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Articles 841 - 870 of 3365
Full-Text Articles in Law
Lawyer Communications On The Internet: Beginning The Millennium With Disparate Standards, Louise L. Hill
Lawyer Communications On The Internet: Beginning The Millennium With Disparate Standards, Louise L. Hill
Washington Law Review
Lawyer communications on the Internet constituting commercial speech are subject to state ethics rules governing lawyer advertising and communication. Because each state operates as a separate entity with its own rules that govern the lawyers of its jurisdiction, the profession is faced with disparate standards on a jurisdictional basis. Of the forty-three states that have adopted the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, four-fifths have standards on lawyer communications that vary from those in the Model Rules. Not only is there variation in the rules themselves, but differences exist in the specific applicability and interpretation of these rules to components of …
Wake-Up Call: Using The Washington Shoreline Management Act To Protect The Shorelines Of Puget Sound From High-Speed Vessel Wake Wash, Cory J. Albright
Wake-Up Call: Using The Washington Shoreline Management Act To Protect The Shorelines Of Puget Sound From High-Speed Vessel Wake Wash, Cory J. Albright
Washington Law Review
Wake wash from high-speed vessels such as the Chinook passenger ferry accelerates erosion, destroys kelp and shellfish beds, and endangers recreational boaters in Puget Sound. The Washington Shoreline Management Act (SMA) grants the Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE) and local governments authority to regulate water uses in order to protect the shoreline environment. The federal Coastal Zone Management Act echoes this policy and mandates federal-state cooperation in the development and protection of the coastal zone. Although the U.S. Coast Guard traditionally regulates vessel traffic in Puget Sound pursuant to Title I of the Ports and Waterways Safety Act, the …
The Search For A Distinct Religious-Liberty Jurisprudence Under The Washington State Constitution, Katie Hosford
The Search For A Distinct Religious-Liberty Jurisprudence Under The Washington State Constitution, Katie Hosford
Washington Law Review
Article I, Section 11, of the Washington Constitution, titled "Religious Freedom," provides more protection for free exercise of religion and the separation of church and state than the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Because the state constitution provides broader protection for each right, a natural tension arises between the two rights. However, rather than relying on the text of the state constitution, the Supreme Court of Washington has imposed an entirely federal analysis on free exercise cases brought under Washington law. In addition, the establishment cases under Article I, Section 11, have inconsistently interpreted the language of the state …
Disobedience And Contempt, Margit Livingston
Disobedience And Contempt, Margit Livingston
Washington Law Review
A court's power to impose contempt sanctions on recalcitrant individuals is essential to ensure orderly judicial proceedings and obedience of judicial decrees. Despite repeated efforts to distinguish between civil and criminal contempt and the procedures required for each, the U.S. Supreme Court arguably has failed to delineate a precise demarcation between the two that considers both the due process interests of alleged contemnors and the remedial needs of party plaintiffs. This Article suggests that the Court's latest major decision on the differences between civil and criminal contempt, International Union, United Mine Workers v. Bagwell, represents the high water mark …
Hate Exposed To The Light Of Day: Determining The Boy Scouts Of America's Expressive Purpose Solely From Objective Evidence, Cara J. Frey
Hate Exposed To The Light Of Day: Determining The Boy Scouts Of America's Expressive Purpose Solely From Objective Evidence, Cara J. Frey
Washington Law Review
In the 1980s, the U.S. Supreme Court took considerable steps toward decreasing the uncertainty surrounding an organization's associational freedoms by requiring an organization seeking to exclude individuals solely based on status to prove that its expressive purpose would be undermined if it included such members. However, these Supreme Court cases failed to establish any consistent approach to determining an organization's expressive purpose. Problems have arisen most acutely with the claims of gays seeking to be included in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), an organization with a multifaceted and vague message. As the law now stands, courts have broad discretion …
Copyright Statutes That Regulate Technology: A Comparative Analysis Of The Audio Home Recording Act And The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Benton J. Gaffney
Copyright Statutes That Regulate Technology: A Comparative Analysis Of The Audio Home Recording Act And The Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Benton J. Gaffney
Washington Law Review
Over the past two decades, as the presence of digital technology has become more and more ubiquitous, its tremendous capabilities of reproduction and distribution have created difficult issues for copyright law. Recently, Congress has addressed some of these issues by taking the nontraditional approach of directly regulating the manufacture, development, and distribution of technology. In 1992, Congress enacted the Audio Home Recording Act, requiring that all digital audio recording devices possess a serial copy management system to limit the copying of digital music recordings. Six years later, Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, making it a crime to manufacture …
Municipal Police Power In Washington State, Hugh D. Spitzer
Municipal Police Power In Washington State, Hugh D. Spitzer
Washington Law Review
Local governments in Washington State have enjoyed strong regulatory powers since the state's constitution was adopted in 1889. Those "police powers" initially focused on the protection of public health and safety, but broadened in the early twentieth century to encompass the protection of consumers and employees and the promotion of the general welfare. The Supreme Court of Washington sparingly applied "substantive due process" as a brake on the police power and promptly dropped that doctrine when the U.S. Supreme Court ceased its use in the 1930s. However, the vocabulary of substantive due process lived on in state court opinions defining …
Justice At The Margins: Equitable Tolling Of Washington's Deadline For Filing Collateral Attacks On Criminal Judgments, Mark A. Wilner
Justice At The Margins: Equitable Tolling Of Washington's Deadline For Filing Collateral Attacks On Criminal Judgments, Mark A. Wilner
Washington Law Review
RCW 10.73.090 establishes a one-year deadline for appealing a final criminal judgment in Washington State. This Comment argues that this one-year deadline should be subject to the doctrine of equitable tolling, which can prevent a statute of limitation from expiring when extraordinary circumstances preclude timely filing. After examining the text, legislative history, structure, purpose, and policy implications of RCW 10.73.090, this Comment demonstrates that the one-year deadline does not operate as a jurisdictional bar, which would revoke judicial power to hear a postconviction appeal after one year under any circumstances, but instead acts as a statute of limitation subject to …
Disappearing Without A Trace: Sections 11 And 12(A)(2) Of The 1933 Securities Act, Hillary A. Sale
Disappearing Without A Trace: Sections 11 And 12(A)(2) Of The 1933 Securities Act, Hillary A. Sale
Washington Law Review
The judicially created tracing requirement thwarts the remedial sections of the 1933 Securities Act (the "Securities Act") by requiring shareholders to prove the impossible—that their securities were actually issued in the questioned offering. Since 1967, courts addressing this issue have, without question, adopted a requirement for section 11 that plaintiff-shareholders trace their shares to the offering. Recently, courts have expanded it to apply to section 12(a)(2) as well. For any but the first purchases of a share of stock, this requirement has always been virtually impossible to meet. Courts have also used the 1995 opinion in Gustafson v. Alloyd Co. …
"To Say The Greatest Matters In The Simplest Way": A "First Economic Injury" Rule As A Restatement Of Directness Standing Requirements In Federal Antitrust Law, Christopher B. Durbin
"To Say The Greatest Matters In The Simplest Way": A "First Economic Injury" Rule As A Restatement Of Directness Standing Requirements In Federal Antitrust Law, Christopher B. Durbin
Washington Law Review
In addition to traditional constitutional standing analysis, federal antitrust law examines a potential plaintiff's claims under a series of specialized standing requirements. One of these requirements is that the plaintiff's injury be a "direct" result of the antitrust violator's misconduct. This requirement has been prominent in recent tobacco litigation where union health care trust funds sued the major tobacco companies in antitrust to recover the costs of treating nicotine-addicted beneficiaries. Federal courts generally denied standing to the trust funds for several reasons, one of which was the trust funds' failure to satisfy the directness requirements. This Comment analyzes the tests …
Appearance Matters: A Proposal To Prohibit Appearance Discrimination In Employment, Elizabeth M. Adamitis
Appearance Matters: A Proposal To Prohibit Appearance Discrimination In Employment, Elizabeth M. Adamitis
Washington Law Review
The consideration of appearance in employment decisionmaking context is prevalent and widely accepted. Nonetheless, statutory protection against such discrimination remains limited. Federal protection applies only to claims related to already-protected categories of discrimination, including disability, race, color, religion, sex, national origin, and age. Only one state and a small number of cities and counties explicitly prohibit appearance discrimination in employment. This Comment argues that consideration of appearance in employment decisions is not justified, rational, or beneficial to society unless a bona fide occupational qualification or reasonable business purpose exists. States should adopt statutory protection for appearance to.protect otherwise qualified applicants …
The Public-Use Requirement In Washington After State Ex Rel. Washington State Convention & Trade Center V. Evans, Tim Benedict
The Public-Use Requirement In Washington After State Ex Rel. Washington State Convention & Trade Center V. Evans, Tim Benedict
Washington Law Review
In State ex rel. Washington State Convention & Trade Center v. Evans, the Supreme Court of Washington held that an exercise of eminent domain for a convention center expansion project containing private developments utilizing most of the project's developed space would not violate the Washington public-use requirement In so doing, the court made the already confusing and contradictory Washington case law concerning public use in the context of eminent domain even more unpredictable. This Note argues that the court should have adopted a public-purpose analysis and thereby clarified the Washington public-use requirement.
All Together Now: Legal Responses To The Introduction Of Aquatic Nuisance Species In Washington Through Ballast Water, Jason R. Hamilton
All Together Now: Legal Responses To The Introduction Of Aquatic Nuisance Species In Washington Through Ballast Water, Jason R. Hamilton
Washington Law Review
Aquatic nuisance species (ANS) are a substantial threat to the global environment, causing harm to ecosystems and costing U.S. industry billions of dollars per year. To combat ANS, legal regimes are being established on the international, federal, and state levels. In some western states, advocates have proposed legislation that is more stringent than the international and federal legal regimes' voluntary ballast-water-exchange regulations. This Comment argues that Washington and the United States should remain in conformity with the international legal regime and should not enact regulations calling for mandatory ballast water-exchange at this time. Instead, the U.S. Coast Guard should strengthen …
Rico Rights For Erisa Wrongs: Can Plaintiffs Find Relief Despite Erisa Preemption Of State-Law Claims?, Alan R. Ross
Rico Rights For Erisa Wrongs: Can Plaintiffs Find Relief Despite Erisa Preemption Of State-Law Claims?, Alan R. Ross
Washington Law Review
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) preempts state laws that relate to employee benefit plans and allows only equitable relief for those who are injured by decisions of ERISA plan administrators. Even though the interpretation of ERISA's preemptive power has changed since 1974, ERISA still poses a significant challenge to plaintiffs in actions for damages against plan administrators. This Comment suggests that another federal law, the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), which is explicitly not preempted by ERISA, may provide relief. The challenges that a plaintiff bringing an action against plan administrators may face include …
The Doctrine Of Piercing The Veil In An Era Of Multiple Limited Liability Entities: An Opportunity To Codify The Test For Waiving Owners' Limited-Liability Protection, John H. Matheson, Raymond B. Eby
The Doctrine Of Piercing The Veil In An Era Of Multiple Limited Liability Entities: An Opportunity To Codify The Test For Waiving Owners' Limited-Liability Protection, John H. Matheson, Raymond B. Eby
Washington Law Review
The use of the corporate form of business organization has always provided a firm's owners/shareholders with a presumptive shield from personal liability for the debts of the business. Case-by-case exceptions to this limited-liability shield have developed in each state under the general rubric of "piercing the veil." Courts and commentators alike have noted the vagueness of the piercing analysis and have questioned the appropriateness of some of the factors employed in that analysis. In addition, new forms of business entities, such as limited liability companies and limited liability partnerships, have been legislatively created over the past several decades, raising the …
Shut The Blinds And Lock The Doors—Is That Enough?: The Scope Of Fourth Amendment Protection Outside One's Own Home, Ramsey Ramerman
Shut The Blinds And Lock The Doors—Is That Enough?: The Scope Of Fourth Amendment Protection Outside One's Own Home, Ramsey Ramerman
Washington Law Review
The Fourth Amendment was designed to be a barrier that protects citizens from unreasonable government intrusion and surveillance. However, for the Amendment to grant meaningful protection, the rules that govern the scope of that protection must supply guidance to police and citizens. While the Fourth Amendment unquestionably protects people in their own homes, the scope of the Amendment's protection outside the home is not clear. In Rakas v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts should define the scope of Fourth Amendment protection by considering sources outside of the Fourth Amendment. While Rakas provides guidance to courts, it …
In Rem Jurisdiction In Cyberspace, Thomas R. Lee
In Rem Jurisdiction In Cyberspace, Thomas R. Lee
Washington Law Review
"Cyberpirates" incorporating variations on famous trademarks in Internet domain names often attempt to insulate themselves from service of process by providing false and incomplete information in registration materials. Holders of prominent trademarks are often left without an effective remedy because of the logistical difficulty of identifying cyberpirates and personally serving a multitude of complaints in far-flung jurisdictions. This Article examines a potential solution to the problem, whereby the trademark holder files an in rem action against the Internet domain names themselves on the theory that domain names incorporating their famous trademarks violate the Lanham Act and are subject to cancellation …
A Study In Double Standards, Discipline, And The Disabled Student, Anne Proffitt Dupre
A Study In Double Standards, Discipline, And The Disabled Student, Anne Proffitt Dupre
Washington Law Review
School violence and other school discipline issues erode trust and confidence in our public schools and inhibit students from obtaining the education necessary to participate meaningfully in our nation's democratic and political institutions. This Article examines an issue of school law that appears almost insoluble-what one judge has called the "exquisitely difficult" issue of school discipline and the disabled student. The issue is governed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, enacted in 1975), which imposes significant constraints on school authorities who wish to discipline disruptive or violent disabled students. School officials have stated that IDEA left them powerless …
Unconscious Bias And Self-Critical Analysis: The Case For A Qualified Evidentiary Equal Employment Opportunity Privilege, Deana A. Pollard
Unconscious Bias And Self-Critical Analysis: The Case For A Qualified Evidentiary Equal Employment Opportunity Privilege, Deana A. Pollard
Washington Law Review
Recent breakthroughs in social psychology have resulted in the ability to measure unconscious bias scientifically. Studies indicate that prejudiced responses are largely unconscious, the result of normal cognitive processing and stereotypical associations of which the prejudiced subject may be completely unaware. The studies also indicate that a subject's awareness of the discrepancy between her conscious, egalitarian value system and her unconscious prejudice is a critical step towards the convergence of her cognitive functioning and her egalitarian viewpoints. Antidiscrimination legislation requires a showing of intent to discriminate to obtain relief in all but a small percent of circumstances. The result is …
Malone V. Brincat: The Fiduciary Disclosure Duty Of Corporate Directors Under Delaware Law, Nicole M. Kim
Malone V. Brincat: The Fiduciary Disclosure Duty Of Corporate Directors Under Delaware Law, Nicole M. Kim
Washington Law Review
In Malone v. Brincat, the Supreme Court of Delaware significantly broadened the fiduciary disclosure duty of corporate directors under Delaware law. Malone allows shareholders to bring either a direct or a derivative action against directors for the public release of misleading financial statements reported to the Securities Exchange Commission, regardless of whether the alleged misstatements were made in connection with a request for shareholder action. The court also held that a federal preemption statute, the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998, did not preempt the shareholders' action in Delaware state court. This Note argues that the Supreme Court …
Wanted Posters, Bulletproof Vests, And The First Amendment: Distinguishing True Threats From Coercive Political Advocacy, Leigh Noffsinger
Wanted Posters, Bulletproof Vests, And The First Amendment: Distinguishing True Threats From Coercive Political Advocacy, Leigh Noffsinger
Washington Law Review
In February 1999, an Oregon jury returned a $107 million verdict for doctors who successfully argued that antiabortion activists' propaganda, in the form of posters and a web site, constituted true threats in violation of federal law. The judge rejected the activists' argument that the First Amendment protected their speech and instructed that if a reasonable person would have foreseen that the communication would be interpreted as threatening, the jury must find in favor of the plaintiffs. This Comment argues that the dichotomy of analysis under two leading U.S. Supreme Court cases has led to conflicting standards that provide insufficient …
Opting In, Outing Out, Or No Options At All: The Fight For Control Of Personal Information, Jeff Sovern
Opting In, Outing Out, Or No Options At All: The Fight For Control Of Personal Information, Jeff Sovern
Washington Law Review
Businesses routinely buy and sell personal information about consumers. Many consumers find this objectionable, but relatively few of them opt out of that trade. This Article argues that businesses have both the incentive and the ability to increase consumers' transaction costs in protecting their privacy and that some marketers do in fact inflate those costs. Faced with this and other constraints, many consumers ultimately decide not to protect their privacy. This Article proposes several ways by which consumers' transaction costs can be reduced or eliminated.
What Is A "Meretricious Relationship"?: An Analysis Of Cohabitant Property Rights Under Connell V. Francisco, Gavin M. Parr
What Is A "Meretricious Relationship"?: An Analysis Of Cohabitant Property Rights Under Connell V. Francisco, Gavin M. Parr
Washington Law Review
In the 1995 case Connell v. Francisco, the Supreme Court of Washington adopted an innovative and groundbreaking rule to resolve the property rights of cohabitants upon separation. After Connell, upon termination of a "meretricious relationship," a trial court must perform a just and equitable distribution of the property acquired during the relationship that would have been community property had the parties been married. In adopting this rule, the supreme court sought to resolve property rights arising out of cohabitation in a predictable and equitable manner while maintaining the distinction between marriage and cohabitation. Unfortunately, the meretricious relationship fiction the …
Interest Or Principles?: The Legal Challenge To Iolta In Washington State, Jay Carlson
Interest Or Principles?: The Legal Challenge To Iolta In Washington State, Jay Carlson
Washington Law Review
Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) programs exist in all fifty states and raise significant funding for legal services for the poor. A recent series of federal court lawsuits seeks to eliminate IOLTA programs on the grounds that they violate the Fifth and First Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Washington Legal Foundation v. Legal Foundation of Washington, currently on appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, is one such lawsuit challenging Washington State's IOLTA program. In Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation, a similar case from Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled that funds raised …
How Many People Does It Take To Save A Drowning Baby?: A Good Samaritan Statute In Washington State, Sungeeta Jain
How Many People Does It Take To Save A Drowning Baby?: A Good Samaritan Statute In Washington State, Sungeeta Jain
Washington Law Review
For the past three years, the Washington legislature has considered a Good Samaritan bill, nicknamed the "Joey Levick Bill," that would impose a duty to summon assistance for those known to be substantially injured. This Comment argues that the bill is minimally intrusive and should be acceptable to autonomous individuals, because it requires a bystander merely to notify the appropriate authorities is if the bystander sees someone who is substantially injured. The bill also addresses the concerns about sinister abuse of the law by criminals feigning injury, by not requiring an individual to attempt a physical rescue. In addition, the …
Salmon And The Endangered Species Act: Lessons From The Columbia Basin, Michael C. Blumm, Greg D. Corbin
Salmon And The Endangered Species Act: Lessons From The Columbia Basin, Michael C. Blumm, Greg D. Corbin
Washington Law Review
Within the last decade, the Columbia Basin, once home to the world's largest salmon runs, has witnessed numerous listings of its signature natural resource under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). These listings have propelled the ESA into the forefront of land and water use decisionmaking across a vast landscape of the Pacific Northwest This Article examines the Columbia Basin salmon listings and their aftermath. Specifically, it considers the effect of the ESA's consultation requirements on hydroelectric, hatchery, harvest, and habitat decisionmaking. The Article draws several lessons from this examination, many of them surprising, including the assertion that the listings have …
Past, Present And Future Constitutional Challenges To Transferable Development Rights, Jennifer Frankel
Past, Present And Future Constitutional Challenges To Transferable Development Rights, Jennifer Frankel
Washington Law Review
Seattle's transfer of development rights (TDR) system, an innovative land use device, has so far avoided many of the problems that have plagued other TDR systems. Although the system's voluntary participation avoids a takings challenge, it is still vulnerable to attack on due process grounds. In addition, two U.S. Supreme Court cases held that conditions in land use regulations must closely mirror the harms sought to be prevented, suggesting new constitutional problems for Seattle's TDR system. This Comment describes Seattle's current TDR system and examines its vulnerability to constitutional challenges. This paper concludes that while Seattle's TDR system will probably …
The Take And Give Of Esa Administration: The Need For Creative Solutions In The Face Of Expanding Regulatory Proscriptions, Christine O. Gregoire, Robert K. Costello
The Take And Give Of Esa Administration: The Need For Creative Solutions In The Face Of Expanding Regulatory Proscriptions, Christine O. Gregoire, Robert K. Costello
Washington Law Review
Salmon play a significant role in the culture, economy, and ecology of Washington State. Their threatened extinctions have led to a string of listings under the federal Endangered Species Act. This Article considers our response to these listings and the relationship of that response to federal oversight. Part I discusses how the ESA will affect the actions and activities of state and local governments and the citizens they serve. Part II discusses the need for latitude on the part of the federal agencies in assessing the value of state conservation and recovery efforts. This Article concludes that the plight of …
Truce In The Salmon War: Alternatives For The Pacific Salmon Treaty, Karol De Zwager Brown
Truce In The Salmon War: Alternatives For The Pacific Salmon Treaty, Karol De Zwager Brown
Washington Law Review
The 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty was heralded as an end to the ongoing international dispute between the United States and Canada over Pacific salmon fishing rights. The Treaty, however, failed to define adequately the principles and processes for allocating salmon harvests between the two countries. The parties to the Treaty have been unable to reach consensus on annual salmon harvests since 1992, fueling a growing conflict which has threatened to spill over to issues beyond the fishery dispute. This Article examines the historical context of the "salmon war," highlighting changes in international law and domestic politics that affected the formation …
How Do You Learn From A River? Managing Uncertainty In Species Conservation Policy, John M. Volkman
How Do You Learn From A River? Managing Uncertainty In Species Conservation Policy, John M. Volkman
Washington Law Review
As the Puget Sound region embarks on a new chapter in the story of the Endangered Species Act, experiences with fish and wildlife restoration efforts in other locations can be instructive. This Article reviews conservation efforts in the Columbia River Basin, and it explains the major role that scientific uncertainty plays in salmon conservation efforts. This discussion describes the debate between traditional fish and wildlife management, which focuses more on individual populations and mitigation technologies, and recent scientific reports, which urge more reliance on naturally functioning rivers and watersheds. The Article also describes a variety of learning tools that have …