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Articles 1 - 30 of 91
Full-Text Articles in Commercial Law
Law School News: Isiah Dipina L'27: From Personal Experience To Policy Change 3-26-2026, Jane Govednik
Law School News: Isiah Dipina L'27: From Personal Experience To Policy Change 3-26-2026, Jane Govednik
Life of the Law School (1993- )
No abstract provided.
Say Neigh To Handshake Deals: An Economic And Ethical Argument For Written Warranties In The Sales Of Thoroughbred Racehorses, Kate Coulter
Say Neigh To Handshake Deals: An Economic And Ethical Argument For Written Warranties In The Sales Of Thoroughbred Racehorses, Kate Coulter
William & Mary Business Law Review
Horse racing is one of the largest, most lucrative industries in the United States, but state laws regulating the exchange of billions of dollars through the sales of Thoroughbred racehorses remain inconsistent. Moreover, ethical issues such as poor breeding practices tarnish the reputation of the sport, detracting viewers and consequently endangering the future livelihood of the racing industry. Litigation over birth defects in Thoroughbreds is common, prone to appeal, and expensive. But, this litigation could be mitigated through the use of written warranties in the sale of these highly valuable horses, pursuant to and supplementing the statute of frauds and …
Racial Discrimination In Retailers' Willingness To Accept Returns: A Field Study, Meirav Furth-Matzkin
Racial Discrimination In Retailers' Willingness To Accept Returns: A Field Study, Meirav Furth-Matzkin
Northwestern University Law Review
Black Americans have long faced discriminatory treatment while shopping in retail establishments, including, most notably, being subjected to increased surveillance, inconsistent pricing, and inferior customer service. Little attention, however, has been paid to other post-purchase aspects of retail transactions. Specifically, do Black Americans receive the same treatment as white customers when it comes to performing sellers’ formal policies or contracts? While it is understood that salespeople are often given discretion to deviate from standard form contracts, sometimes departing from the literal terms to satisfy consumers, there has been a notable absence of systematic exploration into how salespeople exercise this authority …
Identifying Fundamental Breach Of Articles 25 And 49 Of The Cisg: The Good Faith Duty Of Collaborative Efforts To Cure Defects - Make The Parties Draw A Line In The Sand Of Substantiality, Yasutoshi Ishida
Michigan Journal of International Law
Article 49(1) of the CISG allows buyers of international goods to avoid their sales contracts “if the failure by the seller to perform . . . amounts to a fundamental breach.” A breach is “fundamental,” as defined by CISG article 25, when it causes the buyer such detriment “as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract.” This definition is followed by the so-called “foreseeability test,” an “unless” clause that excepts the situation where “the party in breach did not foresee[,] and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would …
Importing Uniform Sales Law Into Article 2, Steven Walt
Importing Uniform Sales Law Into Article 2, Steven Walt
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
Uniform Commercial Code Article Two Revisions: The View Of The Trenches, Henry Gabriel
Uniform Commercial Code Article Two Revisions: The View Of The Trenches, Henry Gabriel
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
Remedies In The Ucc: Some Critical Thoughts, Victor Goldberg
Remedies In The Ucc: Some Critical Thoughts, Victor Goldberg
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Revision Of Article 2: Commercial Sellers Vs. Consumer Buyers Appendix, James J. White
The Revision Of Article 2: Commercial Sellers Vs. Consumer Buyers Appendix, James J. White
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
Article 2 Of The Ucc: Some Thoughts On Success Or Failure In The Twenty-First Century, Robert A. Hillman
Article 2 Of The Ucc: Some Thoughts On Success Or Failure In The Twenty-First Century, Robert A. Hillman
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Myth Of Trade Usages: A Talk, Lisa Bernstein
The Myth Of Trade Usages: A Talk, Lisa Bernstein
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Revision Of Article 2: Commercial Sellers Vs. Consumer Buyers, James J. White
The Revision Of Article 2: Commercial Sellers Vs. Consumer Buyers, James J. White
Barry Law Review
No abstract provided.
Reforming The True-Sale Doctrine, Heather Hughes
Reforming The True-Sale Doctrine, Heather Hughes
Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals
No abstract provided.
Begone, Euclid!: Leasing Custom And Zoning Provision Engaging Retail Consumer Tastes And Technologies In Thriving Urban Centers, Michael N. Widener
Begone, Euclid!: Leasing Custom And Zoning Provision Engaging Retail Consumer Tastes And Technologies In Thriving Urban Centers, Michael N. Widener
Pace Law Review
Is urban center retailing in a death spiral? Competition for consumers with Internet vendors is afoot; winners and losers shall be anointed. The threats to physical retailing in an era of the “Internet of Goods” initially are described below. Adaptations by tenants, landlords, and stakeholders in urban centers will be required quickly, and new perspectives and partnerships, including those among local and regional governments, are instrumental if physical retail operations in municipal cores are to survive. The balance of this article describes these needs from the vantage point of each stakeholder; but this article argues that integrating information and communication …
Tesla And The Car Dealers' Lobby, Daniel A. Crane
Tesla And The Car Dealers' Lobby, Daniel A. Crane
Articles
Tesla Motors, the offspring of entrepreneur Elon Musk (who brought us Pay-Pal and SpaceX), is the most exciting automotive development in many decades and a marquee story of American technological dynamism and innovation. The company’s luxury electric cars have caused a sensation in the auto industry, including a review by Consumer Reports calling Tesla’s Model S the best car it ever tested. Despite the acclaim, Tesla faces enormous challenges Despite the acclaim, Tesla faces enormous challenges in penetrating an automotive market that has been dominated for a century by internal combustion engines. Not only must it build cars that customers …
Playing With Fire: Proceeding Cautiously With Reforms To The Michigan Fireworks Safety Act, Nicholas Pietropaulo
Playing With Fire: Proceeding Cautiously With Reforms To The Michigan Fireworks Safety Act, Nicholas Pietropaulo
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Caveat
On January 1, 2012, the Michigan Fireworks Safety Act went into effect. It marked a significant change in how the state of Michigan treats the sale and use of “consumer fireworks.” Effectively, the new statute authorizes the sale and use of Roman Candles, bottle rockets, aerials, and other fireworks that had previously been banned. Almost immediately, challenges and complaints were raised. On one side, eight fireworks vendors challenged the constitutionality of one of the law’s provisions that required such vendors to purchase insurance at an arguably unreasonable rate. The court dismissed that case, holding that it could not be said …
Can We Dicker Online Or Is Traditional Contract Formation Really Dying - Rethinking Traditional Contract Formation For The World Wide Web, Tatiana Melnik
Can We Dicker Online Or Is Traditional Contract Formation Really Dying - Rethinking Traditional Contract Formation For The World Wide Web, Tatiana Melnik
Michigan Telecommunications & Technology Law Review
When most people imagine the process of contract formation, they picture two people sitting down and negotiating, arguing about particular contract provisions and particular contract terminology, and maybe even involving attorneys to draft an "official" version of the contract. Regardless of the specific details people imagine, traditional contract formation generally involves some form of negotiation between two parties where they choose one set of terms over another. In modern society, however, such negotiation happens very rarely. People enter into many contracts on a daily basis, for example, when they purchase goods or services online. Online purchases are governed by computers, …
Commercial Law In The Cracks Of Judicial Federalism, Donald J. Smythe
Commercial Law In The Cracks Of Judicial Federalism, Donald J. Smythe
ExpressO
Almost seventy years after the Supreme Court sought to rationalize the American system of judicial federalism in Erie, sales law remains trapped in a pattern more reminiscent of the Swift v. Tyson era. The extraordinarily wide separation of powers in the NCCUSL-ALI uniform law-making process has entrenched Article 2 of the UCC in the status quo. Concurrently, an imbalance between the federal and state courts in the American system of judicial federalism has conferred an unusually wide range of discretion over state commercial law on the federal courts. Ironically, therefore, state sales statutes are being reinterpreted and revised by the …
Chuck And Steve's Peccadillo (Symposium: Threats To Secured Lending And Asset Securitization), James J. White
Chuck And Steve's Peccadillo (Symposium: Threats To Secured Lending And Asset Securitization), James J. White
Articles
Are investors in securitized receivables to be treated as the owners of an asset whose sale has taken it beyond the reach of the trustee in bankruptcy of their sellers? O are they to be treated as holders of a security interest in the transferred asset who have left behind an interest in the sellers' hands that would cause the asset to be subject to claims and interference by the sellers' grasping trustee? By adopting contrasting-arguably conflicting-statements in two subsections of a single section, the drafters of 1999 Article 9 have thrust this issue in the faces of courts and …
Default Rules In Sales And The Myth Of Contracting Out, James J. White
Default Rules In Sales And The Myth Of Contracting Out, James J. White
Articles
In this article, I trace the dispute in the courts and before the ALI and NCCUSL over the proper contract formation and interpretation default rules. In Part II, I consider the Gateway litigation. In Part III, I deal with UCITA and the revision to Article 2. In Part IV, I consider the merits of the competing default rules.
Foreword, Sarah Howard Jenkins
Further Evidence Of Discrimination In New Car Negotiations And Estimates Of Its Cause, Ian Ayres
Further Evidence Of Discrimination In New Car Negotiations And Estimates Of Its Cause, Ian Ayres
Michigan Law Review
A 1991 test of new car dealerships in Chicago indicated that dealerships offered significantly lower prices to white male testers than to similarly situated black and-or female testers: white female testers were asked to pay 40% higher markups than white male testers; black male testers were asked to pay more than twice the markup of white male testers; and black female testers were asked to pay more than three times the markup of white male testers. This article extends the results of this initial test by presenting not only more authoritative evidence of discrimination but also a new quantitative method …
Warranties Against Infringement In The Sale Of Goods: A Comparison Of U.C.C. § 2-312(3) And Article 42 Of The U.N. Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods, Joseph J. Schwerha Iv
Warranties Against Infringement In The Sale Of Goods: A Comparison Of U.C.C. § 2-312(3) And Article 42 Of The U.N. Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods, Joseph J. Schwerha Iv
Michigan Journal of International Law
Gone are the days of simple sales contracts. Today's corporate lawyers must have not only a substantial understanding of basic commercial law, but also of the related intellectual property law. Because of the shrinking global economy, such knowledge must rise to an international level.
Reforming Article 9 Priorities In Light Of Old Ignorance And New Filing Rules (Symposium: 'Managing The Paper Trail': Evaluating And Reforming The Article 9 Filing System), James J. White
Articles
The other papers in this Symposium demonstrate that we have the technical capacity to build a filing system that will exceed the expectations of Grant Gilmore in every dimension.1 With more thought about what is put into the system and more clever software to get it out, the most sophisticated system possible under current technology will store and produce enough information about a debtor to give the ACLU a fright. All of the issues on improving the filing system are important, but I do not concern myself with any of them directly. I am here discuss a different question. In …
Warranties And Remedies On Breach: Proposed Revision Of Article 2 And Related Proposals Concerning Products Liability Law, Richard E. Speidel, James J. White
Warranties And Remedies On Breach: Proposed Revision Of Article 2 And Related Proposals Concerning Products Liability Law, Richard E. Speidel, James J. White
Other Publications
The following materials contain (1) the warranty provisions, §§2-313 through 2-318, from the October, 1995 Draft of Revised Article 2, Sales, with selected Reporter's Notes; (2) Discussion questions on warranties; and (3) A comparison of Revised Article 2 and the ALl's Products Liability Restatement (Tent. Draft #2, March 13, 1995), with discussion problems.
Castles In The Air: Blanket Assent And The Revision Of Article 2, Alexander M. Meiklejohn
Castles In The Air: Blanket Assent And The Revision Of Article 2, Alexander M. Meiklejohn
Washington and Lee Law Review
No abstract provided.
The Emerging Article 2: Remedies For Breach Of The Contract For Sale, Richard E. Speidel, James J. White
The Emerging Article 2: Remedies For Breach Of The Contract For Sale, Richard E. Speidel, James J. White
Other Publications
Article 2, Sales is being revised by a Drafting Committee of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. To date, the Drafting Committee has held eight meetings and two more are scheduled for early 1995 . The first reading of revised Article 2 occurred at the annual meeting of NCCUSL in August, 1994. A target completion date for the Article 2 project is August, 1996 .
Critical Rules In Negotiating Sales Contracts: The Lawyer's Job, James J. White
Critical Rules In Negotiating Sales Contracts: The Lawyer's Job, James J. White
Other Publications
In my experience, lawyers begin negotiating only after the business people have decided upon the description and quality of the product, the time of delivery, and the mode and amount of payment. The lawyers are left with the pathological problems--who gets what in case of trouble. Most of those problems relate to the seller's responsibility if the product does not conform to the contract or otherwise fails to please the buyer. These failures can cause economic loss to the buyer, economic loss to a remote purchaser, or personal injury or property damage to immediate or remote parties. Third parties may …
Consequential Damages In Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods And The Legacy Of Hadley, Arthur Murphey
Consequential Damages In Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods And The Legacy Of Hadley, Arthur Murphey
Law Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Decline Of The Contract Market Damage Model, James J. White
The Decline Of The Contract Market Damage Model, James J. White
Articles
In law school every American lawyer learns that the conventional measure of damages for breach of a sales contract is the difference between the contract price and the market price. Even before these rules were embodied in the Uniform Sales Act and the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), they were a staple of Anglo-American common law. They remain the rules with which a court would determine damage liability not only for the sale of goods, but also for the sale of real estate and securities.
Involuntary Fraudulent Transfers, Frank R. Kennedy
Involuntary Fraudulent Transfers, Frank R. Kennedy
Cardozo Law Review
No abstract provided.