Banking and Finance Law Commons^™

If It Ain't Broke, Don't Fix It, Kathryn Judge

Faculty Scholarship

A prescription is only as good as the diagnosis on which it is based. This is just as true in finance as it is in medicine. And, in Hal Scott's assessment, the reforms adopted in the wake of the 2007-09 financial crisis ("Crisis") are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the reasons for that crisis. The future is accordingly bleak.

The Puzzle Of Pdvsa Bond Prices, Paolo Colla, Anna Gelpern, Mitu Gulati

Faculty Scholarship

Market reports in the summer of 2016 suggest that Venezuela is on the brink of default on upwards of $65 billion in debt. That debt comprises of bonds issued directly by the sovereign and those issued by the state-owned oil company PDVSA. Based on the bond contracts and other legal factors, it is not clear which of these two categories of bonds would fare better in the event of a restructuring. However, market observers are convinced — and we agree — that legal and contractual differences would likely impact the payouts on the bonds if Venezuela defaults. Using a comparison …

การใช้มาตรการบรรเทาภาระภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มซ้ำซ้อนให้กับเกษตรกรรายย่อย, ธนันท์เศรษฐ์ ศรีวิชัย

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้ มุ่งศึกษาแนวทางและหลักการของมาตรการบรรเทาภาระภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มซ้ำซ้อนของเกษตรกรรายย่อยในกลุ่มสหภาพยุโรปและประเทศสมาชิก เพื่อนำมาปรับใช้กับปัญหาการยกเว้นภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มของเกษตรกรในประเทศไทย ตามมาตรา 81 (1) (ก) และ (ข) แห่งประมวลรัษฎากร โดยในปัจจุบัน สหภาพยุโรป (European Union) ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มประเทศที่มีการประกอบกิจการเกษตรกรรมเป็นจำนวนมาก ได้กำหนดมาตรการเงินส่วนเพิ่มอัตราคงที่สำหรับเกษตรกร (The Flat Rate Scheme For Farmer) ซึ่งเป็นมาตรการเฉพาะทางภาษี (Special-Scheme) ไว้ในกฎหมาย The VAT Directive ของสหภาพยุโรป เพื่อให้ประเทศสมาชิกสามารถนำไปประยุกต์ใช้กับกฎหมายภายในของตนเองได้ ดังนั้นจึงมีความจำเป็นอย่างยิ่งที่จะต้องทำการศึกษามาตรการบรรเทาภาระภาษีดังกล่าว เพื่อหาแนวทางแก้ไขและบรรเทาปัญหาภาระภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มซ้ำซ้อนของเกษตรกรรายย่อยในรูปแบบอื่นเพื่อนำมาเป็นแนวทางประกอบการปรับปรุงกฎหมายภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มของประเทศไทยต่อไป จากการศึกษาพบว่ามาตรการเงินส่วนเพิ่มอัตราคงที่สำหรับเกษตรกรของสหภาพยุโรป ประเทศอังกฤษ ประเทศฝรั่งเศส และประเทศเยอรมนี นั้นมีความเหมาะสมที่จะนำมาใช้เป็นรูปแบบหรือทางเลือกหนึ่งในการแก้ไขปัญหาภาวะการเสียภาษีซ้ำซ้อนและการผลักภาระในรูปแบบของภาษีซื้อแอบแฝงของเกษตรกรรายย่อยได้ เนื่องจากมาตรการดังกล่าวถือเป็นการชดเชยภาษีซื้อในทอดก่อนหน้าที่เกษตรกรไม่สามารถเครดิตภาษีซื้อคืนได้ในรูปแบบของเงินส่วนเพิ่มอัตราคงที่ (Flat Rate Addition) ซึ่งจะช่วยบรรเทาภาระทางภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มให้แก่เกษตรกรที่ได้รับยกเว้นภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มจากการซื้อขายสินค้าเกษตร อีกทั้งยังเป็นการลดภาระในการปฏิบัติตามกฎหมายภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่ม เช่น ไม่มีหน้าที่ต้องยื่นแบบแสดงรายการขอคืนภาษีซื้อ หรือจัดทำบัญชีเพื่อตรวจสอบความถูกต้องของการจัดเก็บภาษี ซึ่งจะก่อให้เกิดต้นทุนในการบริหารและควบคุมกิจการ (Compliance Cost) เพียงแต่เกษตรกรจะต้องออกใบกำกับภาษีเงินส่วนเพิ่มอัตราคงที่เท่านั้น นอกจากนี้ผู้ซื้อและลูกค้าของเกษตรกรรายย่อยสามารถนำใบกำกับภาษีเงินส่วนเพิ่มอัตราคงที่ดังกล่าวมาขอคืนเงินส่วนเพิ่มอัตราคงที่ที่ตนได้เสียให้แก่เกษตรกรรายย่อยได้ อันเป็นการส่งผลให้เกิดความสมดุลและเสริมสร้างระบบภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่มในภาพรวมให้มีประสิทธิภาพยิ่งขึ้น

มาตรการทางกฎหมายในการกำกับการทำธุรกรรมระหว่างบริษัทประกันภัยกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้อง, นครินทร์ บุตรภักดีธรรม

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์ในการศึกษาปัญหาของการทำธุรกรรมที่ทำระหว่างบริษัทประกันภัยกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้อง แนวคิด ทฤษฎี และมาตรการทางกฎหมายในการกำกับของประเทศไทยและต่างประเทศ จากการศึกษาพบว่าการทำธุรกรรมระหว่างบริษัทประกันภัยกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้องซึ่งมีอิทธิพลในการตัดสินใจหรือมีอำนาจในการควบคุมกิจการของบริษัท สามารถถูกใช้เป็นเครื่องมือในการผ่องถ่ายผลประโยชน์ออกจากบริษัทประกันภัย เพื่อแสวงหาประโยชน์ส่วนตนของผู้มีอำนาจในการควบคุมกิจการ
อย่างไรก็ตาม มาตรการทางกฎหมายของไทยในการกำกับดูแลการทำธุรกรรมระหว่างบริษัทประกันภัยกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้องยังไม่เพียงพอ เนื่องจากยังไม่กำกับครอบคลุมประเภทของธุรกรรมซึ่งมีนัยสำคัญทุกประเภท ไม่ครอบคลุมบุคคลที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจหรือมีอำนาจในการควบคุมกิจการที่มีนัยสำคัญทุกประเภทบุคคล ไม่มีกฎหมายกำหนดมาตรฐานเงื่อนไขข้อตกลงและราคาของธุรกรรมที่ทำกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้อง และไม่มีกฎหมายกำหนดให้บริษัทประกันภัยมีหน้าที่รายงานความสัมพันธ์กับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้องและรายงานการทำธุรกรรมกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้องที่มีนัยสำคัญต่อฐานะทางการเงินให้หน่วยงานกำกับดูแลทราบ ทำให้หน่วยงานกำกับดูแลไม่ทราบข้อมูลการทำธุรกรรมและไม่สามารถเข้ากำกับได้ในเวลาที่เหมาะสม
วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้จึงเสนอแนะว่า ควรกำหนดหลักเกณฑ์การกำกับการทำธุรกรรมระหว่างบริษัทประกันภัยกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้อง ไว้ในกฎหมายประกันภัยเพื่อให้เป็นมาตรฐานเดียวกัน โดยกำหนดนิยามของธุรกรรมกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้องให้ครอบคลุมความสัมพันธ์ของการมีอิทธิพลในการตัดสินใจหรือมีอำนาจในควบคุมกิจการ และให้ครอบคลุมธุรกรรมที่มีนัยสำคัญทุกประเภท โดยพิจารณาความมีนัยสำคัญทั้งเชิงคุณภาพและเชิงปริมาณ รวมทั้ง กำหนดนิยามบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้อง โดยพิจารณาจากลักษณะการมีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินใจหรือมีอำนาจในควบคุมกิจการ นอกจากนี้ ควรกำหนดมาตรฐานของเงื่อนไขข้อตกลงและราคาของธุรกรรม ให้มีระดับไม่ต่ำกว่าเงื่อนไขข้อตกลงและราคาตามตลาด โดยไม่ต่ำกว่ากรณีที่บริษัททำธุรกรรมในลักษณะเดียวกันกับบุคคลที่ไม่ใช่บุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้อง และควรกำหนดให้มีบริษัทประกันภัยมีหน้าที่รายงานการทำธุรกรรมกับบุคคลที่เกี่ยวข้องต่อผู้กำกับดูแลธุรกิจประกันภัยโดยตรง

The Remaking Of Wall Street, Andrew F. Tuch

Scholarship@WashULaw

This Article critically examines the transformation of the financial services industry during and since the Financial Crisis of 2007–2009. This transformation has been marked by the demise of the major investment banks and the related rise of a set of powerful players known as private equity firms or alternative asset managers – pools of assets structured as private funds. First, this Article argues that private equity firms now mirror investment banks in their mix of activities; ethos of entrepreneurialism, innovation, and risk-taking; role as “shadow banks”; and overall power and influence.

These similarities might suggest that private equity firms pose …

Rethinking Corporate Governance For A Bondholder Financed, Systemically Risky World, Steven L. Schwarcz

Faculty Scholarship

This Article makes two arguments that, combined, demonstrate an important synergy: first, including bondholders in corporate governance could help to reduce systemic risk because bondholders are more risk averse than shareholders; second, corporate governance should include bondholders because bonds now dwarf equity as a source of corporate financing and bond prices are increasingly tied to firm performance.

The Financial Crisis And Credit Unavailability: Cause Or Effect?, Steven L. Schwarcz

Faculty Scholarship

Although the relationship between credit availability and financial decline leading to the global financial crisis was somewhat interactive, a loss of credit availability appears to have caused the financial crisis more than the reverse. The potential for credit unavailability to cause a financial crisis suggests at least three lessons: (i) because credit availability is dependent on financial markets as well as banks, regulation should protect the viability of both credit sources; (ii) diversifying sources of credit might increase financial stability if each credit source is robust and does not create a liquidity glut or inappropriately weaken central bank control; and …

Variation In Boilerplate: Rational Design Or Random Mutation?, Stephen J. Choi, Mitu Gulati, Robert E. Scott

Faculty Scholarship

Standard contract doctrine presumes that sophisticated parties choose their terminology carefully because they want courts or counterparts to understand what they intended. The implication of this “Rational Design” model of rational behavior is that courts should pay careful attention to the precise phrasing of contracts. Using a study of the sovereign bond market, we examine the Rational Design model as applied to standard-form contracting. In NML v. Argentina, federal courts in New York attached importance to the precise phrasing of the boilerplate contracts at issue. The industry promptly condemned the decision for a supposedly erroneous interpretation of a variant of …

How To Restructure Venezuelan Debt (¿Cómo Restructurar La Deuda Venezolana?), Mitu Gulati, Lee C. Buchheit

Faculty Scholarship

English Abstract: There is a growing consensus that Venezuela will not be able to persist for much longer with its policy of full external debt service. The social costs are just too great. This implies a debt restructuring of some kind. Venezuela, principally through its state-owned oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (“PDVSA”), has extensive commercial contacts with the United States. Not since Mexico in the 1980s has an emerging market country with this level of commercial contacts attempted to restructure its New York law-governed sovereign debt. Holdout creditors in a restructuring of Venezuelan sovereign debt will therefore present a …

Consumer Credit In America: Past, Present, And Future, Pamela Foohey, Jim Hawkins, Creola Johnson, Nathalie Martin

Articles by Maurer Faculty

In September 2016, in conjunction with Law & Contemporary Problems at Duke University School of Law, we organized a symposium on Consumer Credit in America. We sought to assess the state of consumer credit in America — to review and examine its recent history, to consider arguments for and against regulation, and to discuss the potential for future innovation. This is the introduction to the volume of articles coming out of that symposium.

The Importance Of "Money", Kathryn Judge

Faculty Scholarship

In a provocative new book, The Money Problem: Rethinking Financial Regulation, Professor Morgan Ricks argues that the government should reclaim control over money creation. Money, Ricks argues, is not just the cash in your pocket or the balance in your checking account. Instead, at least for purposes of financial stability policy, money is best equated with short-term debt. For most of the twentieth century, such debt was issued primarily by regulated commercial banks and insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), resulting in a fairly stable financial system. As a result of financial innovation, however, much of today's short-term …

Information Gaps And Shadow Banking, Kathryn Judge

Faculty Scholarship

This Article argues that information gaps – pockets of information that are pertinent and knowable but not currently known – are a byproduct of shadow banking and a meaningful source of systemic risk. It lays the foundation for this claim by juxtaposing the regulatory regime governing the shadow banking system with the incentives of the market participants who populate that system. Like banks, shadow banks rely heavily on short-term debt claims designed to obviate the need for the holder to engage in any meaningful information gathering or analysis. The securities laws that prevail in the capital markets, however, both presume …

Principal Costs: A New Theory For Corporate Law And Governance, Zohar Goshen, Richard Squire

Faculty Scholarship

The problem of managerial agency costs dominates debates in corporate law. Many leading scholars advocate reforms that would reduce agency costs by forcing firms to allocate more control to shareholders. Such proposals disregard the costs that shareholders avoid by delegating control to managers and voluntarily restricting their own control rights. This Essay introduces principal-cost theory, which posits that each firm’s optimal governance structure minimizes the sum of principal costs, produced when investors exercise control, and agent costs, produced when managers exercise control. Both principal costs and agent costs can arise from honest mistakes (which generate competence costs) and …

Deterring Holdout Creditors In A Restructuring Of Pdvsa Bonds And Promissory Notes (¿Cómo Disuadir A Acreedores 'Holdout' En Una Restructuración De Bonos Y Pagarés De Pdvsa?), Lee C. Buchheit, Mitu Gulati

Faculty Scholarship

The prospect of the potential mischief that may be caused by holdout creditors in a Venezuelan sovereign debt restructuring is probably the main reason why the Maduro administration has not attempted such an exercise. The next administration in Venezuela — whenever and however it may arrive — will not want for suggestions about how to minimize or neutralize this holdout creditor threat. This short article is another contribution to that growing literature. Were the Republic of Venezuela to acknowledge that there really is only one public sector credit risk in the country, and that the distinction between Republic bonds and …

From Territorial To Monetary Sovereignty, Katharina Pistor

Faculty Scholarship

State sovereignty is closely intertwined with, but not limited to, control over territory and people. It has long been recognized that control over monetary affairs is a critical part of genuine sovereignty. In this Article, I go a step further and argue that the relevance and importance of territorial versus monetary sovereignty has shifted in favor of the latter. This shift goes hand in hand with the rise of credit-based financial systems. Such systems depend, in the last instance, on backstopping by an entity with control over its own money supply and no binding survival constraints. Only states with monetary …

Comment On "Error And Regulatory Risk In Financial Institution Regulation", Keith N. Hylton

Faculty Scholarship

I agree with just about everything Jonathan Macey (2017) says in his symposium contribution. His claim that bureaucratic tendencies toward regularity—specifically, treating like cases alike—generate errors in categorization seems appropriate to me. His explanations of the pathologies in financial regulation should fall in the category of essential or required reading for anyone who chooses to write on the topic. Where I differ from Macey is in the choice of framework, or perspective from which to view the pathologies. Whereas Macey adopts an “error cost” framework, which is clearly appropriate for this symposium, I would build explicitly on a “public choice” …

Calling On The Cfpb For Help: Telling Stories And Consumer Protection, Pamela Foohey

Articles by Maurer Faculty

Since it began operating in 2011, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has handled more than a million complaints regarding consumer financial product and services. Beginning in June 2015, the CFPB began publishing consumers’ narratives submitted with their complaints. This Article analyses a random sample of 5,000 of these narratives to assess how people engage with the complaint mechanism in light of the CFPB’s role in processing complaints. I find that people predominately use the complaint function for two distinct purposes: to express their anger and frustration about companies’ practices, or to express sadness and fear about how companies’ practices …

The Dark Side Of Self-Regulation, Benjamin P. Edwards

Scholarly Works

The financial services industry indirectly regulates itself through little discussed, scandal-prone, and structurally-entrenched self-regulatory organizations. FINRA, the most prominent of these self-regulatory organizations, makes regulations and sets enforcement policy that directly affect public welfare. As with other self-regulatory organizations, FINRA's structure poses a continual risk that industry members will subvert its processes to act like a cartel, promoting industry interests at the expense of the public and contributing to the excessive rents collected by financial intermediaries. Although this dark side to self-regulation poses a constant danger, structural reforms may increase the likelihood that FINRA and other self-regulatory organizations will take …

Conflicts & Capital Allocation, Benjamin P. Edwards

Scholarly Works

The regulatory structure for financial advice now tolerates incentives motivating financial advisors to manipulate and deceive retail investors. While scholars thus far have argued for ways to improve investor protections, the literature has largely ignored how these flawed incentives affect the economy.

This Article contends that these flawed incentives cause financial advisors to negatively affect capital allocation throughout the overall economy.

This Article draws on literature about manipulation and deception in principal-agent relationships to show how conflicts of interest cause the market for financial advisor services to generate excessive intermediation, driving harms to the real economy. This Article uses case …

The Other Eighty Percent: Private Investment Funds, International Tax Avoidance, And Tax-Exempt Investors, Omri Marian

BYU Law Review

The taxation of private equity managers’ share of funds’ profits—the twenty percent “carried interest”—received much attention in academic literature and popular discourse. Much has been said and written about the fact that fund managers’ profits are taxed at preferred rates. But what about the other eighty percent of funds’ profits? This Article theorizes that the bulk of such profits are never taxed. This is a result of a combination of three factors: First, private equity, venture capital, and hedge funds (collectively, Private Investment Funds, or “PIFs”) are major actors in cross-border investment activity. This enables PIFs to take advantage of …

It's Time To Take Housing Finance Reform Through The 21st Century, David J. Reiss

Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two mortgage giants under the control of the federal government, have more than 45 percent of the share of the $10 trillion of mortgage debt outstanding. Ginnie Mae, a government agency that securitizes Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Affairs (VA) mortgages, has another 16 percent.

These three entities together have a 98 percent share of the market for new residential mortgage-backed securities. This government domination of the mortgage market is not tenable and is, in fact, dangerous to the long-term health of the housing market, not to mention the federal budget.

No one …

The Skeleton Of A Data Breach: The Ethical And Legal Concerns, Hilary G. Buttrick, Jason Davidson, Richard J. Mcgowan

Richmond Journal of Law & Technology

After over thirty data breaches spanning the third and fourth quarter of 2012, Forbes magazine labeled the summer of 2012 as “The Summer of the Data Breach.” Four years later, businesses across multiple industries have suffered brand-image damage and paid millions of dollars in remedial expenses; we are living in the era of the mega breach. In 2014, companies such as Target, Home Depot, JP Morgan Chase, Anthem, Sony, UPS, Jimmy John’s, Kmart, Neiman Marcus, Community Health Systems, and the White House suffered data breaches. The Home Depot breach alone resulted in the loss of “56 million credit card accounts,” …

Expanding The Credit Box, David J. Reiss

Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers

The mortgage market of the early 2000s provided mortgage credit to too many people who could not make their monthly payments on the terms offered. The pendulum has now swung. Today’s market offers very few unsustainable mortgages, but it fails to provide credit to some who could afford them. That means that the credit box is not at its socially optimal size. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau should make it a priority to review the regulatory regime for non-Qualified Mortgages in order to ensure that the functional credit box is expanded to more closely approximate the universe of borrowers who …

Embedded Contracts And A Continuum Of Sovereign Debt, Odette Lienau

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

What is the relationship of a government to its population as it pertains to sovereign debt? And how does this fit into the larger web of relationships and obligations that make up the international financial arena? These questions are incredibly difficult to think through – beyond the capacity of one author alone. I am therefore grateful to have the company of Yuri Biondi, Barry Herman, Tomoko Ishikawa, and Kunibert Raffer in beginning to consider them. In addressing their thoughtful and thought-provoking comments, I see this response less as an opportunity to answer every potential challenge or differential emphasis. Indeed, the …

Dashboard Compliance: Benefit, Threat, Or Both?, James Fanto

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

This Article poses the basic question that is reflected in its title and that was the subject of the conference where the Article was initially presented: whether technology poses any threats to the mission of compliance and the position of compliance officers, whether it is just another useful tool for them, or whether it is something of both. It begins by explaining the origin of compliance in broker-dealers and investment advisers and its important current position in those firms. It then discusses why compliance officers have always been drawn to technology, particularly to keep up with the business sides of …

Mandatory Third Party Compliance Examinations For Investment Advisers: An Sec Waterloo?, Mercer Bullard

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or Commission) appears to be on the verge of requiring investment advisers to undergo third party examinations. One justification for the rulemaking is that the Commission lacks sufficient resources to examine advisers frequently enough. Another is to create indirectly a self-regulatory organization (SRO) for investments advisers. Both may leave a rulemaking particularly vulnerable to challenge as arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedures Act. This Article considers three novel grounds on which a rulemaking may be successfully challenged. Congress has repeatedly rejected SEC requests to provide additional funding for examinations or to create an …

Preserving Human Agency In Automated Compliance, Onnig H. Dombalagian

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

As technology transforms financial services, so too must it transform the regulation of financial markets and intermediaries. The imperative of real-time, prophylactic regulation increasingly compels reallocation of regulatory and compliance budgets to surveillance and enforcement technology. At the same time, in light of the well-known weaknesses of automated systems, securities firms (and their regulators) must temper investment in automation with efforts to augment the agency of compliance professionals. This symposium contribution considers how investment in the professional development of compliance personnel can better integrate automated tools within established compliance and supervisory structures and thereby advance regulatory and operational objectives.

Compliance, Technology, And Modern Finance, Tom C.W. Lin

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

An important transformation is happening in the financial industry. The rise of new technology and compliance has dramatically altered many of the key functions and functionaries of modern finance. Artificial intelligence, algorithmic programs, and supercomputers, instead of human actors, now constitute the core of many financial operations. Compliance officers have become just as critical to financial institutions as traders, bankers, and analysts. Finance as we knew it has changed and continues to change. This symposium Article offers a studied commentary on these unfolding changes, the crosscutting developments in compliance, technology, and modern finance. It examines the concurrent and intersecting ascents …

The Choice Is (Not) Yours: Why The Sec Must Further Amend Its Rules Of Practice To Increase Fairness In Administrative Proceedings, Madeline Ilibassi

Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) plays an extremely important role within the securities industry—it oversees the financial markets, protects consumers, and maintains market efficiency. One of the most important (and recently one of most criticized) responsibilities of the SEC is its duty to enforce the securities laws and punish violators. During the past two decades, and especially after the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2010, the SEC’s Division of Enforcement has grown substantially and has utilized administrative enforcement proceedings at an increasing rate. However; this utilization has been occurring without any substantial …

Intrapreneurship, Darian M. Ibrahim

Faculty Publications

This Article on “intrapreneurship” has several goals. First, it points out that while much of the legal literature on innovation is concerned with startups (entrepreneurship), the innovation that takes place inside our largest corporations (intrapreneurship) is substantial, important, and understudied. Second, the Article observes that while large technology corporations that used to be startups may remain intrapreneurial in culture, intrapreneurship is less common in the aggregate than we might expect. Reasons include organizational bureaucracy, laws favoring entrepreneurship, and what Clayton Christensen (Harvard Business School) calls “the innovator’s dilemma.” The innovator’s dilemma is, put simply, that good management causes large corporations …