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Articles 301 - 330 of 394
Full-Text Articles in Legislation
Municipal Bankruptcy: The Need For An Expanded Chapter Ix, Daniel J. Goldberg
Municipal Bankruptcy: The Need For An Expanded Chapter Ix, Daniel J. Goldberg
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
New York City's default crisis in 1975 presented to Congress and the nation the possibility of a major municipality's entering the federal bankruptcy court. Chapter IX of the Bankruptcy Act, as recently amended by Congress, provides the exclusive remedy by which local governmental units may obtain relief from burdensome indebtedness. Unlike certain other chapters of the Bankruptcy Act, Chapter IX is limited to a voluntary composition or extension of indebtedness. In recent years municipalities have developed complex systems of financing, while experiencing unprecedented expansion in the services which they must provide. Accordingly, a mere composition of municipal indebtedness is no …
Legislative Notes: The Education Of All Handicapped Children Act Of 1975, Donald W. Keim
Legislative Notes: The Education Of All Handicapped Children Act Of 1975, Donald W. Keim
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Part I reviews the landmark judicial decisions which have established the right of handicapped children to participate in free, public education. The basic provisions of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 are then presented in Part II. The funding provisions are discussed in Part III with particular emphasis upon the tension between the promise of federal largesse and the expense of compliance with statutory and judicial requirements. Part IV reviews prior efforts to obtain judicial recognition of a substantive right to an appropriate education and suggests some ways in which the 1975 Act may alter the framework …
Proposal For A Model Name Act, Ellen Jean Dannin
Proposal For A Model Name Act, Ellen Jean Dannin
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This note will discuss the common law of names relating to such issues as identity, contract, civil procedure, and criminal procedure, as well as discussing common law and statutory change of name methods. The failure of some courts to apply the existing law of names in a manner consistent with the state interest in record keeping and the personal interest in freedom of expression will be reviewed. Finally, a model act will be proposed attempting to reconcile and promote these interests.
Standing To Sue Under The Model Land Development Code, Richard L. Epling
Standing To Sue Under The Model Land Development Code, Richard L. Epling
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The Model Land Development Code was promulgated by the American Law Institute as the paradigm for state legislatures to follow when enacting land use laws for the future. The Code is not intended to create uniformity among state laws. Instead, states may use the articles of the Code as models in drafting legislation that is more specifically suited to their needs. Article Nine, which states rules of standing to participate in land use disputes, poses a potential obstacle to would-be public interest litigants. This note will explore the effect of Article Nine on citizen plaintiffs and demonstrate how its ambiguous …
The Patentee's Gains From Royalty Differentiation Under Exclusive Territorial Licensing, William G. Snead
The Patentee's Gains From Royalty Differentiation Under Exclusive Territorial Licensing, William G. Snead
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Royalty differentiation under exclusive territorial grants is a device which a patent owner, given proper conditions, can use to maximize his profits from licensing the patent rights to an invention. The patentee creates exclusive territories by granting only one license per territory, and then sets different royalties for each territory in accordance with the differing price elasticities of demand for the patented end product. Commentators have taken various stands on how the interests of the patentee and the public should be balanced in determining the desirability of permitting such exclusive territorial grants. One analysis purports to show that permitting a …
Subsequent Use Of Electronic Surveillance Interceptions And The Plain View Doctrine: Fourth Amendment Limitations On The Omnibus Crime Control Act, Raymond R. Kepner
Subsequent Use Of Electronic Surveillance Interceptions And The Plain View Doctrine: Fourth Amendment Limitations On The Omnibus Crime Control Act, Raymond R. Kepner
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Despite the critical examination to which many sections of Title III have been subjected, section 2517(5) has received little serious scrutiny from either the courts or the commentators. This note will analyze the constitutionality of the section in terms of the standards which the Supreme Court has articulated, both with respect to the law of search and seizure generally and with respect to electronic surveillance. This examination will reveal that section 2517(5) cannot be sustained under the existing contours of fourth amendment interpretation.
Michigan's Revised Mental Health Code, William David Serwer
Michigan's Revised Mental Health Code, William David Serwer
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This note will evaluate the three chapters of the Michigan Code which present the most significant legislative attempts to safeguard the rights of the mentally ill. Chapter Four of the Code extends several traditional due process guarantees to the civil commitment process. By guaranteeing the right to adequate notice, the right to be present at the hearing, the right to be represented by counsel, and the right to notice of trial by jury, the Code offers better protection from unwarranted commitment. However, due to the difficulty of defining mental illness and accurately identifying those in need of treatment, the possibility …
Logic And Laws: Relief From Statutory Obfuscation, Rudy Engholm
Logic And Laws: Relief From Statutory Obfuscation, Rudy Engholm
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Ever-expanding use of the legislative process in recent years has resulted in a vast proliferation of statutes and regulations. The Public Acts of the First United States Congress (1789-91) filled only 203 pages. The Public Acts of the Thirty-first Congress (1850-51) filled 227 pages, those of the Sixty-first Congress (1909-11) filled 1459 pages, and those of the Ninety-first Congress (1969-71) filled 2938 pages. In addition, publication of new and recently amended federal regulations contributed to a Federal Register exceeding 45,000 pages in length in 1974. The growth of state statutory materials parallels this trend. Unfortunately, the technology of statutory expression …
New York's Revised Nursing Home Legislation, Michael G. Mcgee
New York's Revised Nursing Home Legislation, Michael G. Mcgee
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This note undertakes an analysis of the extensive package of nursing home legislation recently enacted in New York. First, specific regulations will be examined in relation to problems they are designed to remedy. Next, the note critically appraises three key, innovative provisions, making recommendations for implementation or revision of each. Finally, the broad changes needed to bring about lasting improvement of nursing care are discussed and a summary of pending legislation is provided.
Improving Michigan's Generic Drug Law, Phyllis Greenwood Rozof
Improving Michigan's Generic Drug Law, Phyllis Greenwood Rozof
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This note will describe the conditions which existed prior to enactment of the Michigan drug substitution law, will discuss the history and provisions of that legislation, and will identify certain problems which the law fails to correct.
Emerging Standards For Implied Actions Under Federal Statutes, Gary W. Klotz
Emerging Standards For Implied Actions Under Federal Statutes, Gary W. Klotz
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article will examine the theoretical basis for finding implied causes of action in legislation and the development of the implication doctrine in the federal courts. In particular, the Cort v. Ash case will be discussed, both in terms of the standards articulated by the Supreme Court in dicta and the potential impact of Cort on the law of implied remedies.
Scope Of Disclosure Of Internal Revenue Communications And Information Files Under The Freedom Of Information Act, Peter R. Spanos
Scope Of Disclosure Of Internal Revenue Communications And Information Files Under The Freedom Of Information Act, Peter R. Spanos
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article will discuss the proper scope of disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act of the files and administrative and policy materials of the IRS, with particular attention to the following currently contested issues: (1) the extent to which IRS guideline documents and private letter rulings are subject to disclosure; (2) the proper scope of the FOIA exemption for "interagency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency" as applied to the IRS; and (3) the scope of the exemption for "investigatory records …
Michigan Standards Of Conduct And Ethics Act Of 1973, Rogan Alan Petzke
Michigan Standards Of Conduct And Ethics Act Of 1973, Rogan Alan Petzke
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article undertakes an analysis of the Standards of Conduct and Ethics Act. After a discussion of the factors prompting enactment, the statutory framework of the Act is presented. Finally, the Michigan legislation is contrasted with and evaluated in light of similar statutory efforts in other states.
Michigan Motor Vehicle Service And Repair Act Of 1974, A. Russell Localio
Michigan Motor Vehicle Service And Repair Act Of 1974, A. Russell Localio
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This note will analyze the Michigan Motor Vehicle Service and Repair Act, examining the differences between it and prior Michigan and federal legislation. The new legislation will be compared with similar statutes in other states. Finally, the possible drawbacks of repair shop and mechanic certification programs will be discussed, and suggestions for improvements will be made.
Toward A Uniform Approach To Multilevel Distributorships, Donald Daniels
Toward A Uniform Approach To Multilevel Distributorships, Donald Daniels
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The phenomenal growth and eventual collapse of the enterprises of Glenn Wesley Turner and William Penn Patrick during the 1960's should have surprised no one. They were only a recent example of an old and recurrent merchandising scheme, a variant of the chain letter device. Such operations, commonly called pyramid sales schemes, can temporarily succeed where a credulous public, willing to believe that it can get rich quickly for a small monetary investment and little or no expenditure of effort, exists in a legal system lacking a coordinated program for the prevention of such machinations. Pyramid sales schemes have been …
Federal Leased Housing Assistance In Private Accommodations: Section 8, Nancy S. Cohen
Federal Leased Housing Assistance In Private Accommodations: Section 8, Nancy S. Cohen
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The public housing program, which does not involve private developers, was also criticized as wasteful, poorly conceived, and inequitable. Further, it appeared to some that the federal government was assuming the losses caused by the accelerating decline of large cities. As a result of various investigations and HUD audits, the FHA was in a state of chaos after recurring reorganizations. The administration's suspension of housing subsidies on January 5, 1973 was an added impetus for the passage of a new act. The resulting legislation, the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974,20 is the federal government's first significant set of …
Conversion Of Apartments To Condominiums And Cooperatives: Protecting Tenants In New York, Charles M. Cobbe
Conversion Of Apartments To Condominiums And Cooperatives: Protecting Tenants In New York, Charles M. Cobbe
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
In recent years, the number of conversions of rental apartments to cooperative and condominium ownership has increased dramatically. Such conversions often result in extreme hardships for tenants in the buildings affected. Those who are unable or unwilling to pay the purchase price of an apartment are generally forced to seek other rental accommodations at a time when these are increasingly difficult to find -a problem which becomes especially severe for elderly tenants and those with low incomes. In addition, tenants who purchase apartments may suffer the abuses which often accompany sales of condominium and cooperative units. A further problem in …
Public Broadcasting And The Problem Of Government Influence: Towards A Legislative Solution, Oscar G. Chase
Public Broadcasting And The Problem Of Government Influence: Towards A Legislative Solution, Oscar G. Chase
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article will explore the problems raised by the emergence of the federal government as a television "sponsor." It will argue that fundamental structural reform is needed to promote the constitutional values at issue, that such reform will also promote the interests of local control sought by the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, and that legislative action in furtherance of this structural solution is desirable. In this context this article will consider the proposed Public Broadcasting Financing Act of 1974 and will argue that any bill modeled on it would not eliminate the problems despite its salutary innovations. Not considered, …
To Tell The Truth, The Whole Truth, And Nothing But The Truth - Help For Florida's Frazzled Condominium Buyers?, Elizabeth Snider
To Tell The Truth, The Whole Truth, And Nothing But The Truth - Help For Florida's Frazzled Condominium Buyers?, Elizabeth Snider
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The condominium has become an increasingly familiar arrangement in the United States. In 1972, some 235,000 condominium units were built; this number swelled to about 420,000 in 1973, an increase of almost 79 percent. Accompanying this tremendous increase in building and selling has been an increasing awareness of the need for regulation of this multi-million dollar industry. This note explores the legislative background of condominium regulation; examines the recent Florida Condominium Act amendments, focusing on the Act's disclosure requirements, what they mean, and what their impact will be on developers and purchasers; and offers alternatives to the Florida scheme.
The Michigan Abortion Refusal Act, G. Michael White
The Michigan Abortion Refusal Act, G. Michael White
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Since the United States Supreme Court handed down the landmark decisions of Roe v. Wade andDoe v. Bolton, which placed constitutional limitations, on state regulation of abortions, efforts have been made on the federal and state levels to blunt the effect of those cases. One prevalent reaction has been the enactment of state "conscience clause" legislation, such as the Michigan Abortion Refusal Act, which seeks to extend to all hospitals the right to refuse admission of abortion patients. This legislative note will consider whether the Michigan conscience clause is legally necessary to ensure the right it seeks to …
The New York Truth In Travel Act, Lisa Kennedy
The New York Truth In Travel Act, Lisa Kennedy
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
A New York couple arrange a vacation abroad through their travel agent. They expect a direct flight, deluxe, centrally located accommodations, and guided tours of local attractions. Once they have set out, they discover to their dismay that their flight makes several lengthy stops, their reservations are at a drab and uncomfortable hotel in an inconvenient location, and there are no reservations for the tours. This hypothetical situation is representative of instances of travel fraud, a frequent consumer grievance in what is acknowledged as the considerable volume of travel business being conducted in the United States. New York has attempted …
Presidential Pensions And Impeachment: A Proposal For Reform, Patrick E. Mears
Presidential Pensions And Impeachment: A Proposal For Reform, Patrick E. Mears
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The Former Presidents Act grants annual monetary and clerical allowances and free office space to "former Presidents." Under the Act a President is ineligible to receive any retirement benefits if he or she is removed from office by impeachment and conviction in the Congress of the United States. However, a President facing imminent impeachment can retain the benefits by resigning before the impeachment process culminates in his removal from office. Constitutional considerations indicate that the benefits conferred by the Act could not be revoked or reduced by special congressional legislation upon resignation; such action could be challenged as a bill …
No-Fault Auto Reparation In Florida: An Empirical Examination Of Some Of Its Effects, Joseph W. Little
No-Fault Auto Reparation In Florida: An Empirical Examination Of Some Of Its Effects, Joseph W. Little
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article discusses certain aspects of reparations systems that can be described by statistical parameters, but it does not attempt to evaluate whether or not pervasive sociological changes may result from legal modifications of the concept of fault. It may be that any erosion of fault as a legal concept will result in a decline in individual responsibility. The fact that some members of the bar and some members of the medical profession allegedly regularly engage in conspiracies to defeat the $1,000 medical expense threshold of the Florida statute could be cited as evidence of such deterioration. Nevertheless, this writer …
Updating The Trust Indenture Act, Howard M. Friedman
Updating The Trust Indenture Act, Howard M. Friedman
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Holders of publicly distributed debt securities are, in essence, parties to contracts of adhesion. There is no opportunity for a purchaser of a debt security to negotiate the terms of his loan to the issuer. In addition, because there are a large number of geographically scattered small lenders, each of them is placed in a particularly vulnerable position. While lenders traditionally have numerous methods of protecting their interests, creditor protection is ineffective unless responsibility for enforcement is centralized. Widely scattered security holders find it difficult to police compliance with covenants in the loan agreement and to coordinate legal action in …
Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency Act Of 1972, John A. Stevens
Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency Act Of 1972, John A. Stevens
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The 1959 Pennsylvania legislation, while commendable for its goals and its innovative financing concepts, proved inadequate over the years in meeting the changing housing needs in the state. In an attempt to correct the deficiencies of this legislation, Pennsylvania radically revised its housing law by enacting the Housing Finance Agency Act of 1972. This note undertakes a historical analysis of both the 1959 Act and the 1972 Act. Then, the new act is contrasted with similar statutes in other states. Finally, the effectiveness of the Pennsylvania legislation as a stimulate to the development of new low- and moderate-income housing is …
Proposal For A Uniform Radar Speed Detection Act, Douglas M. Tisdale
Proposal For A Uniform Radar Speed Detection Act, Douglas M. Tisdale
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article traces the judicial treatment of radar, reviews statutory attempts to regulate radar usage, and proposes a uniform act as an effective and consistent approach to ensure the proper use of radar.
Michigan Water Resources Commission Act Amendments: A Response To The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments Of 1972, Jeffrey K. Haynes
Michigan Water Resources Commission Act Amendments: A Response To The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments Of 1972, Jeffrey K. Haynes
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article appraises the strengths and weaknesses of the WRC Act and its recent amendments. After a description of the federal impetus behind the new amendments, the Michigan statutory framework is evaluated, including comparison of the WRC Act with a model state act designed to meet FWPCA requirements. Finally, the past implementation of the Act is discussed, with suggestions for future improvement.
Abuse Of Trademarks: A Proposal For Ompulsory Licensing, Mara L. Babin
Abuse Of Trademarks: A Proposal For Ompulsory Licensing, Mara L. Babin
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
This article neither deals with the propriety of the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) proposed order nor evaluates the effectiveness of compulsory trademark licensing as a remedy for unfair trade practices.8 Rather, the pending cereal industry case is used as a point of departure for an examination of the problem of trademark abuse and the responses of the courts, the Congress, and the FTC to it. Acknowledging the legality of compulsory licensing of trademarks, the article suggests legislation which will incorporate licensing and standards for its application. Such legislation would make licensing an accessible remedy for trademark abuse while accommodating both …
Guidelines For Alleviating Local-Emergency Work Disruptions, Joshua Greene
Guidelines For Alleviating Local-Emergency Work Disruptions, Joshua Greene
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
The first section of this article summarizes the vast differences between the rights of public and private employees to strike. The second section focuses on likely obstacles to a governmental suit to enjoin shutdowns in the broadest segment of American private industry-the segment in which labor relations are governed by the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The final section of the article suggests a legislative solution to the problem, fashioned after existing statutory remedies for limiting certain strikes by public employees.
Legislative Note: Michigan's Criminal Sexual Assault Law, Kenneth A. Cobb, Nancy R. Schauer
Legislative Note: Michigan's Criminal Sexual Assault Law, Kenneth A. Cobb, Nancy R. Schauer
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
Under increasing pressure from women's rights groups and other reform organizations, the Michigan legislature has re-evaluated its centenarian rape statute, found it inadequate for the realities of the mid-twentieth century, and enacted a new sexual assault act. While people may refer to the act as "the new rape law," it should be noted at the outset that the statute is intended to prohibit a variety of sexual acts which involve criminal assault. Michigan's new criminal sexual assault law was formulated to distinguish among degrees of violence as motivated by hostility rather than passion; rape, like other crimes, is more heinous …