Law and Economics Commons^™

การร่วมมือกันกำหนดราคาของสายการบิน ภายใต้กฎหมายการแข่งขันทางการค้า, ญาดา กระจ่าง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

เอกัตศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษามาตรการทางกฎหมายในการกำกับดูแลธุรกิจการบิน ในการร่วมมือกันกำหนดราคาของประเทศไทย ด้วยวิธีการศึกษาและวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ โดยการศึกษารวบรวมข้อมูลเชิงเอกสาร บทความ หนังสือ งานวิจัย และสื่ออิเล็กทรอนิกส์ เกี่ยวกับหลักเกณฑ์ในการกำหนดราคาค่าโดยสารของธุรกิจการบิน มาตรการกำกับดูแลการแข่งขันทางการค้าของประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา และสหภาพยุโรป และศึกษาคำพิพากษาในคดีที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการร่วมมือกันกำหนดราคาของสายการบิน แล้วนำข้อมูลที่ได้ศึกษารวบรวมมาวิเคราะห์แนวทางมาตรการที่มีการใช้บังคับของต่างประเทศ เพื่อหามตราการทางกฎหมายในการกำกับ ดูแลการร่วมมือกันด้านราคาของ ธุรกิจการบินในประเทศไทย ให้เกิดความชัดเจนในการบังคับใช้กฎหมายต่อไป จากผลการศึกษาพบว่า ธุรกิจการบินมีหน่วยงานที่กำกับดูแลด้านราคาคือ สำนักการบินพลเรือนแห่งประเทศไทย มีหน้าที่ในการดูแลด้านราคาการเดินทางทางอากาศภายในประเทศ และมีสมาคมการขนส่งสินค้าทางอากาศระหว่างประเทศ (IATA) กำหนดหลักเกณฑ์ด้านราคาระหว่างประเทศ คำตัดสินของศาลและคณะกรรมาธิการของต่างประเทศได้ชี้ให้เห็นว่า การร่วมกันกำหนดราคา มีผลต่อการแข่งขันทางการค้า ซึ่งผิดกฎหมาย แม้ว่าจะเป็นการร่วมกันกำหนดราคาของสมาคมสายการบินก็ตาม ผู้วิจัยจึงได้เสนอมาตรการที่จะช่วยให้ธุรกิจการบินของประเทศไทยมีการแข่งขันที่เสรีและเป็นธรรมต่อทุกฝ่าย โดยเสนอให้หน่วยงานรัฐวิสาหกิจอยู่ภายใต้กฎหมายการแข่งขันทางการค้า และสมาคม องค์กร หรือกลุ่มใดๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับกับธุรกิจไม่ว่าจะประเภทใด ทั้งแสวงหากำไรและไม่แสวงหากำไรอยู่ภายใต้กฎหมายการแข่งขันเดียวกัน เพื่อส่งเสริมให้เกิดการแข่งขันอย่างเสรีเป็นไปตามกลไกตลาด

ปัญหาการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดโดยมิชอบด้วยกฎหมาย : ศึกษากรณีกรุงเทพมหานคร, ถาปัตย์ โกลาวัลย์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การศึกษาเรื่องนี้มีจุดมุ่งหมายเพื่อศึกษาการควบคุมการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดในประเทศไทย และการควบคุมกิจการค้าขายหาบเร่และแผงลอยของประเทศสิงคโปร์ เพื่อหาแนวทางในการแก้ไขปัญหาการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดที่มิชอบด้วยกฎหมายในประเทศไทย จากการศึกษาพบว่าการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดที่มิชอบด้วยกฎหมายในประเทศไทย ก่อให้เกิดปัญหาได้แก่ ปัญหาการสูญเสียรายได้ของรัฐ และปัญหาด้านสุขลักษณะและอนามัยของตลาดสด ซึ่งแม้กฎหมายไทยจะวางหลักเกณฑ์เพื่อควบคุมแก้ไขปัญหาดังกล่าวแต่ก็ไม่สามารถควบคุมแก้ไขได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ผู้วิจัยจึงศึกษาแนวทางการควบคุมหาบเร่หรือแผงลอยของประเทศสิงคโปร์ เพื่อวิเคราะห์และเปรียบเทียบกับการควบคุมการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดในประเทศไทย โดยประเทศสิงคโปร์กำหนดมาตรการให้ผู้ขายหาบเร่ขายสินค้าได้เฉพาะในสถานที่ที่ได้รับอนุญาต (Hawker Centres) โดย Hawker Centres ซึ่งเป็นเจ้าของโดยรัฐและภาคเอกชน โดยมีหน่วยงานของรัฐ (Hawker Department) ดูแลโดยเฉพาะ และผู้ที่จะขายสินค้าใน Hawker Centres ได้ต้องได้รับใบอนุญาตจากรัฐ และขายภายในเวลาที่กำหนดเท่านั้น และการขายของนอก Hawker Centres ถือเป็นความผิดและมีบทลงโทษ มาตรการดังกล่าวเป็นการจัดการควบคุมการค้าขายหาบเร่และแผงลอยที่มีประสิทธิภาพและประสบความสำเร็จในการควบคุมและป้องกันปัญหาสุขลักษณะและอนามัย ในประเด็นดังต่อไปนี้ (1) ประเด็นหน่วยงานที่ใช้อำนาจตามกฎหมายควบคุมกิจการเพื่อวิเคราะห์ถึงความเหมาะสมของหน่วยงานที่ควบคุมการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดของประเทศไทย (2) ประเด็นผู้ประกอบการและการขออนุญาตประกอบกิจการเพื่อวิเคราะห์แนวทางการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดโดยหน่วยงานของรัฐและภาคเอกชน (3) ประเด็นบทลงโทษการประกอบกิจการที่มิชอบด้วยกฎหมายเพื่อวิเคราะห์แนวทางการควบคุมทั้งผู้ประกอบการและผู้ขายของในตลาดสด และ (4) ประเด็นการควบคุมสุขลักษณะและอนามัยของกิจการเพื่อวิเคราะห์หาแนวทางในการแก้ไขและป้องกันปัญหาในด้านสุขลักษณะและอนามัยของกิจการตลาดสด ในการเปรียบเทียบและวิเคราะห์ทั้ง 4 ประเด็นนี้ เพื่อให้ได้แนวทางในการควบคุมกากับการประกอบกิจการตลาดสดของประเทศไทยที่มีประสิทธิภาพต่อไป การศึกษาเรื่องนี้จึงเสนอแนะให้มีการแก้ไขปัญหาดังนี้ (1) ควรมีการจัดตั้งหน่วยงานของรัฐเป็นผู้ดูแลและควบคุมกิจการตลาดสดโดยเฉพาะ ซึ่งต้องมีความเชี่ยวชาญในการจัดการตลาดสดและ มีความรู้ด้านสาธารณสุข เพื่อทาหน้าที่กากับควบคุมกิจการตลาดสดทั้งประเทศ (2) ควรมีการจัดตั้งตลาดสดของรัฐในพื้นที่ต่างๆ เพื่อเป็นทางเลือกให้แก่พ่อค้าแม่ค้าที่ต้องการเช่าสถานที่สาหรับขายของ

The Financial Crisis And Credit Unavailability: Cause Or Effect?, Steven L. Schwarcz

Faculty Scholarship

Although the relationship between credit availability and financial decline leading to the global financial crisis was somewhat interactive, a loss of credit availability appears to have caused the financial crisis more than the reverse. The potential for credit unavailability to cause a financial crisis suggests at least three lessons: (i) because credit availability is dependent on financial markets as well as banks, regulation should protect the viability of both credit sources; (ii) diversifying sources of credit might increase financial stability if each credit source is robust and does not create a liquidity glut or inappropriately weaken central bank control; and …

Heading Off A Cliff? The Tax Reform Man Cometh, And Goeth, Michael J. Graetz

Faculty Scholarship

The major tax policy challenge of the 21st century is the need to address the nation’s fiscal condition fairly and in a manner conducive to economic growth. But since California adopted Proposition 13 nearly forty years ago, antipathy to taxes has served as the glue that has held the Republican coalition together. Even though our taxes as a percentage of our economy are low by OECD standards and low by our own historical experience, anti-tax attitudes have become even more important for Republicans politically, since they now find it hard to agree on almost anything else. So revenue-positive, or even …

Market Power And Inequality: The Antitrust Counterrevolution And Its Discontents, Lina M. Khan, Sandeep Vaheesan

Faculty Scholarship

In recent years, economic inequality has become a central topic of public debate in the United States and much of the developed world. The popularity of Thomas Piketty’s nearly 700-page tome, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, is a testament to this newfound focus on economic disparity. As top intellectuals, politicians, and public figures have come to recognize inequality as a major problem that must be addressed, they have offered a range of potential solutions. Frequently mentioned proposals include reforming the tax system, strengthening organized labor, revising international trade and investment agreements, and reducing the size of the financial sector.

One …

The Black Hole Problem In Commercial Boilerplate, Stephen J. Choi, G. Mitu Gulati, Robert E. Scott

Faculty Scholarship

Rote use of a standard form contract term can erode its meaning, a phenomenon made worse when the process of encrustation introduces various formulations of the term. The foregoing process, when it occurs, weakens the communicative properties of boilerplate terms, leading some terms to lose much, if not all, meaning. In theory, if a clause is completely emptied of meaning through this process it can create a contractual “black hole.” The more frequent and thus potentially more pervasive problem arises when, as the term loses meaning, random variations in language appear and persist, resulting in what we term a “grey …

The Lost Volume Seller, R.I.P., Victor P. Goldberg

Faculty Scholarship

If the buyer breaches a sales contract, and if the seller can be characterized as a lost volume seller, courts and commentators have argued that the seller should be made whole by compensation for its lost profits. This paper argues that framing the problem in this way leads to an absurd result. The buyer has a termination option and the remedy should be the implicit option price. The lost profit remedy sets a price on that option, a price that bears no relation to reality. Examination of the case law suggests three conclusions: (a) the remedy often sets an excessive …

Law And Economics Of Information, Tim Wu

Faculty Scholarship

Information is of enormous importance to contemporary economics, science, and technology. Since the 1970s, economists and legal scholars, relying on a simplified “public good” model of information, have constructed an impressively extensive body of scholarship devoted to the relationship between law and information. The public good model tends to justify law, such as the intellectual property laws or various forms of securities regulation that seek to incentivize the production of information or its broader dissemination. This chapter reviews the public choice model and identifies two recent trends. First, scholars have extended the public good model of information to an ever-increasing …

Trademarks And Unfair Competition, Clarisa Long

Faculty Scholarship

Chapter 9 summarizes the dominant law and economic approach to some of the doctrines comprising the two major strands of modern trademark law: classic trademark law, in which trademark protection is justified as reducing consumer search costs and preventing consumer confusion; and dilution law, which is explained by the more traditional intellectual property justifications of encouraging investment in creating valuable marks and protecting producer goodwill. It argues that the culmination of trademark law in the form of protection against dilution represents completion of a full circle of development of unfair competition law. From its start as a means of protecting …

Information Gaps And Shadow Banking, Kathryn Judge

Faculty Scholarship

This Article argues that information gaps – pockets of information that are pertinent and knowable but not currently known – are a byproduct of shadow banking and a meaningful source of systemic risk. It lays the foundation for this claim by juxtaposing the regulatory regime governing the shadow banking system with the incentives of the market participants who populate that system. Like banks, shadow banks rely heavily on short-term debt claims designed to obviate the need for the holder to engage in any meaningful information gathering or analysis. The securities laws that prevail in the capital markets, however, both presume …

Energy Subsidies: Worthy Goals, Competing Priorities, And Flawed Institutional Design, David M. Schizer

Faculty Scholarship

The United States uses on targeted subsidies for both "green" energy and hydrocarbons. These subsidies pursue worthwhile goals. But unfortunately, many have design flaws that make them less effective or even counterproductive. The goal of this Article is to show how to do better.

Specifically, this Article focuses on three sets of issues. First, there often is tension between our environmental and national security goals. Unfortunately, the economics literature on energy largely ignores these trade-offs by omitting national security from the analysis. This Article takes issue with this approach and suggests ways to manage these trade-offs. Second, this Article argues …

Trade Agreements, Regulatory Sovereignty And Democratic Legitimacy, Bernard Hoekman, Charles F. Sabel

Faculty Scholarship

Governments increasingly are seeking to use bilateral and regional trade agreements to reduce the cost-increasing effects of differences in product market regulation. They also pursue regulatory cooperation independent of trade agreements. It is important to understand what is being done through bilateral or plurilateral mechanisms to address regulatory differences, and to identify what, if any, role trade agreements can play in supporting international regulatory cooperation. This paper reflects on experience to date in regulatory cooperation and the provisions of recent trade agreements involving advanced economies that have included regulatory cooperation. We argue for a re-thinking by trade officials of the …

How Should The E.U. Respond To Brexit And Trump?: The Lessons From Trade Wars, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

The U.K.’s decision to exit the E.U. (popularly known as “Brexit”) sets the stage for a potential retaliatory trade war. Similarly, the aggressive nationalism of U.S. President Donald Trump does also. In both cases, game theory suggests how such a conflict might be resolved. This paper first examines three standard game theory models – the Chicken Game, the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and the Stag-Hunt Game – and then turns to the strong incentives for rent-seeking by special interests and considers how rent-seeking likely affects how these games might play out. Although the conventional wisdom expects that the U.K. will suffer retaliation …

The Agency Costs Of Activism: Information Leakage, Thwarted Majorities, And The Public Morality, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

Few doubt that hedge fund activism has radically changed corporate governance in the United States – for better or for worse. Proponents see activists as desirable agents of change who intentionally invest in underperforming companies to organize more passive shareholders to support their proposals to change the target’s business model and/or management. So viewed, the process is fundamentally democratic, with institutional shareholders determining whether or not to support the activist’s proposals.

Skeptics respond that things do not work this simply. Actual proxy contests are few, and most activist engagements are resolved through private settlement negotiations between the activists, who rarely …

Free Markets, State Involvement, And The Wto: Chinese State Owned Enterprises (Soes) In The Ring, Petros C. Mavroidis, Merit E. Jano

Faculty Scholarship

The WTO has struggled with the treatment of nonmarket economies (NMEs). What was a nonissue in the original GATT (because of the homogeneity of participants) became quite an issue with the accession of formally centrally planned economies, which were not transformed to market economies, at least not in the eyes of the incumbents. Contracting this issue has proved to be so far always wanting, and leaving it to adjudicators has not produced good results either. With respect to Chinese SOEs this risks continuing to be an issue, since the contractually agreed deadline (2016) after which China should not be treated …

Amazon's Antitrust Paradox, Lina M. Khan

Faculty Scholarship

Amazon is the titan of twenty-first century commerce. In addition to being a retailer, it is now a marketing platform, a delivery and logistics network, a payment service, a credit lender, an auction house, a major book publisher, a producer of television and films, a fashion designer, a hardware manufacturer, and a leading host of cloud server space. Although Amazon has clocked staggering growth, it generates meager profits, choosing to price below-cost and expand widely instead. Through this strategy, the company has positioned itself at the center of e-commerce and now serves as essential infrastructure for a host of other …

A Note On Victoria Laundry, Victor P. Goldberg

Faculty Scholarship

In Victoria Laundry v Newman, Asquith LJ claimed that the headnote in Hadley v. Baxendale was “definitely misleading” noting that had it been accurate, the decision would have been decided the other way. In this note, I argue that the headnote was not misleading and, even if it were, his conclusion did not follow. His interpretation lowered the standard for finding liability for consequential damage. Given the facts, Victoria Laundry would have lost, even with his new standard. His solution was simple: alter the facts.

Criminal Deterrence: A Review Of The Literature, Aaron Chalfin, Justin Mccrary

Faculty Scholarship

We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of deterrence effects is mixed. While there is considerable evidence that crime is responsive to police and to the existence of attractive legitimate labor-market opportunities, there is far less evidence that crime responds to the severity of criminal sanctions. We discuss fruitful directions for future work and implications for public policy.

The Known Unknowns Of The Business Tax Reforms Proposed In The House Republican Blueprint, Michael J. Graetz

Faculty Scholarship

In 2002, referring to Iraq and its relationship to terrorism, Donald Rumsfeld declared "that there are known knowns, there are things we know we know. We also know that there are known-unknowns, that is to say we know there are some things that we do not know, but there are also unknown-unknowns – the ones that we don't know we don't know."

Consumer Bankruptcy Pathologies, Edward R. Morrison, Antoine Uettwiller

Faculty Scholarship

This paper questions several long-standing descriptions of consumer bankruptcy in the United States. We focus on Chapter 13, which discharges debts after consumers pay disposable income to creditors for up to five years. Many studies document pathologies, including high failure rates, racial disparities, low creditor recoveries, and attorney biases. We observe the same patterns in new data drawn from Cook County, Illinois, but show that these pathologies are central tendencies that ignore substantial heterogeneity across consumers. Several pathologies are driven by subsets of consumers; some disappear once we take account of consumer heterogeneity. We present new evidence that some pathologies …

Border Adjustments And The Conservation Of Tax Planning, David M. Schizer

Faculty Scholarship

This article is based on Schizer’s keynote address at the 17th annual NYU-KPMG Tax Symposium on March 10.

In this article, Schizer argues that U.S. corporate and shareholder taxes need to be reformed, and the corporate rate should be much lower. In reforming this dysfunctional regime, according to Schizer, Congress should keep both of these taxes as a form of built-in redundancy; if one tax is avoided, the other can still be collected. More generally, Congress should be wary of Utopian solutions. Tax reform is more likely to change tax planning than to eliminate it entirely, Schizer concludes. For instance, …

Tip Of The Iceberg Ii: How The Intended-Uses Principle Produces Medical Knowledge And Protects Liberty, Christopher Robertson, Victor Laurion

Faculty Scholarship

In recent years, the Food and Drug Administration’s pre-market approval process has come under increasing scrutiny as an infringement on liberty and a regulation of speech. In the first part of this symposium contribution, we offer a case study of Seroquel XR, showing how the FDA’s premarket approval process – and the restrictions on “off-label” promotion in particular – caused the drug company to produce and disseminate knowledge about safety and efficacy for new uses. The law successfully resolved the collective action problem of producing knowledge, even while the law protected the liberty of individual doctors and patients to use …

Comment On "Error And Regulatory Risk In Financial Institution Regulation", Keith N. Hylton

Faculty Scholarship

I agree with just about everything Jonathan Macey (2017) says in his symposium contribution. His claim that bureaucratic tendencies toward regularity—specifically, treating like cases alike—generate errors in categorization seems appropriate to me. His explanations of the pathologies in financial regulation should fall in the category of essential or required reading for anyone who chooses to write on the topic. Where I differ from Macey is in the choice of framework, or perspective from which to view the pathologies. Whereas Macey adopts an “error cost” framework, which is clearly appropriate for this symposium, I would build explicitly on a “public choice” …

Law, Social Welfare, And Net Neutrality, Keith N. Hylton

Faculty Scholarship

Net neutrality generates wealth transfers from one type of internet content provider to another. In theory, these transfers might be socially desirable, and could be justified on the basis of informational externalities similar to those cited to justify fair use in copyright law. In practice, however, the conditions that justify fair use do not hold where net neutrality operates. Moreover, the internal subsidization required by net neutrality generates a regressive transfer. The welfare gains that might come from controlling anticompetitive abuse or government coercion through implementation of net neutrality can be achieved by alternative policies with less harmful consequences.

Optimal Remedies For Patent Infringement, Keith N. Hylton, Mengxi Zhang

Faculty Scholarship

This paper derives optimal remedies for patent infringement, examining damages awards and injunctions. The fundamental optimality condition that applies to both awards and injunctions equates the marginal static cost of intellectual property protection with the marginal “dynamic” benefit from the innovation thereby induced. When the social value of the patent is sufficiently high, the optimal award induces socially efficient investment by giving the innovator the entire social value of her investment.

The Deserving Poor, The Undeserving Poor, And Class-Based Affirmative Action, Khiara M. Bridges

Faculty Scholarship

This Article is a critique of class-based affirmative action. It begins by observing that many professed politically conservative individuals have championed class-based affirmative action. However, it observes that political conservatism is not typically identified as an ideology that generally approves of improving the poor’s well-being through the means that class-based affirmative action employs — that is, through redistributing wealth by taking wealth from a wealthy individual and giving it directly to a poor person. This is precisely what class-based affirmative action does: it takes a seat in an incoming class (a species of wealth) from a wealthy individual and gives …

Investor-Driven Financial Innovation, Kathryn Judge

Faculty Scholarship

Financial regulations often encourage or require market participants to hold particular types of financial assets. One unintended consequence of this form of regulation is that it can spur innovation to increase the effective supply of favored assets. This Article examines when and how changes in the law prompt the spread of “investor-driven financial innovations.” Weaving together theory, recent empirical findings, and illustrations, this Article provides an overview of why investors prefer certain types of financial assets to others, how markets respond, and how the spread of investor-driven innovations can transform the structure of the financial system. This examination suggests that …

Imagining Equity And Inclusion: South Africa's International Economic Politics And Reflections On The Writings Of Justice Dikgang Moseneke, Erika George

Faculty Scholarship

In honour of Justice Dikgang Moseneke, this essay takes up his invitation to imagine an ethos consistent with South African Constitutionalism, one which could promote economic justice. This essay explores how the tools of international economic law as utilised by South Africa could serve as a means of transformation to advance the end of a more inclusive economic globalisation. South Africa's trade policies and participation in international business and human rights policy initiatives are offered as illustrations of a shift towards asserting interests aligned with the country's constitutional economic justice commitments. First, emphasising Justice Moseneke's writings outside of his rulings …

Recognizing Women's Rights At Work: Health And Women Workers In Global Supply Chains, Erika R. George, Candace D. Gibson, Rebecca Sewall, David Wofford

Faculty Scholarship

The Guiding Principles mandate that businesses respect the human fights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights and in the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Due diligence processes and risk impact assessments are the main recommended means for ensuring compliance with companies' commitments to respect international human fights. Because OSH as a conceptual framework and regulatory order is not sufficient to identify the risk of health fights violations to women workers, we argue companies should not anchor their due diligence and risk assessment in OSH conventions and settle for a check-the-box solution …

Peran Penegakan Hukum Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi, - Sukardi

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Economics is the backbone of the people's welfare, and science are the pillars supporting the nation's progress, but the law is the institution that ultimately determine how the public welfare can be enjoyed equitably, as well as how social justice can be realized in people's lives, and how progress of science and technology can bring progress for the people. In essence, the rule of law to support the transformation of SOEs (State-owned enterprises) as a locomotive driver of the national economy, especially in its role of guarding the whole process of public finance management and the area is clean and …