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Articles 301 - 330 of 829
Full-Text Articles in Intellectual Property Law
The Public Good V. A Monetary Profit: The News Organizations’ Utilization Of The Fair Use Doctrine, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 841 (2012), Frank J. Lukes
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
The main purpose of copyright law is to promote the arts and sciences for the public good. The secondary purpose of copyright law is to ensure the copyright holder retains a benefit for their work. Additionally, the Fair Use Doctrine allows a defense to an individual who uses the copyrighted work without permission, so long as a four-factor test under the Doctrine is properly met. The four factors this test analyzes are the Purpose Factor, The Nature of the Work Factor, The Amount Used Factor, and The Effect on the Market Factor. When news organizations have sought protection under the …
For Sale. Patents. Never Used: Gaps In The Tax Code For Patent Sales, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 859 (2012), Khurram Naik
For Sale. Patents. Never Used: Gaps In The Tax Code For Patent Sales, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 859 (2012), Khurram Naik
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Patent sales are an underappreciated means of monetizing patents. Recent blockbuster patent sales indicate heightened demand for patent acquisitions. There is evidence that such patent sales transfer patents to parties more skilled in patent enforcement, reducing litigation. Patent sales also move capital to innovators, which enhance incentives to innovate. But crucially, C corporations do not benefit from advantaged tax treatment. Efforts by other nations to encourage patent use and sales by providing “patent box” preferential tax regimes may provide some guidance for remedying this gap in the tax code.
The Ownership And Exploitation Of Personal Identity In The New Media Age, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 1 (2012), Thomas Hemnes
The Ownership And Exploitation Of Personal Identity In The New Media Age, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 1 (2012), Thomas Hemnes
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Personally Identifiable Information (“PII”) has never been more valuable. In today’s networked world, seemingly trivial facts can be collected, molded into a marketable economic profile, and transferred in the blink of an eye. To be sure, the commodification of PII allows for provision of dramatically more efficient and effective services. Yet the potential for privacy abuses is substantial. What interest does one have in the constellation of facts that defines one’s identity? Is it something one can own, like their right of publicity? Or are others free to use what they learn about a person? This article surveys current privacy …
What Trademark Law Could Learn From Employment Law, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 118 (2012), Robert A. Kearney
What Trademark Law Could Learn From Employment Law, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. Rev. 118 (2012), Robert A. Kearney
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Trademark litigation is as unpredictable as it is expensive. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”) considers as many as thirteen different factors when evaluating whether a trademark causes a “likelihood of confusion.” Federal courts use many of the same factors, though which factors are chosen differ by jurisdiction, and, do not necessarily overlap with the Board. Further, a party can litigate for a time before the Board, then in federal court, and then back before the Board. And, if this were not enough, the Board’s decisions have little if any preclusive effect on the court, and, a court’s decision …
Hotfile, Megaupload, And The Future Of Copyright On The Internet: What Can Cyberlockers Tell Us About Dmca Reform?, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 205 (2012), Ross Drath
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
More than a decade ago, Napster brought the issue of copyright infringement by file-sharing to the center of the public stage. How would a body of copyright law built to regulate tangible objects apply in the digital realm? The safe harbor provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, intended as a compromise between the interests of copyright owners and webhosts, have instead introduced legal uncertainty and allocated the costs of online enforcement both inefficiently and disproportionately. While Napster and several other major peer-to-peer services have been shuttered in the intervening period, the scope of online copyright infringement continues to grow …
India’S Use It Or Lose It: Time To Revisit Trips?, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 797 (2012), Levon Barsoumian
India’S Use It Or Lose It: Time To Revisit Trips?, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 797 (2012), Levon Barsoumian
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
India is one of a number of countries which impose a “local working” requirement on patented inventions. This finds its source in sections 83, 84, and 89 of India’s Patent Act. A recent decision by the Controller of Patents granting a compulsory license to Natco for a Bayer-patented anti-cancer drug confirms that importation will not satisfy this requirement. Corporations seeking to produce and market products for international sale will receive varying degrees of patent protection from different nations. This comment proposes an amendment to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPS”) defining what local working requirements are …
Are Royalties Reasonable In Patent Infringment Suits? Using Hindsight At The Hypothetical Negotiating Table, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 241 (2012), Michael J. Carrozza
Are Royalties Reasonable In Patent Infringment Suits? Using Hindsight At The Hypothetical Negotiating Table, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 241 (2012), Michael J. Carrozza
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Reasonable royalties have become the primary form of relief in patent infringement lawsuits. Once a patent is found valid and infringed, royalties are calculated based on a hypothetical license negotiation between the patent owner and infringer said to take place at the moment infringement began. The calculations seek to arrive at a royalty amount the parties would have agreed upon had an actual license been negotiated. But there is disagreement among courts as to what information should inform the royalty amount. Some take the hypothetical negotiation literally and disallow post-infringement information from entering the calculations because such information would have …
Taking, Tort, Or Crown Right?: The Confused Early History Of Government Patent Policy, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 145 (2012), Sean M. O'Connor
Taking, Tort, Or Crown Right?: The Confused Early History Of Government Patent Policy, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 145 (2012), Sean M. O'Connor
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
From the early days of the Republic, Congress and the federal courts grappled with the government’s rights to own or use patents it issued. Courts rejected the British “Crown Rights” rule that allowed the sovereign to practice whatever patents it issued. Instead, the federal government was conceptualized as a legal person on par with any other persons with regard to issued patents. But, this simple rule presented challenges as complexities arose in three intertwined patent rights scenarios. The first involved inventions by government employees. The second revolved around government and government contractor use of patents held by private citizens. And …
You Say, “普拉达” I Say "Counterfeit": The Perils Of Civil Litigation As A Trademark Protection Strategy In China, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 261 (2012), Tricia M. Brauer
You Say, “普拉达” I Say "Counterfeit": The Perils Of Civil Litigation As A Trademark Protection Strategy In China, 12 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 261 (2012), Tricia M. Brauer
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Over the past century, China has been depicted as being solely to blame for the world’s most serious commercial piracy problem. But this characterization is not entirely China’s fault. Multinational corporations and international brand owners in China have adopted a flawed approach to combating trademark infringement that is actually making the problem worse within Chinese walls. Companies and brand owners have primarily implemented one dimensional, enforcement only approaches that rely specifically on litigation as a means to curb counterfeiting and trademark infringement. Since 2001, China has made substantial strides in the laws governing trademarks and has trended toward positive treatment …
Copy Game For High Score: The First Video Game Lawsuit, 20 J. Intell. Prop. L. 1 (2012), William K. Ford
Copy Game For High Score: The First Video Game Lawsuit, 20 J. Intell. Prop. L. 1 (2012), William K. Ford
UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship
Commentators and industry historians generally agree that the multi-billion dollar video game industry began forty years ago in November 1972 with Atari's release of Pong. Pong is among the simplest of video games: a version of ping pong or tennis requiring little more to play than a ball, two paddles, a scoring indicator, and a couple of memorable sounds. While it was not the first video game, Pong was the first video game hit. With unauthorized copying of a successful product occurring, it is not surprising that a lawsuit resulted in the fall of 1973, one that predates the more …
Inconsistency Should Not Be Materiality: The Flaws In 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(B)(2), 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 491 (2011), Lawrence Pope
Inconsistency Should Not Be Materiality: The Flaws In 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(B)(2), 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 491 (2011), Lawrence Pope
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
The doctrine of inequitable conduct is in need of clarification. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has recently granted en banc review in Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson, & Co. to determine the appropriate standards for each prong of inequitable conduct doctrine: materiality and intent. While the parties and the amici have almost unanimously proposed that the standard of materiality should be less inclusive than “what a reasonable examiner would want to know in deciding upon patentability,” there is much debate regarding how the standard for materiality should be articulated. One proposal is that the courts should look …
Bugs For Sale: Legal And Ethical Proprieties Of The Market In Software Vulnerabilities, 28 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 451 (2011), Taiwo A. Oriola
Bugs For Sale: Legal And Ethical Proprieties Of The Market In Software Vulnerabilities, 28 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 451 (2011), Taiwo A. Oriola
UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law
The pertinent questions therefore are: first, could software vulnerabilities be obviated simply by ameliorating factors responsible for market failure as canvassed by the literature on the economics of software security, drawing on the strength of the theory of information asymmetry, or are vulnerabilities inevitable irrespective of market dynamics and solutions? Second, to what extent is vulnerabilities research or the surreptitious exploitation of software vulnerabilities by hackers tantamount to trespass, and what are the legal implications, if any? Third, to what extent is the peddling of software vulnerabilities valid or enforceable in law? Fourth, what are the implications of software vulnerabilities …
The Amended Eu Law On Eprivacy And Electronic Communications After Its 2011 Implentation; New Rules On Data Protection, Spam, Data Breaches And Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights, 29 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 29 (2011), Vagelis Papakonstantinou, Paul De Hert
The Amended Eu Law On Eprivacy And Electronic Communications After Its 2011 Implentation; New Rules On Data Protection, Spam, Data Breaches And Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights, 29 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 29 (2011), Vagelis Papakonstantinou, Paul De Hert
UIC John Marshall Journal of Information Technology & Privacy Law
No abstract provided.
The Impact Of The Biosimilars Provision Of The Health Care Reform Bill On Innovation Investments, 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 553 (2011), Katherine N. Addison
The Impact Of The Biosimilars Provision Of The Health Care Reform Bill On Innovation Investments, 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 553 (2011), Katherine N. Addison
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 provides an abbreviated FDA approval pathway for biosimilars. The passage of this biosimilar legislation is a positive step toward retaining a robust biotechnology industry in the United States while also protecting innovators. The Act’s increased FDA exclusivity is welcome, but FDA exclusivity alone is insufficient to encourage and protect innovation and investment in biosimilars. Instead, the exclusivity provided by a patent term, together with the ability to adjust this term to compensate an applicant for U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and FDA delays, is necessary to ensure development of highly specialized …
Caveat Bibliotheca: The First Sale Doctrine And The Future Of Libraries After Omega V. Costco, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 414 (2011), Thomas J. Bacon
Caveat Bibliotheca: The First Sale Doctrine And The Future Of Libraries After Omega V. Costco, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 414 (2011), Thomas J. Bacon
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Having discovered that several of its watches, which were manufactured in Europe, were imported into the United States and sold without authorization, Omega, S.A. ("Omega") commenced an action against Costco Wholesale Corp. in 2005. These watches are a typical example of what are referred to either as parallel imports or gray market goods. In finding for Omega, the Ninth Circuit held that the first sale doctrine does not apply to goods created or produced outside the United States. Such a rule, however, poses grave problems for libraries, in that circulation materials are not required to have a place of manufacture …
Nature Or Nurture: Is There A Case Basis For A Judicially Created ‘Product Of Nature’ Exclusion? Are Genes Somehow Different?, 11 J Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 318 (2011), W. Lesser
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
The Myriad Genetics decision has rekindled the product of nature debate. This article analyzes legal decisions spanning the past century for products ranging from plants to man-made elements, which in sum provide guidance to the patentability of genes. The product of nature argument it is concluded confuses rather than clarifies patentability considerations. Patentability in the evaluated cases as well as for genes can be resolved more precisely under the utility, non-obviousness, disclosure, and enablement patentability requirements without a need for any additional judicially-created stipulation. As regards genes, there is an additional dimension for consideration which in the case law and …
The Conditional Sale Doctrine In A Post-Quanta World And Its Implications On Modern Licensing Agreements, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 295 (2011), William Lafuze, Justin Chen, Lavonne Burke
The Conditional Sale Doctrine In A Post-Quanta World And Its Implications On Modern Licensing Agreements, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 295 (2011), William Lafuze, Justin Chen, Lavonne Burke
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
The exclusive rights of a patent owner to exclude others from making, using, or selling patented inventions are limited by the doctrine of patent exhaustion. This doctrine, also known as the first sale doctrine, states that upon the first authorized sale of a patented article in the United States, the article is removed from the patent monopoly, thus losing its patent protection. As a result of this first sale, any subsequent use or sale of the patented article is not an infringement of its corresponding patent. The Federal Circuit further established the conditional sale doctrine in Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, …
The Throw Down Over Takedowns: An Analysis Of The Lenz Interpretation Of 17 U.S.C. § 512(F), 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 792 (2011), Ian Rubenstrunk
The Throw Down Over Takedowns: An Analysis Of The Lenz Interpretation Of 17 U.S.C. § 512(F), 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 792 (2011), Ian Rubenstrunk
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Recently, a YouTube user and mother of two, Stephanie Lenz, filed a lawsuit against Universal Music Corporation which had the potential for broad impact on the internet. Everyone from politicians, to teachers, to musical artists could have gained more protection of their rights as internet users. With millions of people having access to the internet and YouTube “vloggers” reaching the million mark in subscribers, the court’s interpretation of 17 U.S.C. § 512(f) could have had a significant impact. The issue in the case was what “any damages” meant in a clause creating liability for a party that incorrectly has material …
Right Of Publicity: Is Behavioral Targeting Violating The Right To Control Your Identity Online?, 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 811 (2011), Andrea Stein Fuelleman
Right Of Publicity: Is Behavioral Targeting Violating The Right To Control Your Identity Online?, 10 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 811 (2011), Andrea Stein Fuelleman
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Behavioral targeting (“BT”) is an advertising technique that receives a great deal of attention due in part to the balkanized self-regulatory policies that address consumer protection issues. The majority of the self-regulation policies, including the BT principles proposed by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) focus on privacy issues but fail to discuss the impact BT may have on the right to control the commercial use of one’s identity. In discussing the right of publicity, many legal scholars agree that everyone has a right to control the commercial use of his or her identity, regardless of his or her status as …
Protecting The Gates Of Reasonable Royalty: A Damages Framework For Patent Infringement Cases, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 192 (2011), Merritt J. Hasbrouck
Protecting The Gates Of Reasonable Royalty: A Damages Framework For Patent Infringement Cases, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 192 (2011), Merritt J. Hasbrouck
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
The reasonable royalty analysis in patent infringement cases remains confusing to juries because of the numerous and arbitrary methods of calculation. The use of confusing methodologies, such as the Georgia-Pacific analysis, the Entire Market Value Rule, and the former 25 percent rule, increase the risk of overcompensating patentees in patent infringement cases. Without suitable changes to the reasonable royalty analysis, damages award amounts will continue to increasingly undermine the incentive for subsequent inventors to create new products. Although the courts have had some success in establishing new methods, Congress should create a more rigid and clear test for use in …
Revisiting Reader Privacy In The Age Of The E-Book, 45 J. Marshall L. Rev. 175 (2011), Bradley Schaufenbuel
Revisiting Reader Privacy In The Age Of The E-Book, 45 J. Marshall L. Rev. 175 (2011), Bradley Schaufenbuel
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Unconscionable Amateurism: How The Ncaa Violates Antitrust By Forcing Athletes To Sign Away Their Image Rights, 44 J. Marshall L. Rev. 533 (2011), Brian Welch
UIC Law Review
No abstract provided.
Rebooting Trademarks For The Twenty-First Century, 49 U. Louisville L. Rev. 517 (2011), Doris E. Long
Rebooting Trademarks For The Twenty-First Century, 49 U. Louisville L. Rev. 517 (2011), Doris E. Long
UIC Law Open Access Faculty Scholarship
Trademarks have long suffered from an "ugly stepsister" status in the realm of intellectual property. Quasi-market regulation tool, quasi-investment property; trademark's historical role as both consumer-information signifier and producer-investment asset has led to increasingly confusing dichotomous treatment under the Lanham Act. The potentially borderless markets of cyberspace, with their new marketing techniques and new competitive spaces, have only heightened this confusion. Stumbling attempts to extend protection for marks under the Lanham Act beyond traditional notions of trademark use and consumer confusion to encompass the investment protection side of trademarks, such as the development of federal dilution and anti-cybersquatting acts, only …
Reconceiving The Patent Rocket Docket: An Empirical Study Of Infringement Litigation 1985–2010, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 58 (2011), Saurabh Vishnubhakat
Reconceiving The Patent Rocket Docket: An Empirical Study Of Infringement Litigation 1985–2010, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 58 (2011), Saurabh Vishnubhakat
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
This Article presents the first survival model for systematically identifying and comparing United States district courts as patent rocket dockets, and for examining related trends in patent litigation. The conventional wisdom of rocket docket status in a judicial district tends to rely on average case disposition times and the availability of court rules for patent cases, as well as anecdotal information about well-known jurists with experience in patent adjudication. By comparison, this Article approaches rocket dockets through a quantitative investigation of recent historical trends in patent case filings as well as through market concentration analysis at the district court and …
Fifteen Years Of Fame: The Declining Relevance Of Domain Names In The Enduring Conflict Between Trademark And Free Speech Rights, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 1 (2011), Jude A. Thomas
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Domain name disputes have been the subject of substantial litigation, legislative action, and scholarly debate over the course of the past fifteen years. Much of the debate is the product of disagreement concerning whether trademark rights naturally extend into the domain name space and to what extent those rights are limited by principles of free speech. Gripe sites are paradigmatic examples of this debate. Society’s investment in defining these rights continues to grow, even as the relevance of domain names may be declining, due to: (1) changes in the way users locate content on the Internet; (2) the growth of …
Golan V. Holder: Copyright In The Image Of The First Amendment, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 83 (2011), David L. Lange, Risa J. Weaver, Shiveh Roxana Reed
Golan V. Holder: Copyright In The Image Of The First Amendment, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 83 (2011), David L. Lange, Risa J. Weaver, Shiveh Roxana Reed
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Does copyright violate the First Amendment? Professor Melville Nimmer asked this question forty years ago, and then answered it by concluding that copyright itself is affirmatively speech protective. Despite ample reason to doubt Nimmer’s response, the Supreme Court has avoided an independent, thoughtful, plenary review of the question. Copyright has come to enjoy an all-but-categorical immunity to First Amendment constraints. Now, however, the Court faces a new challenge to its back-of-the-hand treatment of this vital conflict. In Golan v. Holder the Tenth Circuit considered legislation (enacted pursuant to the Berne Convention and TRIPS) “restoring” copyright protection to millions of foreign …
Rights Versus Commerce: Balancing Online Trademark Policing With The Emerging Marketplace, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 217 (2011), Jessica L. Hilliard
Rights Versus Commerce: Balancing Online Trademark Policing With The Emerging Marketplace, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 217 (2011), Jessica L. Hilliard
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
In 2008, jeweler Tiffany & Co. (“Tiffany”) commenced an action against eBay after discovering that a significant amount of counterfeit Tiffany jewelry was being sold on the online auction house. Tiffany had previously used eBay’s Verified Rights Owner program to report the infringement and pursued enforcement actions against individual sellers. Nevertheless, Tiffany sued eBay for various causes of action, including contributory trademark infringement. The Second Circuit held that online service providers like eBay are not liable for contributory trademark infringement unless they have specific knowledge of particular instances of infringement. Due to the ruling, Tiffany bears the burden for policing …
Trademarks, Identity, And Justice, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 133 (2011), Rita Heimes
Trademarks, Identity, And Justice, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 133 (2011), Rita Heimes
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
Intellectual property scholars have written extensively against expanding the scope of intellectual property laws, using social justice and distributive justice principles to support their arguments. A typical argument attacks broad adoption and enforcement of copyright laws that prevent access to information and therefore knowledge, or broad patent protection that reduces access to medicines and other important technologies. In recent years, a few scholars have begun to suggest that certain areas of intellectual property law—primarily copyright—may play a positive role in social justice. These arguments are founded on views of social and distributive justice that consider personal empowerment and freedom to …
The Need For Originality: Music Infringement In India, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 169 (2011), Harini Ganesh
The Need For Originality: Music Infringement In India, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 169 (2011), Harini Ganesh
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
For decades, the Indian film industry has copied tunes from Western copyrighted works and created unauthorized derivatives. As the music and motion picture industries in the United States started taking notice of this copyright infringement, so too did Indian music directors as domestic infringers profited from copying. Despite the existence of an enacted copyright statute in India, and the nation’s membership with various international intellectual property treaties and conventions, enforcement continues to be poor. This lack of protection allows high-profile music directors in the Indian film industry to get away with copyright infringement. This comment proposes that India must improve …
Patent Law In The Antitrust Scope: Between Social Advancement And Competition Impingement, 11 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 367 (2011), Yaniv Gal
UIC Review of Intellectual Property Law
In the past couple of decades, many scholars have debated the worthiness of the limited monopoly that patent law provides. The widespread attitude has always been, since the progress of the technological era, that in order to stimulate inventors and possessors of knowledge to embody their knowledge by innovative products, and produce ameliorations into society, they should be given strong proprietary rights over their innovative information and ideas. With the rise of the economic analysis of law, dissident opinions have been starting to emerge, evoking the social damage absorbed due to the current patent system monopoly character in form of …