Commercial Law Commons^™

Quasi-Vertical Integration Model In Partnership Of Smes (Small Medium Enterprises) And The Role Of Competition Commission In Eu And Indonesia, Yayan Hernayanto, Kurnia Toha, Udin Silalahi

Indonesia Law Review

Partnerships between large and small companies should not be imagined as David and Goliath, enemies of each other. However, partnerships between large and small business actors are a mutually beneficial synergy. Partnerships with Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are not charity activities that prevent them from growing strongly. Guidance and assistance need to be provided so that they grow with a strong foundation. Both parties must agree to a fair transaction scheme, trade terms, and clauses that sustain this partnership and not cause SMEs to go bankrupt. Quasi-Vertical Integration is a model for conducting transactions in the manufacturing industry. This …

The Urgency Of Artificial Intelligence Code Of Ethics, Tundjung Herning Sitabuana, Dixon Sanjaya, Ibra Fulenzi Amri, Nethan Nethan

Indonesia Law Review

The era of artificial intelligence has become a characteristic of industrial era 5.0 which has been used in various aspects. Potential economic value of AI has driven various forms of AI innovation development. Exploration of AI tends to override negative impacts of such developments. The emergence of ethical issues with presence of AI encourages the need for a law-based approach to establishing ethical standards to protect entire Indonesian nation. Therefore, this research was conducted to examine urgency for an AI code of ethics. This paper will normatively describe data qualitatively to answer urgency and development of AI code of ethics …

Kedudukan Surat Keterangan Riwayat Tanah (Skt) Sebagai Alas Hak Kepemilikan Dan Penguasaan Tanah Yang Dikeluarkan Pada Saat Status Sengketa (Studi Putusan Mahkamahagung Nomor 1606 K/Pdt/2022), Helena Albright T Sitompul

Indonesian Notary

Artikel ini membahas mengenai kedudukan Surat Keterangan Riwayat Tanah (SKT) yang dijadikan sebagai bukti kepemilikan dan bukti hak dalam melakukan penguasaan atas tanah yang menjadi objek sengketa dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1606/K/Pdt/2022. Pokok permasalahan dalam artikel ini adalah perihal SKT yang menjadi alas hak dalam menguasai tanah, ternyata dikeluarkan pada saat telah terjadi sengketa diatasnya. Penulisan artikel ini dilakukan denganmetode penelitian hukum doktrinal dengan tipologi penelitian preskriptif analisis, jenis data berupa data sekunder, dengan alat pengumpulan studi dokumen, serta analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil peneliDan menunjukkan, bahwa SKT bukanlah bukti kepemilikan atas tanah, dan apabila merujuk pada Pasal 97 …

Perjanjian Kawin Yang Dibuat Di Hadapan Notaris Namun Tidak Didaftarkan Ke Dukcapil Terkait Dengan Pihak Ketiga (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Semarang Nomor 50/Pdt/2021/Pt Smg), Chantiqa Dwi Ayudhia C

Indonesian Notary

Perjanjian Kawin yang dibuat pada saat atau sebelum perkawinan oleh calon pasangan suami istri mulai berlaku sejak perkawinan dilangsungkan dan disahkan pegawai pencatat perkawinan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 29 ayat 1 UU Perkawinan Tahun 1974. Pendaftaran tersebut dimaksudkan sebagai bentuk pemenuhan syarat publisitas agar pihak ketiga dapat tunduk ke dalam isi perjanjian kawin yang dibuat. Penelitian ini menganalisis terkait Akta Perjanjian Kawin yang dijadikan dasar seorang istri melakukan perbuatan jual beli sepihak tanpa sepengetahuan dan tanpa persetujuan suaminya terhadap aset SHM 2233/Rejosari yang diperoleh sepanjang perkawinan kepada pihak ketiga dalam kasus Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Semarang nomor 50/PDT/2021/PT Smg namun faktanya …

Analisis Pelampauan Jangka Waktu Perjanjian Sewa Menyewa Yang Dibuat Berdasarkan Perjanjian Bangun Guna Serah Sebagai Bentuk Pemanfaatan Aset Daerah, Syafa Nissa Amanda

Indonesian Notary

Perjanjian sekunder atau perjanjian yang dibuat berdasarkan perjanjian induk atau utama harus sejalan dan tidak bertentangan satu sama lain. Suatu perjanjian dikatakan sah apabila memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian yang tertuang dalam Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (“KUHPerdata”). Penelitian ini membahas mengenai bagaimana pengaturan dan penerapan perjanjian kerjasama Bangun Guna Serah dan juga membahas bagaimana kedudukan perjanjian sewa menyewa yang dibuat berdasarkan perjanjian Kerjasama Bangun Guna Serah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penilitian doktrinal, dengan tipe penelitian eksplanatoris. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, didapatkan simpulan bahwa ketentuan pelaksanaan Bangun Guna Serah atas aset milik pemerintah daerah telah diatur di beberapa ketentuan …

Penerapan Pp No. 35 Tahun 2023 Mengenai Kewajiban Yang Dilematis Bagi Notaris Melaporkan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Kepada Badan Pendapatan Daerah, Saarah Faadhilah

Indonesian Notary

Peraturan Pemerintah No. 35 Tahun 2023 tentang Ketentuan Umum Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah Pasal 60 ayat (1) huruf b PP No. 35 tahun 2023 tersebut, notaris wajib untuk melaporkan perjanjian pengikatan jual beli kepada Kepala Daerah, namun, pada pelaksanaannya dalam Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf f Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris notaris wajib untuk menjaga kerahasiaan isi akta. Hal tersebut, menimbulkan adanya disharmonisasi hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk penerapan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 35 tahun 2023 tentang Ketentuan Umum Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah terhadap kewajiban pelaporan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual kepada Badan Pendapatan Daerah karena terdapat konsekuensi yang diterima notaris …

Tanggung Jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Yang Tidak Menindaklanjuti Pembuatan Akta Pemberian Hak Tanggungan (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar Nomor 1097/Pdt.G/2020/Pn.Dps), Shanea Gabrielle

Indonesian Notary

Penyaluran dana pinjaman yang dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Pembiayaan Sekunder Perumahan (PPSP) kepada debitor harus disertai dengan jaminan berupa tanah dan bangunan yang telah diikat dengan Hak Tanggungan sebagaimana ketentuan dalam Pasal 11 ayat (2) huruf c angka 1 Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 12/POJK.05/2022 Tahun 2022 tentang Perusahaan Pembiayaan Sekunder Perumahan. Hal tersebut dimaksudkan sebagai tindakan mitigasi risiko bagi PPSP untuk mencegah timbulnya kemacetan pembayaran pinjaman oleh debitor yang semestinya dengan didasarkan oleh iktikad baik. Melalui Akta Pemberian Hak Tanggungan (APHT), PPSP sebagai penyalur pinjaman semestinya mendapatkan kepastian hukum akan adanya jaminan Hak Tanggungan untuk dapat dilakukannya pelelangan atas tanah …

Kepastian Hukum Sertifikat Hak Milik Atas Tanah Bekas Hak Milik Adat Yang Penguasaaannya Diklaim Oleh Subjek Hukum Lain (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1012 K/Pdt/2023), Ilma Zhafirah Albar

Indonesian Notary

Sertifikat Hak Milik yang diterbitkan oleh Kantor Pertanahan setempat sudah sepatutnya dianggap sebagai alat pembuktian berkekuatan hukum kuat sebagaimana yang ditentukan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria (“UUPA”), serta dalam Peraturan Pemerintah mengenai Pendaftaran Tanah. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini mengenai ketentuan hukum dalam penyertifikatan tanah bekas hak milik adat yang diperoleh melalui pewarisan dan analisis terhadap pertimbangan hakim dalam putusan tersebut terkait status kepemilikan tanah bekas hak milik adat yang telah disertifikatkan dengan Sertifikat Hak Milik. Penelitian ini berupa penelitian doktrinal dengan tipologi penelitain preskriptif berdasarkan data primer dan sekunder yang dianalisis secara …

Ketidaktepatan Pertimbangan Hukum Majelis Hakim Dalam Membatalkan Surat Keterangan Waris Yang Dibuat Notaris (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 204/Pdt.G/2023/Pn Sby), Muchammad Kawtsar

Indonesian Notary

Penelitian dilakukan dengan maksud menganalisis ketidaktepatan pertimbangan hukum majelis hakim dalam membatalkan SKW yang dibuat notaris. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum doktrinal yang memaparkan masalah secara eksplanatoris untuk mengumpulkan data sekunder berupa bahan-bahan hukum melalui studi dokumen. Bahan-bahan yang telah dikumpulkan selanjutnya dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil analisis menjelaskan bahwa sebelum penghapusan penggolongan penduduk, masyarakat membuat SKW kepada lembaga-lembaga penerbit seperti lurah/camat, notaris, dan BHP sesuai golongan mereka. Selepas dihapuskan, maka masyarakat bebas hendak membuat SKW di lembaga manapun. Adapun pembatalan SKW yang dibuat notaris oleh majelis hakim berdasarkan pertimbangan hukum dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 204/Pdt.G/2023/PN Sby adalah tidak …

Kedudukan Izin Alokasi Lahan Otorita Batam (Studi Putusan Nomor 12/G/2020/Ptun.Tpi), Hanna Sonia L. Sihotang

Indonesian Notary

Otorita Batam sebagai pihak yang memperoleh hak pengelolaan berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden tetap wajib untuk mendaftarkan hak pengelolaannya pada Kantor Pertanahan Kota Batam yang kemudian menghasilkan Sertipikat Hak Pengelolaan sebagai bukti sah kepemilikan atas tanahnya. Sertipikat ini yang kemudian memberikan wewenang kepada Otorita Batam untuk merencanakan peruntukan dan penggunaan tanah, menyerahkan bagian-bagian dari tanah tersebut kepada pihak ketiga serta menerima uang pemasukan/ganti rugi dan uang wajib tahunan. Permasalahan dalam analisa ini mengenai kedudukan izin alokasi lahan yang diberikan oleh Otorita Batam dan status Sertipikat Hak Guna Bangunan oleh Kantor Pertanahan Kota Batam melalui program Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap dalam Putusan Pengadilan …

New, Derivative: Third-Party Litigation Finance And Derivatives Regulation, Martin Flores

Washington and Lee Law Review Online

Litigation finance is globally abundant and largely unregulated in the United States. The mechanics behind third-party litigation finance are simple: The funder fronts litigation costs in exchange for a promised share of the proceeds if the litigant succeeds. While the normative debate about the value of these contracts in society endures, the litigation finance industry has new players in hedge funds and other opaque investment firms seeking high returns from risky litigation. Many scholars agree on whether to regulate these third-party litigation finance firms. The key debate rages on how to rein in an unbridled industry.

To add to this …

Application Of The Federal Securities Acts To The Sale Of A Closely Held Corporation By Stock Transfer, Loftus C. Carson Ii

Maine Law Review

The purchase and sale of a closely held corporation is a commonly occurring transaction which may be accomplished by a transfer of stock or a transfer of assets. Structuring such a transaction as a sale of stock, however, may offer certain advantages not attainable if the transaction is structured as a sale of assets. For example, non-assignable contracts and leases, not transferable with a sale of assets, may pass to the transferee of corporate stock. The transferor generally will be absolved of all of the enterprise's liabilities since, by law, they pass with the transfer. Transferors subject to compliance with …

Ouellette V. Sturm, Ruger & Co. And Jones V. North American Aerodynamics: The Effectiveness Of Maine's Borrowing Statute In Cases Involving Corporations, J. Gordon Scannell Jr.

Maine Law Review

Maine's borrowing statute provides that a person may not bring an action in Maine that has been barred by the laws of another jurisdiction wherein all parties resided. In effect, the statute permits "borrowing" the limitation period of the other jurisdiction. In Ouellette v. Sturm, Ruger & Co., the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, sitting as the Law Court, interpreted the residency requirement of the borrowing statute as it relates to a corporation and held that for purposes of the statute a corporation is a resident of only the state in which it is incorporated. Because of the peculiar wording of …

The Waiver Problem In Maine Real Property Foreclosure Law: A Commercial Paper Perspective, Dennis M. Patterson

Maine Law Review

When a mortgagee accepts from a mortgagor payment of part of a mortgage arrearage, does the mortgagee then waive its right to foreclose? Many bank counsel will say that the mortgagee does waive its right to foreclose, and they will point for authority to the broad holding of Savings & Loan Association of Bangor v. Tear. In that decision, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, sitting as the Law Court, seemed to hold that a mortgagee waives its right to foreclose if it accepts tender of a late payment. This broad interpretation of the Savings & Loan decision has proven to …

Interstate Commerce And Personal Jurisdiction In Flux: A Critical Analysis Of Mallory V. Norfolk Southern Railway Co. And Its Effects On Business Litigation, Mairi Cooley

University of Miami Business Law Review

This Note examines the implications of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Mallory v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., advocating for legislative intervention by Congress to mitigate its adverse effects on interstate commerce. The Court revived a pre-International Shoe v. Washingtonprecedent, validating a Pennsylvania statute that imposes general personal jurisdiction on non-resident businesses registered in the state. Justice Gorsuch’s majority opinion, supported by a diverse coalition of Justices, underscored the constitutionality of the statute under the Due Process Clause, with Justice Jackson emphasizing the principle of jurisdictional waiver via business registration. Conversely, Justice Alito’s concurrence, while agreeing on …

Nil Enforcement Preemption, Josh Lens

Utah Law Review

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which serves as the multibillion-dollar college athletics industry’s primary governing body, has faced several recent legal challenges to its operations. One particularly prominent challenge projects to result in litigation that will significantly impact college athletics’s future. This article explores the circumstances that led to this precarious position: (1) the NCAA’s recent changes to its longstanding rules prohibiting student-athlete compensation for use of their names, images, and likenesses; (2) several state legislatures’ attempts to provide universities in their states with a competitive advantage by legislating restrictions on the NCAA’s ability to enforce its rules; and …

Understanding The Equality Of Parties In Arbitration: A Case Comment On International Seaport Dredging Private Limited V Kamarajar Port Limited, Sahana Ramesh

National Law School Journal

While the Supreme Court of India has emphasised the equality of arbitrating parties in several decisions, the court often had to use various tools to assert this. It is a question of policy as to whether statutory undertakings—that perform public functions by entering commercial transactions—must be given preferential treatment in certain aspects of the dispute settlement process, including when they choose to challenge an arbitral award. This case comment considers the decision of the Supreme Court of India in International Seaport Dredging Private Limited v Kamarajar Port Limited to highlight the nuances involved in the court’s conclusion that all …

Data Scraping For Generative Ai—To What Extent?, Jae Yeon Cecilia Kim

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Generative AI platforms are developed by scraping data from other platforms. This raises complex copyright infringement issues that are yet to be resolved. Courts have attempted to address these problems using the fair use doctrine, which evaluates four factors to determine whether a use infringes on copyright: (1) the purpose and character of the use, (2) the nature of the use, (3) the amount and substantiality of the copyrighted work’s use, and (4) the impact of the use on the market for the original work. Despite efforts to apply this long-established doctrine, challenges persist, including difficulties in identifying the copyright …

A Call For Statutory Reform: Online Marketplaces That Profit From Product Sales Should Be Held Strictly Liable As Sellers, Mark Anderson

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Today, Americans purchase roughly 16% of all consumer goods through online marketplaces such as Amazon. While traditional brick-and-mortar retailers that sell defective products are strictly liable for harm caused by those products, online marketplace retailers, which serve analogous roles in defective product sales, can often evade liability entirely. Amazon, for instance, is immune from liability for product defects in more than 60% of sales conducted on its website in almost every state. This Note explains why online marketplaces that profit from defective product sales should be strictly liable for harm those products cause, and why courts often refuse to hold …

Untangling Bankruptcy’S Most Complex Web: Chapter 11 Rule 1111(B) And Subchapter V, Evan Sponder

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The United States Code Section 1111(b) provides an equitable remedy to debt restructuring for both debtors and creditors in Chapter 11 bankruptcy by allowing the debtor to retain their income-producing assets and repay their creditor(s) through a mutually approved plan. However, section 1111(b) is difficult for courts to apply due to its complex nature, and infrequent application of the section has resulted in limited development of case law interpreting the section. Courts currently interpret 1111(b) elections in Chapter 11 Subchapter V cases to exclude interest accrual; this interpretation establishes an inequitable precedent whereby debtors’ procedural advantages bypass creditor protections during …

I Ain't Afraid Of No Ghost…Kitchen! A New Realm Of Consumer Protection After The Inform Consumers Act, Johanna Silva

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were pervasive, sparing none from its impact. However, the restaurant industry bore an even greater change and a heavier burden than most. At the height of the pandemic, some 110,000 restaurants shut down. QR codes replaced paper menus, street parking transformed into outdoor dining sheds, and Friday night dinners at the “great spot on the corner” became takeout orders from the couch. Reopening was an unpredictable gamble for restaurant owners, fraught with tiered plans and inconsistent regulations on safe and unsafe dining practices. The desperate search for creative solutions to stay in business propelled …

After Further Review: Are Ncaa Conferences Now Subject To Antitrust Liability?, Madison Huberman

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

Following the Alston decision, the landscape of college athletics has undergone significant transformation. Although the Supreme Court in Alston previously determined that individual conferences lacked power over the relevant market, this is no longer true for all conferences. This note explores the potential antitrust liability facing individual NCAA conferences in the post-Alston era. It reviews the NCAA’s historical context, its member institutions, and the variations in membership across Divisions and sports. The analysis then shifts to the current state of college athletics, including NIL policies, conference realignment, and media rights deals. The note further assesses whether certain conferences are susceptible …

“The Legal Basis For Compensating Waste-Related Damages Caused By Climate Change According To Uae Legislation, Dr. Nada Salim Hamdoon

Faculty Peer-Reviewed Papers | بحوث هيئة التدريس المحكمة

No abstract provided.

Reconceiving Corporate Rights And Regulation In The Ai Era, Michael R. Siebecker

Sturm College of Law: Faculty Scholarship

Can existing corporate governance principles properly guide the relationship between shareholders and directors as artificial intelligence (“AI”) plays an increasingly prominent role in corporate management, planning, and operations? Without a doubt, AI technologies allow corporations to enjoy enhanced efficiency and innovation. But the vast range of AI capabilities—from sophisticated data analytics to autonomous decision-making—raises profound questions about whether traditional governance principles remain sufficiently robust to cabin the proper development and deployment of such a powerful and rapidly evolving set of new technologies. Current corporate governance structures that focus on human actors and traditional business decision-making mechanisms seem ill-suited to address …

Taxation's Limits, Luís C. Calderón Gómez

Northwestern University Law Review

Countless pages have been devoted to the question of why everyone should pay tax, yet its opposite has gone largely unnoticed: why should some people and organizations not pay tax? Our tax system exempts from ordinary income taxation a wide and diverse array of people and organizations engaged in significant economic activity—from parents providing childcare services for their family to consular activities and charities operating animal shelters—seemingly without a convincing explanation. Perhaps because of the dizzying diversity of tax-exempt activities, scholars and policymakers have avoided comprehensively or coherently justifying our exemption regimes.

This Article develops a novel normative theory that …

Professor Anthony J. Santoro Business Law Lecture Series: Navigating The Impact Of Cfius On M&A And Investment Activity 10/17/24, Roger Williams University School Of Law

School of Law Conferences, Lectures & Events

No abstract provided.

Maine Debtor-Creditor Law By Dennis M. Patterson, David J. Jones

Maine Law Review

Dennis M. Patterson, Esquire, has written a brief, practical guide to selected areas of collection practice entitled Maine Debtor-Creditor Law. Two immediate observations come to mind: first, that I plan to keep a copy of the book in my office library for future reference; second, that I am disappointed that the author omitted reference to several challenging issues that confront the attorney having a regular collection or foreclosure practice. This latter observation is both an indication of the usefulness of the book's treatment of the areas covered and a hopeful invitation to the author to expand on his subject matter …

A Reply To David Jones, Dennis M. Patterson

Maine Law Review

During my years of practice in Maine, I had the pleasure of litigating most of the issues discussed in my book, Maine Debtor-Creditor Law, with many members of Maine's fine commercial and bankruptcy law bar. Among the lawyers with whom I litigated these questions is David Jones. In fact, one of the cases we litigated, a particularly thorny foreclosure action, was the impetus of an article that became portions of two of the chapters in my book. It is against this background that I was pleased to learn that one of my old adversaries from practice had agreed to review …

Maine's Plant-Closing Law: Analysis And Proposals, Eric Lindquist

Maine Law Review

On February 4, 1989, the first United States statute specifically directed at plant closings officially took effect. The enactment of this statute comes some seventeen years after Maine adopted the first extensive plant-closing law in the nation. In the interval, eight other states adopted legislation addressing the problems created by large-scale industrial or commercial shutdowns. These laws represent a considerable range of approaches, both voluntary and compulsory, to the plant-closing problem. The purpose of this Comment is to analyze the plant-closing law of Maine in the context of such laws nationally. Part II provides an overview of the state and …

The Contemporary Case For Consumer Expectations: Reevaluating The Evolution Of The Original Defect Standard And Its Place In Modern Products Litigation, Alyssa Clune

Fordham Law Review

The consumer expectations standard for design defect has been the subject of fierce debate since its inception. Though many see it as the test that best reflects the plaintiff-friendly goals of products liability, others critique it as vague, outdated, and ripe for jury misuse. Once the primary test for design defect under the Restatement (Second) of Torts, the consumer expectations test has since been rejected by the Restatement (Third) of Torts, and its use has been eliminated or restricted in approximately half of all states in favor of the risk-utility test. Much of the reasoning behind this growing rejection revolves …