Law Commons^™

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. Admiralty

Employer is liable as a Pro Hac Vice Owner for Negligence of an Employee Engaged in Services other than Stevedoring

Submersible Oil Storage Facility use in Connection with Off-Shore Drilling is Classifiable as a "Vessel" within Provisions of Jones Act and General Maritime Jurisdiction

Exclusive Remedy Provision of the Puerto Rico Workmen's Accident Compensation Act does not apply to a Puerto Rican Citizen Injured outside the Territory of Puerto Rico

Determination of Unseaworthiness caused by Character of a Person Aboard is Limited to Crew Members' Condition

2. Common Market

European Community Directive Requires that in the Event of …

Multinational Collective Bargaining--Myth Or Reality?

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The expansion of the multinational corporation (MNC) has precipitated an international aspect of labor with important consequences for the relationship between employers and employees. Basically, there is an inherent conflict between the objectives of the MNC and the labor union. The MNC endeavors to organize its operations for production where costs are lowest and sales where prices are highest. Given good coordination, the MNC can manage its activities to take advantage of cost differences in labor, capital, tax rates, and market conditions. On the other hand, the labor union seeks to have the MNC return the greatest net benefit to …

Legal And Economic Incentives For Foreign Direct Investment In The Southeastern United States, Paul S. Dempsey

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The United States of America may well be the most attractive area for investment in the entire world. Foreign investment, although failing to play a dominant role in the American economy, has nevertheless enjoyed a substantial and significant growth in recent years. This contemporary acceleration may be attributed to a number of factors, including, for example: (a) America's enormous pool of skilled and well educated labor; (b) the narrowing of the gap between the cost of United States and foreign labor; (c) the abundance of domestic energy and other raw materials; and (d) the relative docility of the United States …

Government And Private Enterprise In Latin American Petroleum Development, Frank M. Lacey

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The nationalization of the Venezuelan oil industry on January 1, 1976, can be viewed in a sense as a culmination of more than half a century of striving on the part of Latin American republics to become the masters of their own most important resources, one that has seemed at times symbolic of their very destinies. It is a process that has involved nearly every major country in Latin America. It is one that has been resisted by the prevailing economic, political, and legal institutions, and in the course of which not only major business enterprises but nations as well …

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act: Preemption As Public Policy, Philip F. Johnson

Vanderbilt Law Review

On October 23, 1974, President Ford signed into law P.L. 93-463, bearing the breathless title "Commodity Futures Trading Com-mission Act of 1974"' [hereinafter the CFTC Act]. The CFTC Act followed a series of hearings, beginning in the summer of 1973, held first by a subcommittee of the House Committee on Small Business and followed rapidly by the more traditional oversight committees of the Congress-the House Agriculture Committee and the Senate Agriculture and Forestry Committee.' The result was a major over-haul of the Commodity Exchange Act, which had governed the commodity futures markets since 1922. More significantly, however,the Act has become …

Recent Cases, Susan E. Dominick, Robert D. Butters, Walter T. Eccard

Vanderbilt Law Review

The first amendment guarantee of free exercise of religion, although couched in absolute terms, has never been considered an absolute right. The first significant free exercise case, Reynolds v.United States,' upheld the conviction of a Mormon polygamist who claimed a religious exemption from the bigamy laws on the basis of the first amendment. The Court held that while Congress was left powerless to legislate in matters of mere opinion, it was nonetheless" left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order."'

Susan E. Dominick

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The instant decision appears to be the …

Judicial Policy-Making And Information Flow To The Supreme Court, Charles M. Lamb

Vanderbilt Law Review

This article is intended as an exploratory step toward filling the gap in the literature by synthesizing the fragmentary knowledge relating to judicial information flow. It attempts to advance the dialogue initiated by Professors Miller and Barron by providing a number of components necessary for an adequate model; it seeks also to suggest additional considerations necessary for a more useful model and thus for a continuing systematic inquiry into the information flow process. Results of the Miller-Barron article supply the background for the work reported here. Times, Roe, and Doe and the Miller-Barron findings are considered in the first two …

Front Pay--Prophylactic Relief Under Title Vii Of The Civil Rights Act Of 1964, Gregg N. Grimsley

Vanderbilt Law Review

This note will attempt to analyze the front pay award as it must exist within the general framework of section 706(g). After first defining the nature of the front pay award, this note will examine the interrelationship between back pay and the rightful place theory that creates the need for prospective relief. Next, the award shall be analyzed in light of both the legislative history of section 706(g)and the National Labor Relations Act, from which section 706(g) is copied. Finally, the cases that have addressed the issue shall be analyzed and the problems that will arise in the computation of …

Book Review, Henry P. Coppolillo

Vanderbilt Law Review

We often are startled when someone presents us with a new awareness of the significance of issues or phenomena at which we have been looking for years but have never really seen. Freda Adler will startle a number of people who read her book Sisters in Crime. She will also anger them. The only thing her book will not do is leave people unmoved. Sisters in Crime provides punch, provocation, revelation, promise, and explanation, as the author uses the central theme of the change in the rate and nature of crimes committed by women to explore women's roles and fortunes …

Obtaining Personal Jurisdiction Over Alien Corporations--A Survey Of U.S. Practice, John D. Gleissner, David C. Veeneman, S. Rodgers Wheaton

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

With the increase in international trade, civil litigation between persons of different nationalities has become increasingly important. Today alien and foreign corporations are being brought before American courts to defend actions arising out of products liability, contract, and tort. There is considerable authority holding alien and foreign corporations amenable to jurisdiction on the basis of a single act or business transaction. The states themselves are affecting international trade since state law is chosen to determine the amenability of alien and foreign corporations to suit in diversity actions in federal court.

This survey presents a cross-section of recent cases and attempts …

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. Admiralty

State Port Authority Acting Incident to Maritime Carriage Subject to Admiralty Jurisdiction in Damage Suit

MARINE INSURANCE PROVIDING COVERAGE OF LOSSES "ARISING FROM OR OCCURRING FROM" SPECIFIED CONDITIONS DOES NOT COVER LOSSES OCCURRING AFTER PERIOD OF COVERAGE DUE TO CONDITIONS WHICH INITIALLY AROSE DURING THE PERIOD OF COVERAGE

FEDERAL COURT LACKS POWER UNDER SUITS IN ADMIRALTY ACT TO IMPOSE GOVERNMENTAL LIABILITY FOR HARM CAUSED BY FAILURE TO EXERCISE DISCRETIONARY FUNCTION

2. Alien's Rights

FAMILY RELATIONSHIP CAN BE SHOWN AS A MATTER OF FACT FOR IMMIGRATION PURPOSES WHERE APPLICABLE FOREIGN DOMESTIC LAW HOLDS MEANINGLESS THE CONCEPT OF LEGITIMACY

3. …

Special Project, Kenneth Harmon, Barbara Moss, W. Patrick Mulloy, Ii, Robert H. Brownlee, Walter T. Eccard, Michael D. Kelly, Timothy C. Maguire, Richard M. Pitt, Stephen K. Rush, Robert D. Tuke, Richard C. Stark Special Project Editor

Vanderbilt Law Review

The One Hundred and First Justice: An Analysis of the Opinions of Justice John Paul Stevens, Sitting as Judge on the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals

This article will examine the opinions written by Mr. Justice Stevens while he served on the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. The areas examined are constitutional, antitrust, labor, securities, federal tax, administrative, and federal jurisdictional law. This article also will seek to reach some conclusions on Stevens' position in the several areas while he served on the Seventh Circuit and to suggest the factors he may consider important in deciding cases in …

Jurisdiction--The Short-Lived Death Of The Ker-Frisbie Doctrine, C. Jedson Nau

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Why the Second Circuit Court of Appeals chose to retreat from its Toscanino holding is unclear. The drastic nature of the remedy afforded by Toscanino to any defendant illegally abducted has been criticized as too inflexible. On the other hand, the Lujan rule allows the remedy only in the limited circumstances of egregious conduct. The problem remains to determine what remedy, if any, should be available to victims who are subjected to illegal but not outrageous governmental conduct.

The government has vigorously argued that federal narcotics law enforcement depends upon the freedom of officers to abduct suspects, particularly from South …

Footnote To The Nuclear Test Cases: Abuse Of Right--A Blind Alley For Environmentalists, Jerome B. Elkind

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In a recent article entitled "French Nuclear Tests and Article 41: Another Blow to the Authority of the Court," the author questioned the approach of the learned Judges of the International Court of Justice to article 41 of the Court's Statute. The title of that article was intended to deplore the recent tendency of States (most particularly France, but also Iceland) who are parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice to arrogate to themselves the right to determine whether the Court has jurisdiction...

The judgment of December 20, 1974 is but one more example of the extremes …

Political Prisoners: The Law And Politics Of Protection, David P. Forsythe

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In the fall of 1975 the United States, in a much publicized step at the United Nations, introduced an abortive resolution calling for world-wide amnesty for political prisoners. Admittedly, this draft resolution was withdrawn because of crippling amendments, and it may well be that this American initiative was launched more to deflect criticism to others than to help political prisoners. But it seems to be the case--at least from a Western perspective--that political prisoners are becoming a more salient subject in world affairs. The concept of political prisoners has existed for quite awhile. In the last decade and a half, …

Books Received, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

A COMMENTARY ON THE FOREIGN INVESTMENT REVIEW ACT

By Graeme C. Hughes

Toronto: Carswell, Ltd., 1975. Pp. 214. $20.65.

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THE EXPORT TRADE: THE LAW AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE By Clive M. Schmitthoff

6th ed. London: Stevens & Sons,Ltd., 1975. Pp. 461. $28.75.

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FOREIGN DISINVESTMENT BY U.S. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS: WITH EIGHT CASE STUDIES

By Roger L. Tourneden

New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975. Pp. 157. $15.00.

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THE GATT LEGAL SYSTEM AND WORLD TRADE DIPLOMACY

By Robert E. Hudec

New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975. Pp. 399, $25.00.

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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS--GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATIONS

By Jack N. Behrman, J.J. Boddeayn, & Ashok …

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. ADMIRALTY

Payment of Wages to Discharged Seaman is not Limited to Direct Cash Payment if other Methods are more Appropriate

Rules for the Transfer of an Admiralty Suit to another Forum are the Same for in Rem as for In Personam Actions

Longshoremen Injured on Employer's Vessel have a Negligence Action against that Employer for Non-stevedore Caused Injuries

Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Availability of an Alternative Forum denies Foreign Seaman Access to Federal Courts

Longshoreman's Employer is not a Necessary or Indispensable Party to Longshoreman's Action against Shipowner for Negligence

Wrongful Death Remedy under Decisional Maritime Law …

The Law Of The Sea Conference: Dispute Settlement In Perspective, John K. Gamble, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

On March 15, 1976, the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference reconvened in New York City. The task of this Conference, drafting a new and comprehensive law of the sea treaty, is enormous. At the very least the new treaty will modify many of the traditional patterns for use and control of hydrospace. There is no doubt that coastal states will achieve the right to exercise control over all resources within 200 nautical miles of their coasts. If this contingency is not implemented by treaty, then it will be reached by unilateral claims to these zones. Agreeing on …

The Transition From Private To Public Control In The Venezuelan Petroleum Industry, Felix P. Rossi-Guerrero

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Oil was discovered in Venezuela in 1914. The Zumaque No. 1 well on eastern Lake Maracaibo was Venezuela's first commercial discovery. The beginning of the First World War, however, delayed exploration and it was not until 1922 that a well being drilled in La Rosa, in the state of Zulia, blew out of control sending oil 200 feet into the air and spreading oil all around at a rate of some 100,000 barrels daily for nine days. The world took notice of Los Barrosos No. 2, and the Bolivar Coastal Field--one of the three or four largest oil fields in …

Oil Operations In Latin America: The Future Of Private Enterprise, Ewell E. Murphy, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

We live in tumultuous times. Whether measured on a scale of millennia, of centuries, or of generations, our lifetime's segment of the graph of world history is marking giddy ascents, harrowing declines, and abrupt, unbridgeable discontinuities.

On a millennial scale we are entering the twilight of those five astounding centuries of Western leadership that began with the Renaissance. The flags of empire, long banished from the Americas, have now been struck in Asia and Africa as well, and flutter quaintly over only a dwindling handful of enclaves and outposts. Islam has awakened from her sleep of seven hundred years and …

Latin America: A Petroleum Profile, Ewell E. Murphy, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Argentina--Mixed. Under present legislation (Hydrocarbons Law 17,319 of June 23, 1967) specified geographical areas are reserved to state enterprises and the remainder of the country is, in principle, open to private enterprise under a system of exploration permits and exploitation concessions. No permits or concessions have been granted to private enterprise for some time, however. There are pending legislative amendments which would reestablish the monopoly of Y.P.F. over all phases of the oil industry but permit private enterprise to operate under work or service contracts with Y.P.F.

The United States Government Perspective On Expropriation And Investment In Developing Countries, Richard J. Smith

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The title for my presentation given in your program clearly covers two major subjects, either of which would make an ambitious topic for the relatively brief presentation I intend to make today. Therefore, for the half-hour or so that I will talk before we get into the more important and valuable exchange of ideas and discussion to follow, I have made the decision, which I hope you will agree is sensible, to deal mostly with the subject I know more about--the protection of United States private interests abroad.

But just so no one asks for his money back, let me …

The United Nations Seventh Special Session: Proposals For A New World Economic Order, Clark D. Mervis

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In September 1975 the United Nations held a special session, only the seventh in the organization's history, on global economic problems. The issue precipitating the special session was the call for a new international economic order by the world's developing nations. Since the oil crisis of 1973, the United Nations has become the arena for dispute between the world's wealthy nations and its poor nations, and bloc against bloc confrontations are common-place. It is clear that action must be taken soon, not only if we are to distribute more equitably the world's wealth, but also if we are to avert …

Recent Decisions, John E. Drake, Heidi A. Rohrbach, John R. Hellinger, Elizabeth G. Browning

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

CHOICE OF LAW--WRONGFUL DEATH--GOVERNMENTAL-INTEREST ANALYSIS DETERMINES LAW APPLICABLE TO MEASURE OF DAMAGES IN CLAIMS ARISING FROM FOREIGN Air CRASH

John Edison Drake

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EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES--FREE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS--COURT OF JUSTICE SETS GUIDELINES FOR USE BY MEMBER STATES OF THE PUBLIC POLICY EXCEPTION IN ARTICLE 48

Heidi A. Rohrbach

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TAX TREATIES--UNITED STATES MAY USE THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SUMMONING AUTHORITY TO OBTAIN DOMESTIC INFORMATION SOLELY TO AID A FOREIGN DOMESTIC TAX INVESTIGATION PURSUANT TO A TAX TREATY

John R. Hellinger

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TREATY INTERPRETATION--WARSAW CONVENTION-- PASSENGERS UNDERGOING SEARCH PREREQUISITE TO BOARDING ARE ENGAGED IN OPERATIONS OF EMBARKING

Elizabeth Graeme Browning

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE

Hickenlooper Amendment Inapplicable to Oil Drilling Concession Granted by Foreign Government

2. ADMIRALTY

Shipowner is Entitled to Indemnification from Tortfeasor when a Covenant of Workmanlike Performance by the Tortfeasor can Reasonably be Implied

Judicially-Created Maritime Wrongful Death Cause of Action Applies Retroactively as Exclusive Remedy Time-Charterer Not Entitled to Indemnification for Litigation Expenses when not Obligated to Provide Seaworthy Vessel

Claims within Scope of the Public Vessels Act Cannot be Brought under the Terms of the Suits in Admiralty Act

Lumber Employee Working on Saltwater Pond Held Not Engaged in Maritime Employment and Not Covered …

The Act Of State Doctrine: Alfred Dunhill Of London, Inc. V. Republic Of Cuba, John S. Williams

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

With its decision in Alfred Dunhill of London, Inc. v. Republic of Cuba, the Supreme Court has, for the third time in twelve years, rendered a significant if not landmark ruling on the act of state doctrine. Before 1964 the Court had not decided a case involving that doctrine for more than twenty years. During that intervening period many questions were raised in the learned writings on the subject, and the controversial decision, Bernstein v. N. V. Nederlandsche-Amerikaansche, etc., was decided by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in New York.

Erosion Of Trade Union Power Through Multinational Enterprises?, Hans Gunter

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The present article explores the effects of the operations and growth of multinational enterprises (MNEs) on power, role, and legitimation of the trade unions within the national industrial relations systems in the industrialized countries of Western Europe and North America. This study neglects the effects of MNEs on international union cooperation and labor solidarity, which are dealt with in other contributions to this issue. This focus reflects the author's thesis that the main trade union concern and strategy in the countries in question is the integration of MNEs into the existing national industrial relations setting, while the development of border-crossing, …

The International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes And Development Through The Multinational Corporation, C. F. Amerasinghe

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The multinational corporation (MNC) as a significant phenomenon in development economics has probably come to stay. The problem for developing countries is how to harness the MNC's power for their own development, and at the same time, limit its all-too-available capacity and potential for unlimited exploitation and influence. Clearly, as pointed out by the Report of the Group of Eminent Persons, there remains much to be done substantively through the medium of the international convention and international organization, both to promote the role of the MNC in development and to control its operations in such a way as to ensure …

Recent Decisions, John J. Curry, Jr., Dan T. Carter, Melissa Gallivan, James A. Delanis

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

ANTITRUST--Import Restrictions--Import Ban Ordered as Equitable Relief for Violation of Section 7 of the Clayton Act Must Not Discriminate Against Foreign Producers or Reduce Competition

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European Communities--Restrictive Trade Practices--Patent Licensing Agreements that Restrict Competition between Member States Without Improving Production or Distribution or Promoting Technical or Economic Progress Violate Article 85

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JURISDICTION--CONTINENTAL SHELF--ABANDONED VESSEL SALVAGED FROM THE SURFACE OF THE UNITED STATES CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND TERRITORIAL WATERS IS NOT UNDER JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

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IMMIGRATION--A STATE MAY PROHIBIT THE EMPLOYMENT OF ILLEGAL ALIENS

Recent Equal Protection Decisions--Fundamental Right To Travel Or "Newcomers" As A Suspect Class?, Thomas R. Mccoy

Vanderbilt Law Review

The thesis of this article is two-fold. First, the Court's acceptance and application of the Shapiro-Dunn reasoning in Maricopa unintentionally demonstrated the intellectual inadequacy of that much-discussed line of reasoning. Read together, the Court's opinions in Shapiro, Dunn, and Maricopa establish a set of theoretical principles whose derivation is logically defective, whose consistent application would require unacceptable results in many other cases,and whose existence now forces the Court to distinguish arbitrarily other cases that, in terms of those theoretical principles, simply are not distinguishable from Shapiro, Dunn, and Maricopa. Secondly, despite the logical inadequacy and practical disutility of the theoretical …