) the 1986 Program Registration Law which supplements the existing provisions of the Copyright Law concerning registration; (3) the protection of databases under a new amendment to the Copyright Law; (4) the regulation of software rental business by the establishment of a public …
Japanese-Style Worker Participation And United States Labor Law, William S. Rutchow
Japanese-Style Worker Participation And United States Labor Law, William S. Rutchow
Michigan Journal of International Law
This note will evaluate the current legal status of Japanese-style worker participation programs under the NLRA. First, it analyzes relevant sections of the NLRA and their interpretation by the Board and the courts. Second, the note describes various types of Japanese worker participation programs, and suggests how these programs can be legally implemented under current American labor law. Third, the note considers standards the Supreme Court may adopt to test the legality of worker participation programs in the future. Finally, this note recommends that the Supreme Court uphold those participation programs which are freely chosen by employees.
Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976 To Better Accommodate Non-Market Economies, J. Thomas Cristy
Amending The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Of 1976 To Better Accommodate Non-Market Economies, J. Thomas Cristy
Michigan Journal of International Law
The purpose of this Note is to demonstrate the need for an amendment to the 1976 Act, in addition to those presently under consideration, which recognizes the political and economic realities of the modem world. The following discussion focuses on the FSIA and its inability to accommodate the ideology of non-market economies in making immunity determinations. After examining the FSIA and the development of foreign sovereign immunity in general, the discussion turns to an analysis of the differences between capitalist, or free market societies, and socialist/communist, or non-market systems. Sections IV and V analyze two areas where the failure of …
The Limitations On The Protection Of Program Works Under Japanese Copyright Law, Dennis S. Karjala
The Limitations On The Protection Of Program Works Under Japanese Copyright Law, Dennis S. Karjala
Michigan Journal of International Law
This article examines these problems in the light of the program language, rule, and algorithm limitations on program protection under the Japanese Copyright Act. Section II sets forth the relevant statutory language, and Sections III and IV apply the program language and rule limitations to operating systems software and microcode. Section V considers the scope of protection under Japanese law in applications programs under the algorithm limitation on program protection. Finally, Section VI takes up the problem of whether copying for purposes of reverse engineering can be justified under the Act.
Copyright, Compromise And Legislative History, Jessica D. Litman
Copyright, Compromise And Legislative History, Jessica D. Litman
Articles
Copyright law gives authors a "property right." But what kind of property right? Indeed, a property right in what? The answers to these questions should be apparent from a perusal of title seventeen of the United States Code-the statute that confers the "property" right.' Courts, however, have apparently found title seventeen an unhelpful guide. For the most part, they look elsewhere for answers, relying primarily on prior courts' constructions of an earlier and very different statute on the same subject. 2
Nonmajority Bargaining Orders: The Only Effective Remedy For Pervasive Employer Unfair Labor Practices During Union Organizing Campaigns, David S. Shillman
Nonmajority Bargaining Orders: The Only Effective Remedy For Pervasive Employer Unfair Labor Practices During Union Organizing Campaigns, David S. Shillman
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Current Board policy forbids issuing a bargaining order in this situation, where there is no objective evidence of majority support for a union, even though the bargaining ·order may be the only effective remedy for extreme employer unfair labor practices. The Board's refusal to issue nonmajority bargaining orders (NMBOs), grounded in its fear of imposing a union on unwilling employees, has left it impotent to remedy the most severe employer unfair labor practices. This Note examines arguments for and against the Board's use of NMBOs and concludes that NMBOs are within the scope of the Board's remedial powers and should …
Taking From Farm Lenders And Farm Debtors: Chapter 12 Of The Bankruptcy Code, James J. White
Taking From Farm Lenders And Farm Debtors: Chapter 12 Of The Bankruptcy Code, James J. White
Articles
In passing Chapter 12 of the Bankruptcy Reform Act, Congress has effectively invalidated certain important provisions of existing farm mortgages. Equally significant, Congress has disabled farmers from granting binding mortgages on the full, value of their property. Although no court is likely to find the Chapter to violate the fifth amendment, the Chapter constitutes a substantial and retroactive alteration of the rights of existing mortgagees and a restriction on the powers of prospective mortgagors to grant valid mortgages. The thesis of this paper is that Congress was both wrong and shortsighted in its enactment of Chapter 12. Congress was wrong …
Wait-And-See: The New American Uniform Act On Perpetuities, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Wait-And-See: The New American Uniform Act On Perpetuities, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Articles
The wait-and-see version of perpetuity reform has gained a new champion in the United States. The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws-the body responsible for promulgating uniform legislation, such as the Uniform Commercial Code, for recommended enactment by the federal states-recently approved a Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities. Shortly thereafter, the Uniform Act was endorsed by the House of Delegates of the American Bar Association, the Board of Regents of the American College of Probate Counsel, and the Board of Governors of the American College of Real Estate Lawyers.
Redesigning The Spouse's Forced Share, John H. Langbein, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Redesigning The Spouse's Forced Share, John H. Langbein, Lawrence W. Waggoner
Articles
American forced-share law underwent a major round of reform in the 1960s. The main objective was to prevent the decedent from engaging in "fraud on the widow's share," that is, using nominal inter vivos transfers to evade the surviving spouse's forced-share entitlement. In jurisdictions that follow the Uniform Probate Code of 1969 (UPC), that mischief has been eradicated. The UPC, which is discussed in some detail below, extends the forced-share entitlement to property that has been the subject of inter vivos transfer. In the present article we develop the view that the time has come for a further round of …
Reducing Acid Rain In Eastern North America: The Scientific Basis For An Acid Rain Control Policy, Michael Oppenheimer
Reducing Acid Rain In Eastern North America: The Scientific Basis For An Acid Rain Control Policy, Michael Oppenheimer
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Article presents the scientific basis for an effective acid rain control policy. Part I suggests that if a choice must be made, regulation should focus primarily on sulfur dioxide emissions rather than nitrogen oxide emissions because sulfur deposition is the major cause of watershed acidification. Part II explains the need for at least a fifty percent reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions to meet a "safe" deposition level. Part III specifies the geographical allocation of sulfur emission reductions necessary to attain target deposition levels in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. The Article concludes by demonstrating the need for …
The Criminal Forfeiture Provisions Of The Rico And Cce Statutes: Their Application To Attorneys' Fees, Gregory Merz
The Criminal Forfeiture Provisions Of The Rico And Cce Statutes: Their Application To Attorneys' Fees, Gregory Merz
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This Note argues that the criminal forfeiture provisions of RICO and CCE should not apply to attorneys' fees legitimately paid for services rendered. Part I examines the distinction between criminal and civil forfeiture, focusing particularly on forfeiture of property transferred to third parties. Part II discusses ways in which forfeiture of attorneys' fees adversely impacts the attorney-client relationship. Part III suggests a construction of the criminal forfeiture provisions that avoids the problems presented by attorneys' fees forfeiture but maintains criminal forfeiture as a deterrent to crime.