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Articles 871 - 900 of 3365
Full-Text Articles in Law
The Role Of Rights In Benefit Cost Methodology: The Example Of Salmon And Hydroelectric Dams, Richard O. Zerbe Jr., Linda J. Graham
The Role Of Rights In Benefit Cost Methodology: The Example Of Salmon And Hydroelectric Dams, Richard O. Zerbe Jr., Linda J. Graham
Washington Law Review
Benefit cost analysis is a well-established technique for assessing the impacts of proposed actions. Accurate benefit cost analysis is essential to making informed decisions through an understanding of the trade-offs involved in alternative actions. This Article presents a methodology for improving current benefit cost techniques and hence the usefulness of benefit cost analysis to decisionmakers. The proposed methodology is based on recognition of the roles of legal rights and psychological expectations in benefit cost analysis. Proper consideration of these rights and expectations is critical to an accurate determination of how benefits and costs are measured and whose interests are included …
What A Salmon Czar Might Hope For, William H. Rodgers Jr.
What A Salmon Czar Might Hope For, William H. Rodgers Jr.
Washington Law Review
Senate Bill 5595 is denominated "Salmon Recovery Funding." It is a structural and planning law. It authorizes establishment of a Salmon Recovery Funding Board that will fix criteria and allocate funds for "salmon habitat projects" and "salmon recovery activities." The projects include habitat restoration and protection; the activities include preparation of stream corridor guidelines and programmatic permitting endeavors. The Board will work from a "habitat project list" that is to be developed by a "critical pathways methodology." This approach is defined as "a project scheduling and management process for examining interactions between habitat projects and salmonid species prioritizing habitat projects, …
Challenging Land Use Actions Under Section 1983: Washington Law After Mission Springs, Inc. V. City Of Spokane, Eric Jenkins
Challenging Land Use Actions Under Section 1983: Washington Law After Mission Springs, Inc. V. City Of Spokane, Eric Jenkins
Washington Law Review
Federal law, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, provides a cause of action against persons who use state or local law to deprive individuals of constitutional rights. Federal circuit courts have been reluctant to apply § 1983 to commonplace land use grievances because of the local character of land use planning and a belief that only the most egregious misuse of zoning power can implicate a party's substantive due process rights. To limit the number of claims that can be brought under § 1983, the federal circuits have narrowly defined what property rights are protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and have held …
Superwill To The Rescue? How Washington's Statute Falls Short Of Being A Hero In The Field Of Trust And Probate Law, Cynthia J. Artura
Superwill To The Rescue? How Washington's Statute Falls Short Of Being A Hero In The Field Of Trust And Probate Law, Cynthia J. Artura
Washington Law Review
During the 1998 session, the Washington legislature added a provision to Title 11 of the Revised Code of Washington that allows for testamentary disposition of certain nonprobate assets. Although Washington's superwill provision is a pioneer in the field of probate and trust law, it is too limited in its scope to achieve filly its stated purpose. One of the statute's stated purposes is to enhance the testator's control over the disposition of nonprobate property. However, the provision limits the definition of "nonprobate asset" to include only joint tenant bank accounts with right of survivorship and revocable living trusts. This Comment …
A Proposed Test For Applying The Doctrine Of Equivalents To Biotechnology Inventions: The Nonobviousness Test, Qing Lin
Washington Law Review
In patent law, the doctrine of equivalents allows courts to find infringement if one makes or uses a device or process without substantial change from a patented invention. A test that clearly defines the appropriate scope of patent protection is crucial to development in various industries, especially in biotechnology, an industry that requires significant long-term investment. However, the most commonly applied test for determining equivalents is vague and fails to provide practical guidance. The "all elements" limitation to the test causes additional confusion. A more appropriate test for defining the scope of patent protection would be the "nonobviousness test," a …
A Federal Appellate System For The Twenty-First Century, Carl Tobias
A Federal Appellate System For The Twenty-First Century, Carl Tobias
Washington Law Review
In December 1998, the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals issued a report and recommendations for Congress and the President. The commission resulted from ongoing controversy over splitting the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The commissioners clearly suggested that the circuit remain intact but proposed three regionally based adjudicative divisions for the appeals court. However, the commission did not adduce persuasive empirical evidence that the Ninth Circuit experiences difficulties that are sufficiently problematic to warrant treatment, particularly with the essentially untested divisional arrangement. Accordingly, the Ninth Circuit should continue to experiment with promising …
Former Employees' Right To Relief Under The Americans With Disabilities Act, Donna L. Mack
Former Employees' Right To Relief Under The Americans With Disabilities Act, Donna L. Mack
Washington Law Review
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) does not state whether a former employee may sue a former employer regarding post-employment fringe benefits. Some courts have held that former employees who are retired or have total disabilities have no right to relief under the statute because they do not meet the ADA's requirement that a claimant be a "qualified individual with a disability." Other courts have concluded that former employees receiving post-employment benefits do have a right to relief under the statute. These courts reasoned that an internal ambiguity in the statute requires courts to look to the legislative history and …
United States V. Smith: The Use-Possession Debate In Sec Enforcement Actions Under § 10(B), Oriana N. Li
United States V. Smith: The Use-Possession Debate In Sec Enforcement Actions Under § 10(B), Oriana N. Li
Washington Law Review
The U.S. Supreme Court has yet to address an underlying issue in the evolution of insider trading law: whether Rule 10b-5 liability should attach when someone trades while "in the possession of" material, nonpublic information, or whether a more stringent standard of having actually used or traded "on the basis of" such information must be met. In United States v. Smith, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a violation of Rule 10b-5 requires an actual causal connection between the possession of inside information and the decision to trade in securities. This Note argues that the …
Coming Of Age: Recognizing The Importance Of Interdisciplinary Education In Law Practice, Janet Weinstein
Coming Of Age: Recognizing The Importance Of Interdisciplinary Education In Law Practice, Janet Weinstein
Washington Law Review
This Article proposes that lawyers need to be creative problem solvers if they are truly to serve the needs of their clients. The ability to collaborate with professionals from other disciplines is an important aspect of creative problem solving. The Article examines the skills required for creative problem solving and law students' and attorneys' facility with these skills.The Article further discusses the barriers to providing interdisciplinary training in law schools and suggests ways to incorporate such training.
The Dynamics And Determinants Of The Decision To Grant En Banc Review, Tracey E. George
The Dynamics And Determinants Of The Decision To Grant En Banc Review, Tracey E. George
Washington Law Review
The ability of U.S. Courts of Appeals to control the development of law within their respective circuits has been strained by the practice of divisional sittings, the growing caseload at the circuit court level, the increasing number of judges sitting within each circuit, and the decreasing probability of Supreme Court intervention. The primary method of maintaining coherence and consistency in doctrinal development within a federal circuit is en banc review. Yet, many critics contend that en banc rehearing is a time-consuming, inefficient procedure that fails to serve its intended purpose and too often is abused for political ends. This Article …
The End Of An Era: Suburban Village Aversion In Citizens For Mount Vernon V. City Of Mount Vernon, Ronda Larson
The End Of An Era: Suburban Village Aversion In Citizens For Mount Vernon V. City Of Mount Vernon, Ronda Larson
Washington Law Review
In 1990, the Washington Legislature enacted the Growth Management Act (GMA) to counteract problems related to unmanaged population growth. The GMA fundamentally altered two traditional aspects of land use law: the disregard for planning documents and the aversion to mixing uses within zones. Counties and cities planning under the Act now must have comprehensive plans and zoning ordinances that are consistent with those plans. They are also encouraged to use innovative zoning tools such as mixed-use housing developments. In the 1997 case Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernon, the Supreme Court of Washington applied pre-GMA common …
Washington's "Spam-Killing" Statute: Does It Slaughter Privacy In The Process?, Steven Miller
Washington's "Spam-Killing" Statute: Does It Slaughter Privacy In The Process?, Steven Miller
Washington Law Review
In 1998, the Washington Legislature passed an historic law prohibiting the sending of commercial e-mail messages containing false or misleading information in the subject line or header. The law also permits companies that provide Internet services, known as Internet Service Providers (ISPs), to block the transmission or receipt of messages reasonably believed to violate the statute. However, the law fails to specify the permissible activities that an ISP may pursue to form such a reasonable belief. It thereby encourages a variety of intrusive ISP activities, such as message screening. Existing statutory and constitutional privacy law provides the only shield for …
Personal Liability For Sexual Harassment Under The Washington Law Against Discrimination, Darya V. Swingle
Personal Liability For Sexual Harassment Under The Washington Law Against Discrimination, Darya V. Swingle
Washington Law Review
Personal liability for sexual harassment stands at the forefront of employment law and the American political conscience. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and the Washington Law Against Discrimination both enjoin employers from engaging in sexual harassment. The federal circuit courts have uniformly held that individual employees are exempt from personal liability for sexual harassment under Title VII because they do not fit the statutory definition of "employer." Washington courts have yet to address the issue under state law. This Comment argues that the correct interpretation of the Washington Law Against Discrimination bars individuals from personal liability for sexual …
Saving The Lost Sheep: Bringing Environmental Values Back Into The Fold With A New Epa Decisionmaking Paradigm, Victor B. Flatt
Saving The Lost Sheep: Bringing Environmental Values Back Into The Fold With A New Epa Decisionmaking Paradigm, Victor B. Flatt
Washington Law Review
Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses benefit-cost analysis in making many of its regulatory and enforcement decisions. This Article argues that, although required in some instances, the EPA's benefit-cost analysis procedure is incomplete, deeply flawed, and may even violate statutes in some respects. Much of the controversy surrounding environmental regulation can be attributed to this flawed benefit-cost analysis. This Article proposes a new paradigm for EPA regulatory decisionmaking. The proposed paradigm is a four-step decisionmaking process that enhances the outcome of the EPA's decisions by highlighting values that are often ignored or outside the traditional benefit-cost analysis but are …
The Dangerous Patient Exception To The Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege: The Tarasoff Duty And The Jaffee Footnote, George C. Harris
The Dangerous Patient Exception To The Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege: The Tarasoff Duty And The Jaffee Footnote, George C. Harris
Washington Law Review
With the U.S. Supreme Court's 1996 decision in Jaffee v. Redmond, all U.S. jurisdictions have now adopted some form of evidentiary privilege for confidential statements by patients to psychotherapists for the purpose of seeking treatment. The majority of states, following the decision of the Supreme Court of California in Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of Calfornia, have also adopted some form of duty by psychotherapists to breach confidentiality and warn potential victims against foreseeable violence by their patients. Largely unresolved is whether there should be a dangerous patient exception to the evidentiary privilege parallel to the Tarasoff …
A Doctrine Adrift: Land Use Regulation And The Substantive Due Process Of Lawton V. Steele In The Supreme Court Of Washington, Susan Boyd
Washington Law Review
Although substantive due process theory has lost much of its force as a local policymaking tool in the federal courts, the doctrine has played a significant role in the land use policies of Washington State. Relying on an ancient U.S. Supreme Court case, Lawton v. Steele, the Supreme Court of Washington has declared that legislation permitting government to pass the social costs of low-income housing demolition on to individual developers through development impact fees is "unduly oppressive" on those individuals and thus violates substantive due process. This Comment argues that the substantive due process doctrine the Supreme Court of …
Ferc's Dam Decommissioning Authority Under The Federal Power Act, Beth C. Bryant
Ferc's Dam Decommissioning Authority Under The Federal Power Act, Beth C. Bryant
Washington Law Review
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) asserted in a 1994 Policy Statement that it has the authority under the Federal Power Act to deny a new license for a hydroelectric dam or impose environmental conditions on a new license that may render a project unprofitable, when doing so is in the public interest. In addition, FERC stated that it would impose decommissioning costs on the dam owner. The hydroelectric industry claims that FERC lacks the authority to take these actions, and that if maintaining a dam is no longer in the public interest, either the federal government or another party …
Reevaluating The Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine In Multiterritorial Copyright Infringement Cases, Brenda Tiffany Dieck
Reevaluating The Forum Non Conveniens Doctrine In Multiterritorial Copyright Infringement Cases, Brenda Tiffany Dieck
Washington Law Review
The tension between the internationalization of copyright and the territorial remedies national laws provide is illustrated when the same infringer infringes a copyright in multiple countries. The copyright owner can bring suit in each country separately or attempt to consolidate all claims into one forum. Commentators have identified that in consolidated suits, even if jurisdiction over the foreign claims is proper, the discretionary forum non conveniens doctrine rmains a "wild card." This Comment explores in greater depth why the doctrine is unpredictable and argues that it is being abused by U.S. federal courts in multiterritorial copyright suits, exacerbating the problem …
Collision At Sea: The Irreconcilability Of The Superseding Cause And Pure Comparative Fault Doctrines In Admiralty, Kelsey L. Joyce Hooke
Collision At Sea: The Irreconcilability Of The Superseding Cause And Pure Comparative Fault Doctrines In Admiralty, Kelsey L. Joyce Hooke
Washington Law Review
Courts have long sought to develop rational methods both for limiting a tortfeasor's liability and allocating damages among multiple tortfeasors. Courts developed the doctrine of proximate cause to address the first concern, employing superseding cause analysis when multiple forces produce an injury. In admiralty, the U.S. Supreme Court resolved the second concern by adopting pure comparative fault in . In Exxon Co. v. Sofec, Inc., the Court endorsed the continued use of superseding cause in admiralty cases, holding that it does not conflict with pure comparative fault. This Comment argues that the Sofec Court's method of superseding cause analysis …
Born To Run: The Supreme Court Of Washington's Misapplication Of The Doctrine Of Specialty In State V. Pang, Timothy Mcmichael
Born To Run: The Supreme Court Of Washington's Misapplication Of The Doctrine Of Specialty In State V. Pang, Timothy Mcmichael
Washington Law Review
The Supreme Court of Washington's decision in State v. Pang that Martin Pang could not be tried for murder involved an erroneous application of the doctrine of specialty. This Note contends that this decision was based upon the court's overly broad reading of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Rauscher. The Supreme Court of Washington implied terms into the extradition treaty because of the court's incorrect interpretation of Rauscher, which prevented Washington from prosecuting Pang for murder. In addition, the court failed to take into account the policy rationales behind the doctrine of specialty, which …
A Proposed Antitrust Approach To The Conduct Of Retailers, Dealers, And Other Resellers, Thomas A. Piraino Jr.
A Proposed Antitrust Approach To The Conduct Of Retailers, Dealers, And Other Resellers, Thomas A. Piraino Jr.
Washington Law Review
The market power of retailers, resellers, and dealers has increased substantially in recent years as the result of innovations in distribution such as the superstores, mass merchandisers, and warehouse clubs. Consequently, the balance of power in many industries has begun to shift from the supplier to the resale level. Although courts have well-developed means of analyzing the competitive conduct of suppliers and consumers, they have been unable to decide how to treat resellers' competitive conduct. This Article proposes the adoption of a traditional antitrust approach, the "ancillary restraints analysis," to the conduct of resellers. Under this approach, courts would recognize …
Proposed Ninth Circuit Split. The Icebox Cometh: A Former Clerk's View Of The Proposed Ninth Circuit Split, Jennifer E. Spreng
Proposed Ninth Circuit Split. The Icebox Cometh: A Former Clerk's View Of The Proposed Ninth Circuit Split, Jennifer E. Spreng
Washington Law Review
Most academic commentators oppose splitting the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. They argue that the court's size is a virtue and either deny that the court has size-related problems, such as workload, consistency, and reversal rate, or claim that a split would not address these problems. The U.S. Congress, however, is less sure. It has appointed the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the United States Courts and asked it to study a possible Ninth Circuit split. This Article provides an "insider's view," that of a former elbow clerk, and reveals that a split would significantly decrease the court's workload and …
Proposed Ninth Circuit Split: Response. Malthus And The Court Of Appeals: Another Former Clerk Looks At The Proposed Ninth Circuit Split, Aaron H. Caplan
Proposed Ninth Circuit Split: Response. Malthus And The Court Of Appeals: Another Former Clerk Looks At The Proposed Ninth Circuit Split, Aaron H. Caplan
Washington Law Review
This Article argues that current proposals to split the Ninth Circuit are unnecessary and would be detrimental to judges, law clerks, lawyers, and litigants. Larger circuits offer various benefits, many of them arising from the diversity of cases and judicial personalities on the bench. Splitting the Ninth Circuit would not bring the benefits proponents predict.
Treating Prior Terminations Of Parental Rights As Grounds For Present Terminations, Kathleen Haggard
Treating Prior Terminations Of Parental Rights As Grounds For Present Terminations, Kathleen Haggard
Washington Law Review
The federal Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 recognized that in certain egregious circumstances, states need not seek to reunify a family before terminating the rights of abusive and neglectful parents. Washington State responded by revising its termination of parental rights statute to treat parents' violent criminal convictions as sole grounds for terminating parental rights. This Comment argues that the Washington statute should be further amended to recognize that a termination of rights to a previous child may serve as grounds for terminating rights to a present child if the State finds the parent's continuing behavior puts the child …
Circuit Over Troubled Waters: Ninth Circuit Comparative Fault Principles In Seaman's Personal Injury Actions, Orland S. Seballos
Circuit Over Troubled Waters: Ninth Circuit Comparative Fault Principles In Seaman's Personal Injury Actions, Orland S. Seballos
Washington Law Review
Maritime personal injury actions employ the comparative fault doctrine, under which damages are allocated between mutually negligent parties according to their proportionate fault. This Comment focuses on recurring issues Ninth Circuit courts have faced in this area: apportioning liability in cases of violations by seamen's employers of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) regulations, and determining whether to include both causation and fault in making the apportionment. This Comment argues that the Ninth Circuit should adopt rules consistent with the pronounced congressional and U.S. Supreme Court policies of achieving uniformity in domestic and international admiralty and providing liberal recovery for …
A Lack Of Trust: South Dakota V. Yankton Sioux Tribe And The Abandonment Of The Trust Doctrine In Reservation Diminishment Cases, A.J. Taylor
Washington Law Review
Over the past three decades, the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly confronted the issue of whether Indian reservation lands sold to non-Indian settlers at the turn-of-the-century under Congress's allotment policy remain tribal territory for jurisdictional purposes. As the means of adjudicating these reservation diminishment cases, the Court has adopted a troubled three-pronged analytical approach. The Court's approach circumvents well-established rules of construction and diverges significantly from historic principles embodied in the trust doctrine that forms the ideological foundation of Indian law. The Court's recent decision in South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe exposes important shortcomings in the Court's multi-factor analysis …
The Fox Guarding The Henhouse: Newman V. King County And Washington's Freedom Of Information Law, Julia E. Markley
The Fox Guarding The Henhouse: Newman V. King County And Washington's Freedom Of Information Law, Julia E. Markley
Washington Law Review
In its 1997 decision Newman v. King County, the Supreme Court of Washington created a categorical exemption for open police files under the Public Disclosure Act (PDA). The court reasoned that if a police file was open, its confidentiality was necessarily "essential for effective law enforcement," and thus came within an exemption from disclosure. As a result of the court's decision, law enforcement agencies need only assert that an investigation is active in order for the public record to be exempt. This Note argues that the majority's broad and abstract opinion is contrary to the law and facts of …
The Russian Title Registration System For Realty And Its Effect On Foreign Investors, Lev S. Batalov
The Russian Title Registration System For Realty And Its Effect On Foreign Investors, Lev S. Batalov
Washington Law Review
The recent privatization of real property is an important step in Russia's transition from a planned to market economy. This privatization creates opportunities for foreigners in the Russian realty market. However, foreigners are not likely to enter this market unless rights to immovable property are certain and secure. This Comment describes the new Russian immovable property Registration Law and argues that, despite its drawbacks, it creates a workable system that will provide certainty and security in rights to Russian immovable property. Furthermore, the Comment advises foreign investors on how to avoid potential problems the new law creates.
Unilateral Refusals To Deal In Intellectual Property After Image Techical Services, Inc. V. Eastman Kodak Co., Brian F. Ladenburg
Unilateral Refusals To Deal In Intellectual Property After Image Techical Services, Inc. V. Eastman Kodak Co., Brian F. Ladenburg
Washington Law Review
While the Federal Patent and Copyright Acts give patent and copyright holders limited exclusive rights in intellectual property, the Sherman Act prohibits combinations or conspiracies that restrain trade and monopolization. Although firms possessing intellectual property generally exercise their statutory exclusionary rights without running afoul of the antitrust laws, conduct may plausibly be authorized by intellectual property law but forbidden by antitrust. In construing the two statutory schemes, federal courts have generally held that conduct authorized by the intellectual property laws, in the absence of some further inculpatory action, cannot form the basis for antitrust liability. The Ninth Circuit departed from …
Mad Cows, Offended Emus, And Old Eggs: Perishable Product Disparagement Laws And Free Speech, Lisa Dobson Gould
Mad Cows, Offended Emus, And Old Eggs: Perishable Product Disparagement Laws And Free Speech, Lisa Dobson Gould
Washington Law Review
In the wake of the 1989 controversy over Alar use on apples, several states enacted laws providing a civil cause of action to producers damaged by false statements disparaging the safety of their perishable food products. Commentators have suggested that these laws are unconstitutional and contrary to the First Amendment's free speech protections. This Comment argues that the majority of state laws either meet or exceed the constitutional protections established by the U.S. Supreme Court's defamation cases. However, these laws are unlikely to be used widely in the future because of their stringent proof requirements and because such suits often …