Commercial Law Commons^™

Signature On Single Collateral Assignment Does Not Serve As Indorsement On Series Of Promissory Notes., Laurence A. Canter

St. Mary's Law Journal

Abstract Forthcoming.

Inconsistency Crisis And Reformative Proposals Of Investor-State Arbitration System- Umbrella Clauses Considered, Abdallah Elsayed

Theses and Dissertations

The main purpose of investment treaties is to provide guarantees and protections for the investors in order to maintain the flow of foreign direct investment. As a consequence, when disputed, an adjudicator confronts a dilemma of figuring out the actual intention that the parties consented to. As for umbrella clauses are concerned, an interpreter falls into a loop to attain whether the parties consented to prioritize investor’s interest and elevate any contractual breach to the level of a treaty breach, or to consider the state’s regulatory power. The root could be traced to the interpretation process itself. Human conduct differs …

Small Business Cybersecurity: A Loophole To Consumer Data, Matthew R. Espinosa

The Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Race and Social Justice

Small businesses and small minority owned businesses are vital to our nation’s economy; therefore legislation, regulation, and policy has been created in order to assist them in overcoming their economic stability issues and ensure they continue to serve the communities that rely on them. However, there is not a focus on regulating nor assisting small businesses to ensure their cybersecurity standards are up to par despite them increasingly becoming a victim of cyberattacks that yield high consequences. The external oversight and assistance is necessary for small businesses due to their lack of knowledge in implementing effective cybersecurity policies, the fiscal …

All Of The Products, None Of The Liability: Examining The Supreme Court Of Ohio's Decision In Stiner V. Amazon.Com, Inc., Danny O'Connor

University of Cincinnati Law Review

No abstract provided.

Incomplete International Investment Law -- Applying The Incomplete Contract Theory, Tae Jung Park

University of Cincinnati Law Review

There is a puzzle in the field of international investment law: many negotiating countries fail to complete their International Investment Agreements (“IIA”) and postpone the renegotiations for completion as well. The literature on IIAs has neglected to consider the existence, causes, and solutions of this phenomenon. This study employs the incomplete contract theory to explain the causes and solutions surrounding this phenomenon.

The Creditors Guarantees In The One Person Limited Company:A Comparative Analytical Descriptive Study, Dr. Salim Salam Al-Fulaiti

UAEU Law Journal

In this research we address the problem of balance between the powers of the owner of the capital of a single person limited liability company in managing the company and running its affairs and his limited liability according to the amount of his money he allocated to the company, and between the rights and guarantees of creditors towards this owner, in several laws for commercial companies such as Omani, Kuwaiti, Bahraini and Emirati law. , the Saudi system and the French trade law through an analytical and comparative approach. The comparative study between the laws of the countries of the …

The Morality Of Monopolization Law, Sandeep Vaheesan

William & Mary Law Review Online

Congress enacted the Sherman Act in 1890 and prohibited, among other practices, monopolization. To prove monopolization, the government and other plaintiffs must show that a firm both possessed monopoly power and engaged in bad conduct. In interpreting the spare language of the statute, the courts have identified many practices that constitute monopolization, including below-cost pricing, refusals to deal with rivals, and tying. In general, however, they have failed to explain why these practices are unfair and restricted by law. Judges have instead applied labels such as "anticompetitive" without articulating normative foundations for their decisions. A close examination of the case …

The "Law To Use The Mark The Delpaís," Act 195-2016: Case Study Of A Puerto Rican Certification Mark With Potential Of Becoming A Geographic Indication For Economic Development, Paola Gabriela Zaragoza Cardenales

Maurer Theses and Dissertations

In 2016, the Puerto Rican Congress codified the “Law for the use of the DelPaís Mark” (the DelPaís Law), creating a composite certification mark called Productos DelPaís de Puerto Rico (the DelPaís Mark) for raw fruits, milk, honey, meats, egg, fish, ornamental plants, spices, vegetables, starches, and value-added products. The Puerto Rican Department of Agriculture intended the DelPaís Mark to function as a certification mark and Geographical Indication (GI) to differentiate local from imported products to promote purchasing of locally produced items and eventually export internationally. A GI is a source identifier identifying that a place makes a particular product …

Commercial Transportation, Madeline E. Mcneeley, Sarah L. Adle, Joshua H. Dorminy, Elizabeth M. Brooks, Stephen G. Lowry

Mercer Law Review

Commercial transportation involves all the significant forms of passenger and freight transportation across the United States. This Article surveys significant judicial, regulatory, and legislative developments in federal commercial transportation law affecting Georgia, Florida, and Alabama during the period from January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2021. The first three areas discussed here are subject to heavy federal regulation due to their far-reaching effects on interstate commerce: aviation, trucking and other commercial motor vehicles, and railroads. The remaining subjects covered in this Article— autonomous-vehicle technology, shareable electric bicycles, and shareable scooters—remain regulated primarily at the state and local levels but are …

Mergers, Antitrust, And The Interplay Of Entrepreneurial Activity And The Investments That Fund It, Gary Dushnitsky, D. Daniel Sokol

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

This Article addresses the potentially negative implications of proposed antitrust legislation on the entrepreneurial ecosystem in general, with a particular focus on the venture capitalists (VCs) that fund it. First, it offers a review of how antitrust merger law currently works and how proposed legislative changes to antitrust may threaten the innovative Venture Capital (VC)-backed ecosystem that has made the United States the center of global innovation across many different industries. Accompanying this review are some empirical observations. Second, recognizing that the understanding of innovative entrepreneurial activity calls for a deep appreciation of those who back it, the Article also …

Will Corporations Deliver Value To All Stakeholders?, Lucian A. Bebchuk, Roberto Tallarita

Vanderbilt Law Review

Amid growing concerns for the effects that corporations have on stakeholders, supporters of stakeholder governance advocate relying on corporate leaders to use their discretion to protect stakeholders, and they seem to take corporate pledges to do so at face value. By contrast, critics question whether corporate leaders have incentives to protect stakeholders and to follow through on pledges to do so. We provide empirical evidence that can contribute to resolving the debate between these rival views.

The most celebrated pledge by corporate leaders to protect stakeholders was the Business Roundtable's 2019 Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation (the "BRT …

Choice-Of-Law Principles In Inheritance Relations Involving Foreign Element(S) Under Vietnamese Private International Law, Nguyen Phan Khoi, Bui Thi My Huong

Indonesia Law Review

Inheritance relations with a foreign element(s) are a part of civil relations with a foreign element(s) and are governed by Vietnamese private international law. This article aims to introduce the general principle and its supporting principles in the choice-of-law rules applicable to inheritance relations with a foreign element(s) under the private international law of Vietnam. In addition, the authors also look into the relevant regulations in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Law applicable to Foreign-related civil relations and the most recent draft of Private International Law of Indonesia3 to review the trend of national laws …

The Legal Problem Of Aircraft Mortgage In Indonesia, Feri Wirsamulia­

Indonesia Law Review

This article aims to analyze the urgency of aircraft mortgage regulation to provide an alternative solution for airlines that requires a loan to maintain their cash flow sufficiently by placing their aircraft as debt collateral. Since the issuance of Law Number 1 of 2009 on Aviation, the provisions regarding aircraft mortgage as debt collateral was removed from the previous Aviation Law Number 15 of 1992. Article 12 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 15 of 1992, governed that aircraft could be subject to mortgages, however, this provision was abolished by the new Aviation Law Number 1 of 2009. Article 465 of …

Conflicts Of Laws And Jurisdictions In Indonesia-Related Arbitrations Seated In Singapore – Perspectives From The Tribunal, Gary F. Bell

Indonesia Law Review

This article discusses the issues of conflicts of laws that may arise when the parties, including an Indonesian party, have a contract governed by Indonesian law which includes an arbitration clause that states that the seat of the arbitration is Singapore. After discussing the rules of conflict of laws applicable to the choice of a substantive law governing the contract and the arbitration clause, the article discusses the difficulties that parties and the tribunal often face in an arbitration in which Indonesian law is the governing law. It then discusses conflict rules affecting the validity of the arbitration agreement and …

The Regulation Of The Ownership Of Flats By Foreigners After The Enactment Of The Job Creation Law, Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi Salain, I Dewa Gede Palguna, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit Widiatedja

Indonesia Law Review

The presence of foreigners in Indonesia for a long period certainly requires a place to live or a residential house. According to Article 144 (1) b of Job Creation Law, foreigners have the right to own flat units in Indonesia. Is this regulation intended to attract foreign investors? If it is yes, does not it contradictory to the “kenasionalan” principle stipulated in the Basic Agrarian Law (BAL) and other Indonesian regulations? This study is aimed to deal with those legal issues, by using the normative legal method. The result shows that the ownership right of flat units given to foreigners …

Implications Of Non-Exclusive Choice Of Forum Clauses In Determining The Competent Dispute Resolution Forum In Indonesia, Alvansa Vickya, Tiurma M.P. Allagan

Indonesia Law Review

This research aims to analyze the implications of a non-exclusive choice of forum clause in determining the competent dispute resolution forum in Indonesia based on theories related to Private International Law, International Contract Law, and International Civil Procedure Law. Based on the results of this research, the implications of the non-exclusive choice of forum clause in determining the competent dispute resolution forum in Indonesia have not been fully regulated by Indonesian laws and regulations. This can be seen from the use of the doctrines of forum non conveniens, lis pendens, and res judicata, the three of which are still not …

Zambia Breweries Plc V. Betternow Family Limited Selected Judgment No. 48 Of 2016, Chanda Chungu

SAIPAR Case Review

This matter dealt with a distributorship contract between Zambia Breweries and Betternow Family Limited. Betternow paid K100, 000 as a pre-condition to trading Zambia Breweries’ products – but after three (3) months of trading, Zambia Breweries terminated the supply of its products to Betternow Family Limited.

In this case, the contract provided that the contract can be terminated with one month’s notice. The contract was cancelled by Zambia Breweries and Betternow Family Limited sued for breach of contract. The trial court awarded damages equivalent to the unserved or remaining period of the contract.

The Supreme Court held that: Any damages …

Administrative Investigations, Aram A. Gavoor, Steven A. Platt

Indiana Law Journal

This Article establishes the subject of federal administrative investigations as a new area of study in administrative law. While the literature has addressed investigations by specific agencies and congressional investigations, there is no general account for the trans-substantive constitutional value of administrative investigations. This Article provides such an account by exploring the positive law, agency behaviors, and constraints pertaining to this unresearched field. It concludes with some urgency that the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946—the statute that stands as a bill of rights for the Administrative State—does not serve to regulate administrative investigations and that Article III courts have held …

Ethnically Segmented Markets: Korean-Owned Black Hair Stores, Felix B. Chang

Indiana Law Journal

Races often collide in segmented markets where buyers belong to one ethnic group while sellers belong to another. This Article examines one such market: the retail of wigs and hair extensions for African Americans, a multi-billion-dollar market controlled by Korean Americans. Although prior scholarship attributed the success of Korean American ventures to rotating communal credit, this Article argues that their dominance in ethnic beauty supplies stems from collusion and exclusion.

This Article is the first to synthesize the disparate treatment of ethnically segmented markets in law, sociology, and economics into a comprehensive framework. Its primary contribution is to forge the …

The Rise Of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, Their Effects, And How We Can Stop Their Growth, Andrea Prisco

Dickinson Law Review (2017-Present)

Dramatic changes in the agricultural industry over the last century have led to the rise of concentrated animal feeding operations– industrial facilities that raise a large number of animals in confined spaces. Animals raised in these facilities suffer from poor quality of life and abuse. For humans, these facilities have had adverse effects on the environment and public health, but they are also associated with high productivity and low food costs. This Comment analyzes the effects of concentrated animal feeding operations on animal well-being, the environment, and public health. This Comment also analyzes current federal legislation that helps combat the …

Brick By Brick: Deconstructing Pyramid-Like Companies By Requiring Disclosures From Multilevel Marketing Schemes, Alex Chumbley

William & Mary Business Law Review

Multilevel marketing companies ("MLMs") have thrived in the internet era as participants are able to market their products to their friends and followers on social media sites. Further, periods of high unemployment, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to increased enrollment in these companies. However, very few people actually make any money from selling for these companies. Beyond that, almost half of those who participate lose money due to the enrollment costs. This Note examines past case law surrounding MLMs and critiques the current regulations in place that fail to ensure that new participants are making a fully …

Rules Of Regularity: An Empirical Quest For Commercial Certainty In Arbitration, Cornelis J.W. Baaij

William & Mary Business Law Review

The U.S. Supreme Court justifies the broad enforceability of arbitration agreements with the notion that arbitration expands parties' autonomy to contract for an efficient alternative to court proceedings. Unfortunately, the current practice of both domestic and cross-border commercial arbitration does not fully live up to these expectations. It is crucial to both autonomy and efficiency theories of contract law that adjudicatory decision-making is predictable so parties can tailor their contracts accordingly. However, commercial arbitration's prevailing culture of confidentiality and lack of stare decisis diminishes commercial certainty. To bring the reality of commercial arbitration closer to the Supreme Court's reasoning, this …

Liability For Non-Disclosure In Equity Financing, Albert H. Choi, Kathryn E. Spier

Law & Economics Working Papers

The paper analyzes the effects of holding firms liable for non-disclosure of material information when raising capital. We develop a model in which a privately-informed entrepreneur can choose to withhold information from prospective investors when issuing and selling stock and the investors can bring suit against the firm ex post for (alleged) non-disclosure. The damage payment received by the investors is partially offset by the reduced value of their equity stake. The analysis shows that the equilibrium depends on, among others, (1) the amount of personal capital the entrepreneur has to commit, (2) the frequency with which the entrepreneur is …

Toward Decentralized Commercial Law For Digital Assets, Marek Dubovec

Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property

Technology affects various facets of the society and law. It has been tightly coupled in a symbiotic relationship with commercial law, including the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.). While the conceptual framework of the U.C.C. and its realist ethos has fostered innovation since the 1950s, recent technological advances pose new challenges. In particular, digital assets traded in decentralized blockchain systems promise to engender a wide array of applications, prompting new business practices.

A number of efforts have been recently undertaken to address the fundamental challenges to established legal concepts posed by these technological advances. All these efforts march forward grappling with …

Benign Language On Letters From Debt Collectors And Avoiding Violations Of The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Sebastian West

University of Cincinnati Law Review

No abstract provided.

Peran Notaris Terhadap Ketidakpastian Hukum Dalam Proses Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Perkumpulan Berbadan Hukum (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta Nomor 216/G/2020/Ptun-Jkt), Alisha Nur Laili

Indonesian Notary

Notaris merupakan pihak yang diberikan kuasa oleh para penghadap untuk mengajukan perubahan anggaran dasar dalam sistem administrasi badan hukum. Salah satu persyaratan utama untuk mengajukan perubahan anggaran dasar perkumpulan berbadan hukum adalah pernyataan perkumpulan sedang tidak dalam sengketa kepengurusan atau sengketa di pengadilan. Akan tetapi, dalam kasus pada Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta Nomor 216/G/2020/PTUN-JKT notaris mengajukan perubahan anggaran dasar perkumpulan AMPHURI ketika perkumpulan sedang dalam sengketa kepengurusan. Hal ini terjadi karena tidak adanya peraturan mengenai pihak yang berkewajiban, dan berperan untuk memverifikasi kebenaran data-data dalam proses perubahan anggaran dasar perkumpulan. Permasalahan yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai …

Peran Notaris Terhadap Penyusunan Perjanjian Kredit Dalam Pemberian Fasilitas Kredit Oleh Bank (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Batam Nomor 36/Pdt.G/2021/Pn Btm), Prima Novrama Evrina

Indonesian Notary

Dalam membuat sebuah akta perjanjian kredit, seorang notaris diharuskan bersikap netral dengan tidak memihak diantara pihak bank maupun pihak nasabah. Hal ini dikarenakan notaris merupakan seorang pejabat umum yang aktanya memiliki kekuatan pembuktian hukum yang sempurna sepanjang tidak dapat dibuktikan lain oleh pihak yang menyangkal, sehingga apabila terjadi kekeliruan atau berisikan keterangan yang tidak benar dapat memengaruhi fungsi dari jabatan notaris dalam masyarakat yang membutuhkan perlindungan hukum supaya terhindar dari ketidakpastian hukum. Dalam kasus yang diteliti, perjanjian kredit yang jaminannya tidak diikatkan dengan hak tanggungan karena objek jaminan dalam proses blokir oleh Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN). Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam …

Status Harta Bersama Yang Dibebani Hak Tanggungan Dalam Perceraian (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2302 K/Pdt/2018), Novita Listyaningrum

Indonesian Notary

Berakhirnya suatu harta bersama ditandai dengan selesai dibaginya harta bersama tersebut kepada mantan suami dan mantan isteri pasca putusnya perkawinan. Termasuk dalam pembagian tersebut adalah seluruh kekayaan, keuntungan, kerugian dan beban yang didapatkan selama dalam ikatan perkawinan. Penelitian ini ingin membahas mengenai bagaimanakah status harta bersama yang dibebani hak tanggungan dalam perceraian berdasarkan putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2302 K/Pdt/2018 dan bagaimanakah pertimbangan hukum dalam putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2302 K/Pdt/2018 ditinjau dari Undnag-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yang bersifat eksplanatoris dan menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi dokumen. Penelitian ini menemukan …

Akta Perdamaian Yang Dibuat Oleh Notaris Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Hukum (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 240/Pdt.G/2020/Pn Sda), Salma Isni Ramadhani

Indonesian Notary

Perdamaian merupakan salah satu opsi yang dimiliki dan sah dalam proses penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia, diatur dalam Pasal 130 HIR, perdamaian dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yakni melalui proses pengadilan dan di luar pengadilan. Perdamaian dengan jalur pengadilan menurut ketentuan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Prosedur Mediasi di Pengadilan dikatakan bahwa yang berhak untuk melakukan proses mediator, sedangkan proses perdamaian di luar pengadilan dapat dilakukan dengan cara para pihak yang bersengketa membuat akta perdamaian yang dibuat di hadapan seorang pejabat umum dalam hal ini ialah Notaris, Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menelaah lebih luas dan dalam mengenai prosedur, …

Asas Keseimbangan Dalam Klausul Pembatalan Perjanjian Sewa Beli Mobil Yang Didominasi Kehendak Salah Satu Pihak (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 480 K/Pdt/2020), Raden Ajeng Nurfajrina Ghadati

Indonesian Notary

Akta notaris seharusnya dapat memenuhi asas keseimbangan perjanjian. Hal ini dikarenakan Notaris adalah pejabat umum yang seharusnya menjamin pertukaran hak dan kewajiban secara adil diantara para pihak melalui akta yang dibuatnya. Penelitian ini menganalisis putusan hakim tentang pembatalan perjanjian sewa beli mobil dan implementasi asas keseimbangan dalam klausul pembatalan perjanjian sewa beli mobil yang dibuat di hadapan Notaris berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 480K/Pdt/2020. Metode penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan bahan utama data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sewa beli yang dibuat berdasarkan perjanjian dengan akta Notaris yang mengandung unsur dominasi kehendak salah satu …