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Articles 811 - 840 of 3365
Full-Text Articles in Law
Conversion And Mergers Of Disparate Business Entities, Robert C. Art
Conversion And Mergers Of Disparate Business Entities, Robert C. Art
Washington Law Review
Legislation permitting a business organized in one form, such as a corporation, to merge with a business of a different form, such as a limited liability company, is relatively recent, but reasonable and beneficial. A logical extension of this legislation is to permit a single business entity to convert its organizational form without involving a second entity. Recognition of these cross-entity transactions flows naturally from the expansion of organizational options in recent years, particularly the introduction of limited liability companies and limited liability partnerships. Conversion and merger of disparate entities are already available in a few states, with varying degrees …
Kim Ho Ma V. Reno: Cloaking Judicial Activism As Constitutional Avoidance, Matthew E. Hedberg
Kim Ho Ma V. Reno: Cloaking Judicial Activism As Constitutional Avoidance, Matthew E. Hedberg
Washington Law Review
In Kim Ho Ma v. Reno, the Ninth Circuit rewrote the plain language of § 241(a)(6) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) to avoid a constitutional defect in the statute. Section 123 1(a)(6) of Title 8 of the U.S. Code, which codifies § 241(a)(6) of the IIRIRA, authorizes the Attorney General to detain criminal aliens, or removable aliens posing a danger to the community or a danger of flight risk, beyond the statutory removal period if they have not been removed from the country. Under the guise of constitutional avoidance, the Ma court …
Grandma Got Run Over By The Supreme Court: Suggestions For A Constitutional Nonparental Visitation Statute After Troxel V. Granville, Eric B. Martin
Grandma Got Run Over By The Supreme Court: Suggestions For A Constitutional Nonparental Visitation Statute After Troxel V. Granville, Eric B. Martin
Washington Law Review
Every state in the Union has a statute allowing for court-ordered child visitation by non-parents. Until the summer of 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court had never ruled on the constitutionality of such statutes. When the Court finally tackled Washington's statute in Troxel v. Granville, the Court left the most significant questions unanswered, while casting doubt on the validity of Washington's statute. Prior to Troxel, the Washington Supreme Court had held Washington's nonparental visitation statute facially unconstitutional, finding that the statute violated the Fourteenth Amendment rights of parents. After granting certiorari, the U.S. Supreme Court held Washington's statute unconstitutional …
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Vasquez V. Hawthorne Wrongfully Denied Washington's Meretricious Relationship Doctrine To Same-Sex Couples, Amanda J. Beane
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Vasquez V. Hawthorne Wrongfully Denied Washington's Meretricious Relationship Doctrine To Same-Sex Couples, Amanda J. Beane
Washington Law Review
Washington's property-division scheme for unmarried couples is among the most progressive in the nation. The scheme has evolved from a time when courts treated unmarried couples unfavorably and generally refused to divide their property equitably. The Washington Supreme Court took a step forward from this approach when it created the meretricious relationship doctrine. Under this doctrine, courts may equitably divide unmarried couples' property at the termination of their relationship if the relationship was stable, marital-like, and the parties cohabited knowing they were not lawfully married. Now, however, the Washington Court of Appeals has restricted the application of this doctrine to …
Unopened Public Street Easements In Washington: Whose Right To Use That Land Is It, Anyway?, Alfred E. Donohue
Unopened Public Street Easements In Washington: Whose Right To Use That Land Is It, Anyway?, Alfred E. Donohue
Washington Law Review
This Comment argues that landowners whose property abuts unopened public street easements have a right to reasonable, non-interfering use of such easements until the city or county opens the street for its intended purpose. Unopened public street easements are dedicated streets that a city or county has not developed or used. Often, landowners use this land to store firewood, park boats, or garden. In 1995, the City of Seattle enacted Municipal Code section 15.02.100, which prohibits all use of unopened public street easements. Several Washington court decisions purportedly support the Seattle ordinance. These decisions suggest that abutting property owners have …
Two Wrongs Do Not Make A Defense: Eliminating The Equal-Opportunity-Harasser Defense, Shylah Miles
Two Wrongs Do Not Make A Defense: Eliminating The Equal-Opportunity-Harasser Defense, Shylah Miles
Washington Law Review
Sexual harassment is a prevalent problem in the American workplace that accounts for nearly sixty-four percent of all gender discrimination claims under Title VII. The equal-opportunity-harasser defense allows harassers who target both males and females to escape liability. Courts have allowed the defense because they have interpreted the "because of sex" element of a sexual harassment claim to require disparate treatment or a showing that the plaintiffs would not have been harassed if they were members of the opposite sex. An equal-opportunity harasser harasses both sexes and, therefore, plaintiffs cannot prove disparate treatment. This Comment argues that the disparate-treatment requirement …
The First Amendment Versus The World Trade Organization: Emergency Powers And The Battle In Seattle, Aaron Perrine
The First Amendment Versus The World Trade Organization: Emergency Powers And The Battle In Seattle, Aaron Perrine
Washington Law Review
The 1999 World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial meeting in Seattle was the target of highly organized, widely supported protest demonstrations. In response to the protests, city officials declared a state of emergency, ordering nighttime curfews and a daytime "no-protest zone" in downtown Seattle. They reasoned that the zone was necessary to protect the rights of WTO delegates and to restore public order. This Comment argues that mass nonviolent protests deserve more First Amendment protection than was afforded to demonstrators in Seattle. Even when violence occurs and public order is threatened, governments must narrowly tailor emergency orders to avoid trampling on …
Dna Typing: Emerging Or Neglected Issues, Edward J. Imwinkelried, D.H. Kaye
Dna Typing: Emerging Or Neglected Issues, Edward J. Imwinkelried, D.H. Kaye
Washington Law Review
DNA typing has had a major impact on the criminal justice system. There are hundreds of opinions and thousands of cases dealing with DNA evidence. Yet, at virtually every stage of the process, there are important issues that are just emerging or that have been neglected. At the investigative stage, courts have barely begun to focus on the legal limitations on the power of the police to obtain samples directly from suspects and to use the data from DNA samples in various ways. Issues such as the propriety of "DNA dragnets" (in which large numbers of individuals in a geographic …
Qualifying Immunity: Protecting State Employees' Right To Protect Their Employment Rights After Alden V. Maine, Raymond J. Farrow
Qualifying Immunity: Protecting State Employees' Right To Protect Their Employment Rights After Alden V. Maine, Raymond J. Farrow
Washington Law Review
Recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions have barred state employees from bringing private suits against their state employers to recover back wages due them as a result of having been paid in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). This Comment proposes that the only method by which state employees may protect their FLSA rights on their own behalf is to bring suits against responsible state supervisory personnel in their individual capacities. Although such actions are not barred by sovereign immunity, the potential ability of state agents to invoke a defense of "qualified immunity" would severely impair state employees' ability …
Roberts V. Dudley: An Unnecessary Broadening Of The Public Policy Exception To The Employment-At-Will Doctrine In Washington, Brian Hersey
Roberts V. Dudley: An Unnecessary Broadening Of The Public Policy Exception To The Employment-At-Will Doctrine In Washington, Brian Hersey
Washington Law Review
In Roberts v. Dudley, the Supreme Court of Washington dramatically expanded the previously narrow public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine and created a dangerous precedent. The court held that small employers, explicitly exempt from the Washington Law Against Discrimination (VLAD), could be liable at common law for the tort of wrongful discharge in violation of Washington's public policy against sex discrimination as found in the WLAD. The tort of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy requires a finding of a "clear mandate of public policy." This Note argues the court should not have found in the WLAD …
The Reasonable Girl: A New Reasonableness Standard To Determine Sexual Harassment In Schools, Carrie L. Hoon
The Reasonable Girl: A New Reasonableness Standard To Determine Sexual Harassment In Schools, Carrie L. Hoon
Washington Law Review
The U.S. Supreme Court held in Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education that schools may be liable under Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments for student-to-student hostile-environment sexual harassment. Although the Court required that conduct be severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive to qualify as sexual harassment under the statute, it did not establish an objective reasonableness standard to evaluate allegedly harassing conduct. In the context of Title VII employment-discrimination jurisprudence, some courts apply a reasonable-woman standard to determine what conduct is objectively hostile or abusive such that it constitutes actionable hostile-environment sexual harassment in the workplace. This Comment …
No "Dilettante Affair": Rethinking The Experimental Use Exception To Patent Infringement For Biomedical Research Tools, Janice M. Mueller
No "Dilettante Affair": Rethinking The Experimental Use Exception To Patent Infringement For Biomedical Research Tools, Janice M. Mueller
Washington Law Review
Scientists who require multiple "research tools" (i.e., laboratory resources such as transgenic animals and biological receptors) to develop new drugs and medical diagnostic products are frequently finding that these tools are patented or subject to other proprietary constraints. Stacking royalty obligations and heightened transaction costs resulting from the proliferation of patents on research tools threaten to slow or stop the development of new drugs and devices critical to public health. Because U.S. courts have very narrowly interpreted the common law "experimental use" defense of patent law as limited to "dilettante" uses of inventions for mere "amusement" or "philosophical" inquiry, scientists …
Rights, Rights Of Action, And Remedies: An Integrated Approach, Donald H. Zeigler
Rights, Rights Of Action, And Remedies: An Integrated Approach, Donald H. Zeigler
Washington Law Review
Traditionally, courts equated rights and remedies. Consequently, courts sought to provide remedies for the violation of statutory rights even if a statute did not contain detailed enforcement provisions. In the 1970s, however, the U.S. Supreme Court transformed what had been a unified inquiry into whether a statutory provision should bejudicially enforceable into three distinct questions and developed separate criteria for deciding whether a statute should be read to create a right, imply a right of action, or provide a remedy. Rights, rights of action, and remedies are inextricably related. The Court's attempt to separate these inseparable concepts has led to …
The Equal Pay Act As Appropriate Legislation Under Section 5 Of The Fourteenth Amendment: Can State Employers Be Sued?, Thane Somerville
The Equal Pay Act As Appropriate Legislation Under Section 5 Of The Fourteenth Amendment: Can State Employers Be Sued?, Thane Somerville
Washington Law Review
Congress may constitutionally abrogate state sovereign immunity only through legislation enacted pursuant to Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, the U.S. Supreme Court held the Age Discrimination in Employment Act to be inappropriate Section 5 legislation. Kimel was the first time the Court held an anti-discrimination statute enacted to protect civil rights inapplicable to the states. Based on the Kimel decision, other civil rights statutes, such as the Equal Pay Act (EPA), may face similar challenges. This Comment argues that the EPA is appropriate Section 5 legislation. Unlike …
Protecting The Tax-Exempt Status Of Housing Developers Participating In Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Partnershps, Marni Hussong
Protecting The Tax-Exempt Status Of Housing Developers Participating In Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Partnershps, Marni Hussong
Washington Law Review
The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is an important source of federal funding for developers of affordable housing for low-income persons. Although for-profit and nonprofit developers compete for credits, the federal government reserves ten percent of the credits for nonprofit, tax-exempt developers. Exempt developers often sell the credits to for-profit investors, forming a partnership through which the exempt organization develops the housing and the investors receive tax benefits in exchange for capital contributions. The partnership formation, however, may jeopardize the tax-exempt status of the nonprofit organizations and result in the partnership losing the LIHTC. To maintain exempt status, the Internal …
Impeaching Lying Parties With Their Statements During Negotiation: Demysticizing The Public Policy Rationale Behind Evidence Rule 408 And The Mediation-Privilege Statutes, Lynne H. Rambo
Washington Law Review
Virtually all American jurisdictions have laws—either rules of evidence or mediation-privilege statutes or both—that exclude from evidence statements that parties make during negotiations and mediations. The legislatures (and sometimes courts) that have adopted these exclusionary rules have invoked a public policy rationale: that parties must be able to speak freely to settle disputes, and they will not speak freely if their statements during negotiation can later be admitted against them. This rationale is so widely revered that many courts have relied on it to prohibit the use of negotiation statements to impeach, even when the inconsistency of the negotiation statement …
Doctoring Prescriptions: Federal Barriers To Combating Prescription Drug Fraud Against On-Line Pharmacies In Washington, Eric M. Peterson
Doctoring Prescriptions: Federal Barriers To Combating Prescription Drug Fraud Against On-Line Pharmacies In Washington, Eric M. Peterson
Washington Law Review
Prescription drug abuse represents a significant portion of drg abuse in the United States. Drug-seeking individuals alter, steal, or forge prescriptions to sustain their own dependence on prescription medications or to divert the drugs to sell to others at inflated rates. On-line pharmacies are a relatively new source for prescription medications and a potential target for prescription drug fraud. The federal government recently enacted the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN), which governs electronic signatures and preempts inconsistent provisions of state laws, such as the Washington Electronic Authentication Act (WEAA). WEAA is a legal framework that could …
Fundamental Protection Of A Fundamental Right: Full Recovery Of Child-Rearing Damages For Wrongful Pregnancy, Patricia Baugher
Fundamental Protection Of A Fundamental Right: Full Recovery Of Child-Rearing Damages For Wrongful Pregnancy, Patricia Baugher
Washington Law Review
The U. S. Constitution and Washington statutes protect the right to choose not to have a child as a fundamental right. When a healthy child is born after contraceptive methods fail due to physician negligence, parents can sue on a "wrongful pregnancy" cause of action. In all jurisdictions recognizing wrongful pregnancy, parents may recover damages for medical expenses associated with pregnancy and childbirth. A controversy exists, however, concerning whether parents may recover the ordinary expenses of child rearing. While some states allow full recovery of these expenses, and other states allow recovery of the economic expense offset by the emotional …
State V. Parker: Searching The Belongings Of Nonarrested Vehicle Passengers During A Search Incident To Arrest, H. Matthew Munson
State V. Parker: Searching The Belongings Of Nonarrested Vehicle Passengers During A Search Incident To Arrest, H. Matthew Munson
Washington Law Review
The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 7 of the Washington Constitution generally require a warrant supported by probable cause to conduct a search or seizure. One exception to these requirements is a search incident to arrest, which permits the police to search arrested persons and the area within the arrestee's reach for weapons and evidence. Prior to State v. Parker, when police arrested an occupant of an automobile in Washington, they could search the entire passenger compartment of the vehicle with the exception of locked containers. In State v. Parker, a plurality of …
Long Live The Dead Hand: A Case For Repeal Of The Rule Against Perpetuities In Washington, Keith L. Butler
Long Live The Dead Hand: A Case For Repeal Of The Rule Against Perpetuities In Washington, Keith L. Butler
Washington Law Review
The common law rule against perpetuities has had a storied career spanning several centuries and two legal systems. The rule developed to curb the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few, and to limit the control of property by those no longer alive to use it. Legendary for its complexity, the rule has undergone statutory reform in many states; some states have gone so fara s to repeal the rule outright. Washington has embraced two of the major reforms of the rule and is considering repeal. This Comment argues that the rule, even with reform, no longer serves …
Ex Parte Young And Federal Remedies For Human Rights Treaty Violations, David Sloss
Ex Parte Young And Federal Remedies For Human Rights Treaty Violations, David Sloss
Washington Law Review
The doctrine of Ex parte Young is typically described as an exception to the immunity granted by the Eleventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. This Article contends that the Young doctrine also stands for the proposition that the Supremacy Clause creates an implied right of action for injunctive relief against state and local government officers who violate federal statutes or treaties. That right of action is available to plaintiffs who seek to enforce federal statutes or treaties against government officers unless Congress foreclosed the availability of a Young remedy when it enacted the statute, or the treaty makers foreclosed the …
Toward Transaction-Specific Standards Of Directorial Fiduciary Duty In The Tracking-Stock Context, Jeffrey J. Schick
Toward Transaction-Specific Standards Of Directorial Fiduciary Duty In The Tracking-Stock Context, Jeffrey J. Schick
Washington Law Review
In recent years, diversified corporations have increasingly turned to tracking stocks to uncouple high-growth businesses, especially Internet-related operations, from more static business entities. Tracking stock is a unique type of common stock that represents an interest in the financial performance of particular business groups within a diversified parent corporation. However, the tracked business groups are not independent of the parent corporation, and the parent's board of directors still governs the affairs of each business group. This creates unique conflicts for directors who must please multiple groups of stockholders whose interests are not always consistent. Delaware courts have not announced a …
A Proposal To Bring The Becca Bill's Runaway-Detention Provisions Into Compliance With Juveniles' Procedural Due Process Rights, Carrie A. Tracy
A Proposal To Bring The Becca Bill's Runaway-Detention Provisions Into Compliance With Juveniles' Procedural Due Process Rights, Carrie A. Tracy
Washington Law Review
The Becca Bill, enacted in Washington State in 1995, changed the way Washington treats runaway juveniles. The Bill creates a series of secure crisis residential centers and authorizes law enforcement officers to take juvenile runaways into custody and place them in these secure facilities. The facilities must keep the admitted juveniles for at least twenty-four hours but no more than five days. This Comment argues that the Becca Bill, which provides no judicial review of the commitment to detention, violates the procedural due process requirements of Washington and U.S. constitutions. While courts have extended procedural due process protection to juveniles' …
Clearly Defining Preclusive Corporate Lock-Ups: A Bright-Line Test For Lock-Up Provisions In Delaware, Michael G. Hatch
Clearly Defining Preclusive Corporate Lock-Ups: A Bright-Line Test For Lock-Up Provisions In Delaware, Michael G. Hatch
Washington Law Review
Merger mania currently grips the United States as corporations scramble to find merger partners to achieve strategic goals. In their quest for a competitive advantage, large corporations are increasingly willing to use hostile takeovers to deny competitors the benefits of a strategic mergers. In response, merging corporations have granted record-breaking lockup. provisions in an attempt to protect their deals. Delaware's current framework for evaluating the validity of lock-up provisions requires courts to apply different levels of scrutiny depending on the form of the transaction. However, Delaware courts have inconsistently applied the correct standard and have failed to identify preclusive lock-ups. …
Bifurcation Unbound, Steven S. Gensler
Bifurcation Unbound, Steven S. Gensler
Washington Law Review
The bifurcation of issues in a federal trial under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 42(b) offers many benefits for both litigants and the judiciary. One of the greatest potential benefits of issue bifurcation is increased judicial efficiency. Frequently the jury's disposition of the first issue will obviate the need to try the remaining issues. Despite this efficiency potential, bifurcation is controversial. Historically, the opponents of bifurcation have leveled three primary criticisms against bifurcation: (1) that it skews verdict outcomes in favor of defendants, (2) that it infringes on the role of the civil jury, and (3) that it creates a …
One Crime, Many Convicted: Dissociative Identity Disorder And The Exclusion Of Expert Testimony In State V. Greene, Mary Eileen Crego
One Crime, Many Convicted: Dissociative Identity Disorder And The Exclusion Of Expert Testimony In State V. Greene, Mary Eileen Crego
Washington Law Review
In State v. Greene, the Supreme Court of Washington held that expert testimony about Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) was not admissible to support an insanity or diminished-capacity defense. Even though the court acknowledged DID as a generally accepted medical disorder, the court reasoned that such testimony would not be helpful to the trier of fact, as required by Washington Evidence Rule (ER) 702, because the court has not established a specific standard for determining the legal responsibility of a defendant with multiple personalities. This Note argues that the Greene court had sufficient scientific evidence to establish a legal standard …
Actual Versus Legal Control: Reading Vicarious Liability For Copyright Infringement Into The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Of 1998, Charles S. Wright
Actual Versus Legal Control: Reading Vicarious Liability For Copyright Infringement Into The Digital Millennium Copyright Act Of 1998, Charles S. Wright
Washington Law Review
Title 11 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 purports to limit the liability of Internet service providers that have been found vicariously liable for copyright infringement. However, by basing this limitation on the absence of the "benefit" and "control" elements of the common law test for vicarious liability, the plain language of Title II, codified at 17 U.S.C. § 512, appears to preclude statutory protection once a court has found a service provider vicariously liable. This Comment argues that courts must read a narrow definition of "actual" control into 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(B) in order to preserve the …
Mail-Order Gun Kits And Fingerprint-Resistant Pistols: Why Washington Courts Should Impose A Duty On Gun Manufacturers To Market Firearms Responsibly, Amy Edwards
Washington Law Review
Plaintiffs have historically been unsuccessful in suing gun manufacturers for injuries inflicted by the criminal acts of third parties. Until recently, with one exception, courts uniformly found no basis for liability under either strict liability or general negligence claims. In three recent cases, however, courts have imposed a duty under negligent-marketing theories. These theories have yet to be tested in Washington. This Comment examines the potential viability of a lawsuit by victims of gun violence against gun manufacturers for negligent marketing in Washington. It ultimately concludes that Washington courts can and should impose a duty on gun manufacturers to refrain …
The Myth Of Property Absolutism And Modern Government: The Interacation Of Police Power And Property Rights, Philip A. Talmadge
The Myth Of Property Absolutism And Modern Government: The Interacation Of Police Power And Property Rights, Philip A. Talmadge
Washington Law Review
A new movement in America espousing a novel doctrine, property-rights absolutism, has gained some popular and political appeal. But the property rights absolutists tend to ignore the societal foundations of property, and especially de-emphasize the responsibilities property owners have to the community in which they live. They fail to consider properly the significance of the police power and its vital role in the American and Washington State constitutional systems. This Article debunks the newly minted mythology of the property-rights absolutists and places the police power and property rights in their proper historical perspective.
Beating Again And Again And Again: Why Washington Needs A New Rule Of Evidence Admitting Prior Acts Of Domestic Violence, Linell A. Letendre
Beating Again And Again And Again: Why Washington Needs A New Rule Of Evidence Admitting Prior Acts Of Domestic Violence, Linell A. Letendre
Washington Law Review
Batterers in Washington who use violence to control their intimate partners routinely avoid conviction and punishment due to the difficulties of prosecuting domestic violence cases. Prosecutors often face complex problems, such as recanting victims, lack of other witnesses, and juries inherently biased against battered women. Although some Washington prosecutors have found ways to introduce evidence of prior domestic violence in certain limited circumstances, Washington Rule of Evidence 404(b) generally precludes the use of evidence showing prior domestic violence. This Comment argues that this evidence rule prevents the admission of highly probative evidence of prior abuse against current or past victims …