Intellectual Property Law Commons^™

Internet Business Model Patents: Obvious By Analogy, Margo A. Bagley

Faculty Articles

Part I of this Article provides a look at Internet business model patents in light of key patentability requirements mandated by the Patent Act. Part II traces the evolution of the analogous art component of the non-obviousness determination and illustrates how the malleability of the doctrine, as exemplified in several Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decisions, has particular relevance to prior art definitions for Internet business model patents. Part III of this Article then examines the doctrine of equivalents and explores how the likelihood of improper application of this doctrine in the Internet business model context is increased. …

State Accountability For Violations Of Intellectual Property Rights: How To “Fix” Florida Prepaid (And How Not To), Ernest A. Young, Mitchell N. Berman, R. Anthony Reese

Faculty Scholarship

In its Florida Prepaid and College Savings Bank decisions of two terms ago, the Supreme Court raised significant barriers to Congress's ability to subject the states to damages liability in federal intellectual property suits. These decisions provoked extensive academic commentary and have also sparked efforts in Congress and at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to amend the federal intellectual property laws to ensure that state governments will remain accountable for violations of federal rights. This article explores how such legislation might best be shaped in order to withstand constitutional challenge.

Satisfactory treatment of the issue requires examination of a …

The Recording Artist Agreement: Does It Empower Or Enslave, Lynn Morrow

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

In June 2000, Courtney Love, the controversial lead singer of the rock group Hole, lambasts, among other things, record company profits. In an essay entitled "Courtney Love Does the Math," she maintains that a recording artist agreement is itself a form of music piracy. She tells a compelling story about a band and a record company. As a result of a bidding war between the major labels, the band was given what is considered a huge deal-a twenty percent artist royalty and a million dollar advance. Providing a breakdown of how the million dollars was spent, Ms. Love calculates that, …

Trademark Law, Functional Design Features, And The Trouble With Traffix, Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

This article concerns trademark law's functionality doctrine and the Supreme Court's troublesome opinion concerning it in TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. The doctrine provides that if a producer's useful or aesthetic design feature is "functional," then competitors can lawfully copy it even if the feature otherwise would be protected against copying by trademark principles. In order to introduce the functionality doctrine and the trouble with TrafFix, it is helpful to describe the nature of design features, the simultaneous roles they may play as source-identifying trade symbols and as useful or aesthetic product elements, and trademark law's place …

Introduction: From Sheet Music To Mp3 Files—A Brief Perspective On Napster, Harold R. Weinberg

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

The Napster case is the current cause celebre of the digital age. The story has color. It involves music-sharing technology invented by an eighteen-year-old college dropout whose high school classmates nicknamed him "The Napster" on account of his perpetually kinky hair. The story has drama. Depending on your perspective, it pits rapacious big music companies against poor and hardworking students who just want to enjoy some tunes; or it pits creative and industrious music companies seeking a fair return on their invested effort, time, and money against greedy and irreverent music thieves. And the case has importance. Music maybe intellectual …

The Roulette Of Suffering, Ed Morgan, Rachael Turkienicz

Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law

The article explores the intersection of law, religion, and human suffering, drawing parallels between the unpredictability of legal outcomes in Holocaust-related litigation and the theological themes of the Book of Job. It argues that the legal system, like the biblical narrative, grapples with the challenge of assigning meaning to seemingly random events, particularly in cases involving state sovereignty and human rights. The analysis highlights the tension between the doctrine of state immunity and the pursuit of justice for victims of persecution, ultimately suggesting that legal outcomes often appear arbitrary, much like the suffering depicted in the Book of Job.

Intent To Use: A Failed Experiment?, Amy B. Cohen

Faculty Scholarship

When Congress enacted the Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988 ("TLRA"), it made the first truly radical change in trademark law since the passage of the Lanham Act in 1946. By adding Section 1(b) to the Lanham Act allowing applications for federal trademark registration to be based on an intent to use the mark, Congress for the first time provided a way to apply for federal trademark registration before actual use of a trademark. Congress made this change to bring United States law into closer conformity with the practice elsewhere in the world where use is not a prerequisite to …

Transmissions Of Music On The Internet, Daniel J. Gervais

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article examines the status of copyright laws in several countries as they pertain to transmissions of music on the Internet. Because the exact legal ramifications of music transmissions over the Internet are currently unclear, the Author compares copyright laws of six major markets and examines the potential application of the copyright laws and other rights that may apply. The Article also discusses rules concerning which transborder transmissions are likely to be covered by a country's national laws, as well as specific rules applying to the liability of intermediaries. Next, the Article summarizes the comparative findings and discusses the relevant …

Protecting The Performers: Setting A New Standard For Character Copyrightability, Mark Bartholomew

Journal Articles

Copyright law protects expressions of ideas, but not the idea itself. Legal disputes over characters arise in the continuum between an idea for a character that has not been expressed at all, and an idea that has been given complete form and shape. The inconsistent common law tests developed to assess character copyrightability demonstrate the difficulty in pinpointing where the dividing line between an undeveloped idea and a sufficiently expressed character should be set. This Article offers a new paradigm for determining character copyrightability, particularly in the case of characters shaped through live performance, that tracks the Hegelian concept of …

Ucita: Still Crazy After All These Years, And Still Not Ready For Prime Time, James S. Heller

Library Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

The Uncertain Future Of Fair Use In A Global Information Marketplace, Marshall Leaffer

Articles by Maurer Faculty

The author of this article forecasts an increasingly troubled future, if not the demise of the doctrine of fair use in copyright law. Legal developments, both at home and abroad, driven by technological change, and the push toward the international harmonization of legal norms, threaten the very survival of fair use. Given these realities the doctrine will, of necessity, be reconceptualized Although fair use values will always be inscribed in copyright law, these values will have their practical manifestation in decentralized form, and effectuated, in large part, through industry agreement. They will exist in conjunction with certain bright line exceptions …

Reconsidering The Federal Journalist's Privilege For Non-Confidential Information: Gonzales V. Nbc, Anthony L. Fargo

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Vertical Integration And Self-Dealing In The Television Industry: Should Profit Participants Be Owed A Fiduciary Duty?, Marc Simon

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Marriage Of Intellectual Property And Insurance Law: An Introduction, Leo P. Martinez

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Invading The "Homes" Of The Homeless: Is Existing Right-Of-Privacy/Publicity Legislation Adequate?, Laurel Kallen

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Not So Different: Tangible, Intangible, Digital, And Analog Works And Their Comparison For Copyright Purposes, I. Trotter Hardy

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

What The Future Holds: Policy Choices In A Global Marketplace, Maureen A. O'Rourke

Faculty Scholarship

This essay's title is a misnomer. No one knows "What the Future Holds" in the global marketplace. We can, however, make some educated guesses about the issues that will assume particular importance in the next year or so. Thus, the essay might be more accurately titled, "What May or May Not Be the Important Issues in Internet Commerce in the Next Year or So'"-less catchy, admittedly, but closer to the truth.

Commentary On Economic And Ethical Reasons For Protecting Data, Wendy J. Gordon

Faculty Scholarship

Like Jane Ginsburg, I would like to drop back a bit, to talk about more general principles. Essentially, both of our primary speakers focused on a distinction between property and non-property modes of protecting data. I would like to highlight the economic and ethical reasons for maintaining that distinction.

Digital Broadcasting: The Cost Of Copyright, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

Music copyright issues pervade the Internet these days, but few have roots as far back as 1915. Since that time, radio broadcasters and copyright owners have found themselves embroiled in a conflict over the extent to which copyright law should and can dictate the terms and cost of broadcasting music. Advances in dig- ital transmission technology, followed closely by the introduction of two important legislative enactments, have kept the debate fresh in recent years. Now, an inter- pretative ruling by the Copyright Office as to the applicability of the latter to the former threatens to extend the dispute well into …

Fair Use And The Digital Distribution Of Music - Recording Industry Association Of America V. Napster, Inc. (A Comparative Analysis Of A Restraint On Copyright In The United States Of America And Trinidad And Tobago), Michelle Lisa Alexander

LLM Theses and Essays

The purpose of this thesis is to undertake a critical analysis of the Napster judgment and its treatment of the doctrine of fair use, to determine whether the doctrine can retain its integrity in the internet age. It is proposed that as technology advances, U.S. policymakers are moving away from the constitutional objectives of U.S. copyright law and are equating copyright interests with property rights, to the detriment of noncommercial users of copyrighted works. Further, it is suggested that the decision in the Napster litigation is important for the evolving landscape of U.S. copyright law, as it signals the difficulty …

Legalize It? -Osp And Peer-To-Peer Network Liability For Online Music Copyright Infringements In The United States And Germany, Christian Nils Jochen Engelhardt

LLM Theses and Essays

It may be useful to explain why a comparative approach was chosen. It is easy and comfortable to get caught up in one's own legal system and not look abroad. It is often difficult enough to understand and apply one’s own laws accurately and the study of a foreign legal system may seem an effort too great. Yet, this reluctance to look beyond the familiar is fatal to legal development and improvement since entirely new ideas are rare in the field of law and the main source of change and new approaches is borrowing from another legal system. If one …

Have Moral Rights Come Of Age, Jane C. Ginsburg

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Time To Say Good-Bye To Madonna's American Pie: Why Mechanical Compulsory Licensing Should Be Put To Rest, Theresa M. Bevilacqua

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

E-Commerce, Business Method Patents, And The Uspto: An Old Debate For A New Economy, Q. Todd Dickinson

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Does Ethics Make Good Law? A Case Study, Jeff Storey

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Preserving The Collaborative Spirit Of American Theater: The Need For A "Joint Authorship Default Rule" In Light Of The Rent Decision's Unanswered Question, Paulette S. Fox

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Allchin’S Folly: Exploring Some Myths About Open Source Software, Joe Miller

Scholarly Works

The twists and turns in the government’s antitrust case against Microsoft – from the D.C. Circuit’s stormy questioning at the two day oral argument in late February 2001 to its affirmance of the lion’s share of the government’s case in June 2001, and then from the settlement between the United States and Microsoft to the continuing battle by nine states for tougher sanctions – have garnered their share of press attention. But the high-profile antitrust case has not been the only Microsoft-centered controversy during the past year. Another involves the open source software movement about which Microsoft has professed grave …

Post Markman: Claim Construction Trends In The Federal Circuit, Daniel J. Melman

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

The strength of a patent as a legal instrument to protect an invention rests primarily on the drafting quality of its claims. The claims of a patent recite the invention "that is deemed by [the] applicant to be operable and patentable." Furthermore, the claims define the legal metes and bounds of an invention so that a patent owner can prevent others from making, using, and selling a patented product in the United States for a period of twenty years from the filing of the patent application. The Supreme Court has long held that a patent's claim, more so than any …

Letter From The Editor, Paul A. Fritzinger

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Over the last few years, the problems attendant to software licensing regulation have occupied an important position in the minds of legislators at the federal, state and local levels. In the early nineties, the National Conference of Commissioners for Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) recognized the potential for licensing problems presented by the use of computer software in the national arena as well as on the Internet and saw a clear need for regulations that would transcend state boundaries. In 1999, as a result of years of planning and careful drafting, NCCUSL promulgated the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) in …

Internet Service Provider's Liability For Copyright Infringement- How To Clear The Misty Indian Perspective, V.K. Unni

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

Only a fool would question the role and relevance of Internet Service Providers in promoting the Internet. But, unfortunately, Internet Service Providers ("ISPs") are at the receiving end of many disputes involving Intellectual Property violations. The difficulty in pinpointing the real culprit has resulted in a piquant situation where the Internet Service Provider is often taken to court. United States' courts and courts of other advanced countries have confronted this issue since 1993 and have finally enacted specific legislation to solve this mind-boggling issue. The Indian Information Technology Act 2000 ("The Act"), enacted with much hype, is almost silent on …