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Articles 481 - 510 of 1494
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Numerical Simulation On Self-Synchronization Of Double Mass Vibrating System With Tri-Exciter, Yongjun Hou, Le Yu, Fang Pan, Zhou Ran
Numerical Simulation On Self-Synchronization Of Double Mass Vibrating System With Tri-Exciter, Yongjun Hou, Le Yu, Fang Pan, Zhou Ran
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A double mass vibrating system of self-synchronization with tri-exciter was put forward. The dynamic differential equation of the double mass vibrating system was established and the electromechanical coupling mathematical model was got. The new electromechanical coupling simulation model was built. By the method of controlling variables, the effects of various factors, such as stiffness of middle spring, resonance, centrifugal force and motor mounting position on self-synchronization of the system and phase difference were studied in a numerical experiment manner. The research results show this system can achieve a stably synchronized motion under certain conditions. The stiffness of intermediate spring, …
Bubble Dynamics Simulation In Transformer Oil Under Ac Electric Field, Zhao Tao, Yunpeng Liu, Fangcheng Lü, Liu Shan
Bubble Dynamics Simulation In Transformer Oil Under Ac Electric Field, Zhao Tao, Yunpeng Liu, Fangcheng Lü, Liu Shan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The dynamics of gas bubbles in transformer oil was theoretically explored. A numerical model was introduced for the bubble dynamics in the transformer oil under AC electric field. The electrodynamic force was calculated by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor on the surface of the bubble, and then the bubble trajectory was obtained through the force calculation of the bubble under the AC electric field. Notably, trajectories calculated indicate the bubble aggregation in concentrated area of the electric field between the needle-plane electrode, and different bubble radius will affect the trajectory of the bubble. Also, different bubble radiuses cause a …
Research Progress On Weapon And Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation, Yuchen Zhou, Shengling Lin, Ma Ping, Li Wei, Yang Ming
Research Progress On Weapon And Equipment Effectiveness Evaluation, Yuchen Zhou, Shengling Lin, Ma Ping, Li Wei, Yang Ming
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Effectiveness is an important indicator to evaluate the weapon and equipment, and can support the decision-making of the weapon and equipment planning, scheme examination, design, development and operational application, et al. With the application of digital thread and digital twin in the life cycle of weapon and equipment, effectiveness evaluation faces a series of challenges, including the complex operational scenario, complicated data scene, expensive simulation, pervasive and agile evaluation, et al. The related concepts of weapon and equipment effectiveness and the development process of effectiveness evaluation are summarized. The problems of effectiveness evaluation are discussed. The solutions for the …
Parameterization Of Complex Pipeline Meshes And Its Large-Scale Online Visualization, Huijuan Zhang, Liu Fan, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia
Parameterization Of Complex Pipeline Meshes And Its Large-Scale Online Visualization, Huijuan Zhang, Liu Fan, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the application of WebBIM technology in the field of large-scale building models, the complexity of models and the number of components are growing geometrically. The complex pipeline grid model is a key issue of affecting the lightweight of the BIM models and online rendering rate. In order to reduce the data volume and complexity of the complex pipeline meshes, a lightweight parameterization algorithm for the general cylindrical pipeline meshes, the curved pipeline meshes and also the hollow pipeline meshes is proposed. Redrawing the parameterized pipeline model and some visual optimization methods such as LOD technology being used reduce …
Research On Factor Selection Method Of Equipment Effectiveness Simulation Experiment Based On Grey Correlation Analysis, Zhang Yuan, Yingbo Lu, Chen Ding, Chen Wei, Jiajun Zhang, Zhiyong Lu
Research On Factor Selection Method Of Equipment Effectiveness Simulation Experiment Based On Grey Correlation Analysis, Zhang Yuan, Yingbo Lu, Chen Ding, Chen Wei, Jiajun Zhang, Zhiyong Lu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The large number and different distributions of the equipment effectiveness simulation experiments factors, increase the experiments costs. Aiming at this, a factor screening method based on the grey correlation analysis theory is proposed. On the basis of the small amount of simulation data, the grey absolute correlation degree value relative to the effectiveness value of each factor is calculated, and the more sensitive indexes are screened out, the spatial dimensionality reduction is realized and the experiments costs of simulations are reduced. The feasibility of the method is verified by the factor screening simulation experiments of an air defense …
Multi-Auv Complete Coverage Path Planning Based On Improved Neural Network, Daqi Zhu, Tingting Zhu, Mingzhong Yan
Multi-Auv Complete Coverage Path Planning Based On Improved Neural Network, Daqi Zhu, Tingting Zhu, Mingzhong Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the working space search task of multiple AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) in 3-dimensional underwater environments, a complete coverage path planning algorithm based on an improved neural network-Glasius Bio-inspired Neural Network (GBNN) is presented in this paper. A discrete 3-D grid map of the underwater environment is constructed. A 3-D GBNN model is established topologically according to the map. Based on the dynamic activities of GBNN model, each AUV plans its own coverage path independently, and covers the whole working space collaboratively. The simulation results show that the multiple AUVs can collaboratively cover the working space completely, automatically …
Simulation On Obstacle Avoidance Tracking Of Intelligent Vehicle Based On Model Predictive Control, Deng Tao, Li Xin
Simulation On Obstacle Avoidance Tracking Of Intelligent Vehicle Based On Model Predictive Control, Deng Tao, Li Xin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the obstacle avoidance and path tracking control of intelligent vehicle, a model predictive controller (MPC) is designed. A layered structure is used in the controller. The high-level layer carries out the local path planning based on non-linear vehicle point mass model and the low-level layer realizes the path tracking based on monorail vehicle dynamics model. Through the joint simulation of Carsim and Matlab software, the controller parameters are optimized on-line by using Particle Swarm Optimization, and the performance of the controller is tested at different speeds. Simulation results show that the controller has good robustness, …
Research On Context-Aware Model Of Combat Processes, Qiaoyu Deng, He Ming, Zhixue Wang, Zhongwei Wang
Research On Context-Aware Model Of Combat Processes, Qiaoyu Deng, He Ming, Zhixue Wang, Zhongwei Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In traditional joint operations, all collaborators make collaboration rules in advance to guide the operations. The unknown battlefield environment varies constantly, and military organizations must make adjustments to guarantee the combat operations order. A model of operational processes based on context awareness is built. The ontology theory is introduced to present the context. On the basis of event calculus, the analysis is carried out to the perceived context of combat processes, and the variation of organizations ability and the situation of processes are provided to guide the self-synchronizing decision-making.
Numerical Analyses And Research Of Lc And Rc Filter Circuits For Nonperiodic Signal, Zhou Jing, Jianbin Zhou, Hong Xu, Yingjie Ma, Wang Min, Zhou Wei
Numerical Analyses And Research Of Lc And Rc Filter Circuits For Nonperiodic Signal, Zhou Jing, Jianbin Zhou, Hong Xu, Yingjie Ma, Wang Min, Zhou Wei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With a numerical method, LC and RC filter circuits were used to the nonperiodic signal filtering analyses in DC power output voltage. By applying the method of numerical solution of differential equation, the numerical recursive solution of circuit differential equations could be obtained, thus, numerical models of circuits could be established. The numerical models could be used to the quantitative analysis of nonperiodic signal. The defects of LC and RC filter circuits in DC power output voltage filtering were indicated, LRC filter circuit was introduced, and numerical simulation results show that this circuit can overcome the defects of LC …
Research Of Smart Shopping System, Lilong Chen, Jianwen Song, Zhou Wei, Liguo Zhang, Zhigeng Pan
Research Of Smart Shopping System, Lilong Chen, Jianwen Song, Zhou Wei, Liguo Zhang, Zhigeng Pan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Hypermarket is quite large in area, and rich in many different kinds of goods, the customer needs to spend a lot of time looking for the products and waiting in check-out queues; And hypermarket not only needs to invest a lot of manpower and financial resources in links such as shopping guide and check-out, and the efficiency is not high, but also lack of statistical means in spending habits of each customer. It has an important significance in the hypermarket to create a smart shopping system by putting mobile information technology, automatic identification technology (RFID technology, for …
Energy Efficiency Optimization For Discrete Manufacturing Workshop Based On Discrete Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm, Junhui Xu, Wang Yan
Energy Efficiency Optimization For Discrete Manufacturing Workshop Based On Discrete Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm, Junhui Xu, Wang Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Because the discrete manufacturing workshop is multi-objective and multi-constraint, an energy efficiency optimization model whose optimization objective was to minimize the total energy consumption was built for discrete manufacturing workshop. Besides, an improved teaching-learningbased (TLBO) optimization algorithm for discrete energy efficiency workshop optimization was proposed. This improved algorithm introduced adaptive parameter in training phase to improve the learning efficiency and adaptability of the algorithm. In addition, second discrete process was introduced in the teaching stage and learning stage, respectively. This algorithm could be applied to the optimization of discrete manufacturing workshop under the precondition of ensuring the …
New Voltage Balancing Method For Cascaded Rectifier Based On Predictive Power Model, Hongbin Pan, Linhai Liu, Zhiyong Xiao, Sicheng Ou, Maokun Zhu, Fen Xu
New Voltage Balancing Method For Cascaded Rectifier Based On Predictive Power Model, Hongbin Pan, Linhai Liu, Zhiyong Xiao, Sicheng Ou, Maokun Zhu, Fen Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The dq synchronous system was built by constructing virtual orthogonal voltage and current based on second order generalized integrator. The predictive power model was derived to construct main control system of cascaded H-bridge rectifier combining the instantaneous power theory, which took the duty cycle of active and reactive power as control object. Then, a new voltage balancing control strategy was proposed dealing with the problem of DC voltage imbalance in cascaded H-bridge rectifier. The modification of active power was obtained by the voltage balance controller when the objective function of coupling effect achieves minimum and the active power was …
Research Of Non-Dead-Time Control Method On Single-Phase Off-Grid Inverter Based On H6 Topology, Kun Xia, Li Jing, Ge Yue, Lirong Shen, Yiming Wang, Xu Po
Research Of Non-Dead-Time Control Method On Single-Phase Off-Grid Inverter Based On H6 Topology, Kun Xia, Li Jing, Ge Yue, Lirong Shen, Yiming Wang, Xu Po
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A novel non-dead-time control strategy based on H6 topology was proposed. Through detecting the value and direction of the output voltage and current of inductor, the power switches of bridge arm were modulated if they were in the same direction, and the freewheeling switches were modulated if they were opposite. In order to protect the DC bus voltage from shorting out, the dead time should be added during the zero-crossing of voltage and current. And the states of switches were adjusted by calculation of the control module. Then most dead time could be eliminated. The simulation model for the …
Energy Consumption Analysis Of Discrete Manufacturing Based On Improved Principal Component Analysis Method, Chen Yan, Wang Yan
Energy Consumption Analysis Of Discrete Manufacturing Based On Improved Principal Component Analysis Method, Chen Yan, Wang Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Due to the complexity of energy consumption of the discrete manufacturing system and the interaction between energy consumption indexes, the result of energy consumption analysis is hard to obtain, establishing energy efficiency evaluation index of discrete system, based on the three levels of energy consumption of products, equipment energy efficiency, the energy efficiency of task process. Furthermore, a method was proposed to analyze the discrete manufacturing process energy consumption based on improved principal component analysis method. The method introduced importance weights, overcame the shortcoming of traditional component analysis, which only emphasized the information weights, combined the subjective and …
Precisely Algorithm And Simulation Of Plurality Of Random Deployed Circulars’ Total Coverage Area, Zhang Ye, Liu Kui, Yuzhi Chen, Junyang Liu, Jianchao Du
Precisely Algorithm And Simulation Of Plurality Of Random Deployed Circulars’ Total Coverage Area, Zhang Ye, Liu Kui, Yuzhi Chen, Junyang Liu, Jianchao Du
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A precisely algorithm of total coverage area when a plurality of circulars are random deployed and overlapping with each other is needed. The key issues of the solution are the calculating principle of the overlapping area, the differentiation and enumeration of the multi-overlapping circulars, and the calculation of the multi-shaped curved edges. Based on the inclusion-exclusion principle, overlapping area was added or subtracted to the amount area. The computer calculation process was proposed. Because the circulars are random deployed, in order to ensure the area coverage, the area cover rate problem of repeatedly deployment of the circulars were …
Effective T2fpso-Based T2fsvm Scene Classification Algorithm, Shuqiong Xu, Conggui Yuan
Effective T2fpso-Based T2fsvm Scene Classification Algorithm, Shuqiong Xu, Conggui Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A systematic design methodology of Type-2 Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization (T2FPSO) based Type-2 Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (T2FSVM) classification system was proposed for scene image to improve selectivity and robustness in the machine vision. In the novel classification system, the T2FSVM model was presented to realize a comprehensive learning of the correct class and show the superiority of the generalization capability for classification problem. Furthermore, in order to improve the performance of PSO on complex uncertain environments, the type-2 fuzzy concept was incorporated to PSO to construct T2FPSO searching algorithm, in which the interval type-2 fuzzy inertia weight …
Intelligent Effectiveness Evaluation And Optimization On Weapon System Of Systems Based On Deep Learning, Li Ni, Yuhong Li, Guanghong Gong, Xiaodong Huang
Intelligent Effectiveness Evaluation And Optimization On Weapon System Of Systems Based On Deep Learning, Li Ni, Yuhong Li, Guanghong Gong, Xiaodong Huang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the process of conventional WSoS (Weapon System of Systems) operational effectiveness evaluation, multiple complex steps including reconfiguring the scenario, rerunning the WSoS simulation system, and conducting effectiveness evaluation model calculations are taken. For the problems of conventional effectiveness evaluation method, such as the complex process and time-consuming, the intelligent evaluation method of WSoS combat effectiveness based on machine learning regression is proposed, and the optimization process of combat effectiveness based on evolutionary strategy is introduced. Taking the full connection depth regression network as the prediction model, the guiding selection principles of network hidden layer number and sample …
Research On Nodes Re-Optimization Of Microwave Relay Network, Yunjun Lu, Kebin Chen, Mengyao Han, Yiqiao Jin
Research On Nodes Re-Optimization Of Microwave Relay Network, Yunjun Lu, Kebin Chen, Mengyao Han, Yiqiao Jin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The microwave relay network nodes are studied and the topology is optimized. Considering the link attenuation probability, node attraction coefficient and communication redundancy, the optimal link set is obtained by genetic algorithm with the idea of network topology optimization. By calculating the degree of each node in the optimal link set and sorting the node with the value of degree, the candidates of the trunk nodes are given. The microwave relay network topology given by the conventional method is optimized. The method has certain versatility. It can be applied to the selection of other network trunks and relay nodes …
Dynamic Equivalent Modeling And Simulation Of Wind Farm Based On Asw-Fcm Algorithm, Mudan Li, Yinsong Wang
Dynamic Equivalent Modeling And Simulation Of Wind Farm Based On Asw-Fcm Algorithm, Mudan Li, Yinsong Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A new dynamic equivalent modeling method is proposed for the wind farm of directly-driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-PMSG). The wake effect and wind direction change between multiple wind turbines are considered to calculate the effective input wind speed, the effective wind speed, rotor speed, pitch angle and output power are selected as the multi-group indicators after analyzing the wind turbine operating characteristics. Considering the differences and relevance of the operating conditions between the turbines, an adaptive sample weighting fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm (ASW-FCM) is designed to optimally cluster the wind farm. The clustered wind turbine …
Modeling And Simulation On Dynamics Of Epidemic Disease Based On Social Division Of Labor, Haibin Li
Modeling And Simulation On Dynamics Of Epidemic Disease Based On Social Division Of Labor, Haibin Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Prediction is an essential part of the epidemic prevention and control system, and it is of great significance to accurately establish a dynamic model of epidemiological evolution. The existing epidemiological modeling methods rarely consider the social division of labor of different groups. The entire group is divided into three subgroups, the ordinary residents, the social service personnel, and the front-line medical workers. Based on the heterogeneous uniform mixing theory, the subgroup adjacency matrix is used to represent the contact relationship between individuals, and a time-lapse dynamic model of epidemic spread and evolution is established. The simulation results show that …
Combining Crf And Deformable Part Model For Pedestrian Detection, Ma Ji, Jingjiao Li, Ma Li, Zhao Yue
Combining Crf And Deformable Part Model For Pedestrian Detection, Ma Ji, Jingjiao Li, Ma Li, Zhao Yue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Pedestrian detection has been widely used in many fields. It is one of the focus in computer vision. The part-based detection method in the pedestrian detection shows excellent performance and has a strong adaptability in posture change of human body. But it is not good for Occlusion problem. When the Discriminative threshold is higher, miss rate is very high. Considering the disadvantage of LSVM method for mining hidden information, a two layers classifier was proposed based on the deformable parts model establishing conditional random field model for Occlusion problem. For learning model parameters, the stochastic gradient descent and …
Virtual Needle Insertion And Haptic Interaction, Gao Zhan, Pan Fei, Jiehua Wang, Haiyan Pan, Zhengzheng Jiang
Virtual Needle Insertion And Haptic Interaction, Gao Zhan, Pan Fei, Jiehua Wang, Haiyan Pan, Zhengzheng Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Needle insertion or puncture has been widely practiced in clinical medicine. A VR based training system for needle insertion was implemented in this study. The mechanical model during insertion process was designed. Linear element model was applied to realize the simulation of soft tissue deformation. The friction and the stick-slip motion model between the puncture needle and the soft tissue were implemented to simulate the force interaction between needle and soft tissue. The haptic interaction of needle insertion was realized as well to enhance the user experience. The experiment results show that the simulation can reflect the process …
Study On Key Techniques About Refueling Simulation In Air, Hongtu Li, Guan Wei, Jijiang Song, Guangxing Zhao, Zewei Ma
Study On Key Techniques About Refueling Simulation In Air, Hongtu Li, Guan Wei, Jijiang Song, Guangxing Zhao, Zewei Ma
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The four key techniques of refueling flight simulation are studied on the base of a modern avion effective refueling flight simulation in the air. Characteristic of the usual scene simulation techniques is analyzed and the best scene simulation solution is found out, the theories of vortex interference and control & stability are explored deeply, and the models of vortex interference and control & stability are built with engineer data, system real time performance is researched, and the irregular back and fro of the refueling plane is worked off. the ideal result is harvested.
Planar Structure Reconstruction For Indoor Scenes With Kinectfusion, Chenjianong Cai, Yifei Shi, Xu Kai, Dang Gang
Planar Structure Reconstruction For Indoor Scenes With Kinectfusion, Chenjianong Cai, Yifei Shi, Xu Kai, Dang Gang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Online scanning and reconstruction with KinectFusion has greatly improved real-time reconstruction of indoor scenes with consumer depth camera. However, due to the limitation of depth resolution of current depth cameras, the quality of reconstructed scenes is in general unsatisfactory. This is especially true for planar structures which are commonly seen in indoor scenes and important in defining the major structure of an indoor room. A novel method was proposed for extracting and reconstructing planar structures from point clouds of indoor scenes scanned acquired by KinectFusion.
Automatic Hair Contour Extraction Method With Complex Background, Yaoli Jin, Shiliang Wang, Xu Gang, Weihua Hu, Yigang Wang
Automatic Hair Contour Extraction Method With Complex Background, Yaoli Jin, Shiliang Wang, Xu Gang, Weihua Hu, Yigang Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Hair contour extraction has important application in digital entertainment and simulation. An automatic hair contour extraction method for images with complex background was proposed. Image segmentation algorithm from foreground image was used to eliminate the interference of background image; face recognition and hair detection algorithms were employed to find the hair position and realize the automatic identification of the hair; in order to improve the accuracy of contour extraction, adaptive skin detection algorithm was used to eliminate the interference of face. The proposed method was applied on a lot of image examples. Experimental results demonstrate that this method can …
Research For Skeleton Tree Matching Of Microscopic Image Of Diatom Cells, Xiaoyan Qiao
Research For Skeleton Tree Matching Of Microscopic Image Of Diatom Cells, Xiaoyan Qiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The image analysis technology based on morphological differences has become an important method of algae recognition in recent years. A skeleton similarity matching method was proposed to recognize microscopic images of diatom cells. The gray surface vector model of image was established to make segmentation by keeping obscure seta; The skeleton was used to represent the Chaetoceros, and it was decomposed hierarchically by competition strategy. The Chaetoceros object was represented by skeleton tree by forming the rachis elements and branches into it. The similarity mode for microscopic images of Chaetoceros was established by defining the topological and geometric difference. …
Simulation Model Of Crowd Following Phenomenon In Emergencies, Fang Hao, Liu Zhen, Lu Tao, Liangping Liu, Tingting Liu, Cuijuan Liu
Simulation Model Of Crowd Following Phenomenon In Emergencies, Fang Hao, Liu Zhen, Lu Tao, Liangping Liu, Tingting Liu, Cuijuan Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Researches on crowd behavior in emergent events are important practical significance for emergency management, most of the current crowd models are collision detection, motion plan and so on. According to the emergency scene analysis of surveillance video, following behaviors of crowd are obviously, modeling following behaviors is an interesting topic in crowd simulation. A following model was proposed based on classical social force model and OCEAN personlity theory, the concept of panic was introduced,, and following conditions of individual was set up, the speed formulas of individual were constructed. Experimental results show that the following model can closely simulate …
Real-Time Rendering Of Large-Scale Coastal Water Based On Adaptive Optimization, Shunli Wang, Fengju Kang, Jianhua Xu
Real-Time Rendering Of Large-Scale Coastal Water Based On Adaptive Optimization, Shunli Wang, Fengju Kang, Jianhua Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Focusing on the complex of the wave model and the poor performance of real-time in the large-scale coastal water visualization, a new method based on adaptive optimization for coastal water rendering in real-time was proposed. By introducing the automatic merging algorithm, the complex wave model could be constructed. According to the collision detection technology, the water mesh could be adaptively optimized. In order to improve the realistic, a noise was added to the water surface. The foam and reflection were realized by applying the dynamic texture mapping technology. The experimental results show that the generated coastal water has higher …
Constructing Panoramic High Dynamic Range Image Based On Different Amounts Of Exposures, Quan Wei, Wang Ying, Yanchun Wang, Xuyang Wang, Yunrui Zhu
Constructing Panoramic High Dynamic Range Image Based On Different Amounts Of Exposures, Quan Wei, Wang Ying, Yanchun Wang, Xuyang Wang, Yunrui Zhu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A method of constructing panoramic high dynamic range image was proposed. The classical method about different amounts of exposures was adopted by choosing sampling point carefully to generate better response curves for each child camera of the panoramic camera. Weighted method was applied to obtain panoramic response curve based on six response curves of each child camera. According to characteristics of spatial frequency, a template of panoramic image was selected, so as to complete the synthesis of high dynamic panoramic image. Experiments show that the response curve of panoramic camera can better reflect the characteristics, so the …
Development Of A Virtual Reality System For Space Planning Simulation, Wenbo Yang, Yinhao Song, Zhao Xin
Development Of A Virtual Reality System For Space Planning Simulation, Wenbo Yang, Yinhao Song, Zhao Xin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A virtual reality platform for space simulation was developed to simplify the implementation of weapon and based design. First, the architecture of the simulation system was described briefly; Second, based on the characteristics of space simulation platform, several key modules were introduced, including terrain real-time generation, analysis of space layout, and closest distance calculation. The terrain generation for space simulation platform was based on database management. The closest distance calculation was based on nearest neighbor k-d tree searching. In addition, a three-dimensional (3-D) model library, containing vehicles, test equipment, plant facilities, and other tools, was established for dynamic loading …