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Articles 211 - 240 of 864
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Simulation Of The Resistance Of Superhydrophobic Microchannel In Turbulent Regime, Chunxi Li, Qingze Cui, Xuemin Ye
Simulation Of The Resistance Of Superhydrophobic Microchannel In Turbulent Regime, Chunxi Li, Qingze Cui, Xuemin Ye
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: VOF model and the Realizable k-ε turbulent model are used to simulate the three-dimensional flow field of superhydrophobic microchannels with longitudinal and transverse microstructures in turbulent regime, the effects of structural parameters on the resistance characteristics of superhydrophobic surface are analyzed. The results show that the superhydrophobic microchannels with longitudinal microgrooves exhibit significant reductions in drag; with the increase of the free shear area ratio and the width of the microchannel, the ratio of pressure drop increases, and the average friction factor decreases, as well as the drag reduction effect is highly significant; with the increase of …
Robust And Self-Synchronous Steganography For Voice-Over-Ip Based On Ldpc Codes, Zhanzhan Gao, Guangming Tang, Haitao Song
Robust And Self-Synchronous Steganography For Voice-Over-Ip Based On Ldpc Codes, Zhanzhan Gao, Guangming Tang, Haitao Song
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: VoIP (Voice over IP) is a kind of voice communication technology based on UDP/IP protocols, so packet loss will inevitably happen when the channel environment deteriorates. Besides that, stego VoIP data flows are real-time and have no head or tail, which pose more challenges to accurately extract the secret messages. This paper proposes a robust and self-synchronous VoIP steganography method, which solves the above two problems under the premise of maintaining good imperceptibility. In this method, low density parity check (LDPC) codes are introduced to preprocess the secret data, and the encoded data are embedded into voice …
No-Collision Curling Trajectory Simulation System, Tian Yu, Xu Ming
No-Collision Curling Trajectory Simulation System, Tian Yu, Xu Ming
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In just a few decades, China’s curling accomplished splendid work. But it’s scientific research falling behind a lot. Applying computer simulation technology in sports training can effectively help the athletes to understand the problems that exist in the training. When curling stone slides on the ice, it can be regarded as two-dimensional motion of rigid body, which can be decomposed into two parts: translation of the center of mass and rotation of a fixed axis around the center of mass. Using computer simulation technology to simulate the curling trajectory, and with the help of this system, the athletes can …
Multi-Projector Annular Display Based On Laser Marking Points, Shuiying Ge, Jitao Neng, Shibiao Xu, Xiaopeng Zhang
Multi-Projector Annular Display Based On Laser Marking Points, Shuiying Ge, Jitao Neng, Shibiao Xu, Xiaopeng Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: This paper proposes a software method to construct a multi-projector display system. Based on the known geometric parameters of the projection curve surface such as radius, radian and the height of the circular-screen and the laser marking points, this method calculates the projection matrix of each projector to warp the image of each projector correctly. The Alpha blending and gamma rectification techniques are used to do the color blending. The experimental results show that the geometric warping and color blending effects of the seamless multi-projector display system are stable and effective.
Simulation Analyses Of A Method For Extracting Dynamic Parameters From Forced Vibration Responses, Yumiao Wei, Zhili Zhang, Zhengjun Chang, Junyang Zhao, Xiangyang Li
Simulation Analyses Of A Method For Extracting Dynamic Parameters From Forced Vibration Responses, Yumiao Wei, Zhili Zhang, Zhengjun Chang, Junyang Zhao, Xiangyang Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To characterize the dynamic features of electromechanical system, a method is researched for dynamic parameters extraction from the forced vibration responses. The forced vibration response signals are processed by HVD method, and the free damped oscillation components are acquired. The SSA-FREEVIB analysis is conducted for the obtained components to measure the dynamic characteristics. The equalization procedures are implemented for the backbones and damping data, the resonance frequency and Q value are therefore accurately estimated. Simulation results show that the calculated resonance frequency and Q value coincide well with the theoretical values. A good anti-noise performance of the proposed …
Ground Coverage Stitching Simulation Algorithm For Remote Sensing Satellite, Shuhao Liu, Wang Tong, Zhang Yue
Ground Coverage Stitching Simulation Algorithm For Remote Sensing Satellite, Shuhao Liu, Wang Tong, Zhang Yue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Ground coverage stitching is the base of remote sensing satellite mission simulation. A coverage stitching simulation algorithm is proposed, considering big time step and attitude maneuver simulation. Transient coverage region is computed by light of view intersection and tangent searching methods. Transient coverage boundaries of different simulation times are stitched by two-dimension convex hull algorithm. Between points of the stitched region polygon edges, new vertexes are interpolated. With the method proposed, limb coverage problem and coverage fusion when time step is large can be solved. Computer simulation results show that the algorithm achieves a fine accuracy and …
Temporal Network And Its Application, Mingzhi Zhang, Luo Kai, Wu Xi, Qingjun Zhang
Temporal Network And Its Application, Mingzhi Zhang, Luo Kai, Wu Xi, Qingjun Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The traditional method which aggregates the information in a period of time to the static network cannot reflect effectively the dynamic features between the network nodes and their relations. The temporal network and its applications were studied. The temporal network was introduced and the differences between temporal network and static network were analyzed. The types and the two kinds of representation methods of temporal network were divided. The model of temporal network was constructed. Temporal path and temporal distance were discussed. Taking the vulnerability analysis of space information network for example, the results show the advantages of temporal network …
Recognition Method On Two-Phase Flow Regime Based On Cross Recursive Analysis, Yongbo He, Yushan Dong, Rongrong Xue
Recognition Method On Two-Phase Flow Regime Based On Cross Recursive Analysis, Yongbo He, Yushan Dong, Rongrong Xue
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems that the two-phase flow regime recognition speed is slow and the recognition accuracy is low, a flow regime recognition method is proposed based on cross recursive analysis (CRA) without imaging. The false nearest neighbors are used to analyze flow regime capacitance values measured by capacitance sensor to obtain an optimal embedding dimension; and the embedding dimension of cross recursive plot is established for several typical flow patterns. The capacitance values of the simulation flow regimes and the reference flow regimes are analyzed using cross recursion to get a set of cross recursive plots. The similarity …
Locally Weighted Learning Control For Dynamic Restricted Manipulators, Wang Gang, Tairen Sun, Shengpei Ding
Locally Weighted Learning Control For Dynamic Restricted Manipulators, Wang Gang, Tairen Sun, Shengpei Ding
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: This paper proposes a locally weighted learning control law for a manipulator with state and input constraints and modeling uncertainties. By visualizing the control input as an extended state, the control problem is converted into control design for a state-constraint uncertain nonlinear system. Barrier Lyapunov functions are introduced into a backstepping procedure and a locally weighted learning control is designed, which ensures the exponential convergence of the barrier functions to a small neighborhood of zero and then guarantees satisfaction of system constraints and the tracking error convergence. The control feasibility and effectiveness is validated by theoretical analysis and …
Dynamic Data Reserved Modeling Method Based On Steady-State Component Estimation And State Tracking, Dong Ze, Erxin Yin
Dynamic Data Reserved Modeling Method Based On Steady-State Component Estimation And State Tracking, Dong Ze, Erxin Yin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the existing problems of conventional industrial system modeling methods, a dynamic data reserved modeling method based on steady-state component estimation and state tracking is proposed. The dynamic response data of the system is selected as the modeling data. The input value at the end of the selected data is chosen as steady-state component, and the steady-state component value of output is artificial given. Steady-state component of the modeling data is removed according to the steady-state component of input and output, and the modeling data is divided into three sections. The prediction model and the state observer are …
Design Method Of Tactical Level Hexagonal Wargame Map, Fen Tang, Zhang Xin, You Xiong, Zhiqiang Wu, Kunwei Li
Design Method Of Tactical Level Hexagonal Wargame Map, Fen Tang, Zhang Xin, You Xiong, Zhiqiang Wu, Kunwei Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Wargame map is an indispensable component of wargame. The current research on wargame map focused itself on the hexagonal grid segmentation, the terrain quantization models and relevant algorithms, and the technical realization of the application algorithm based on wargame map. However, the wargame map design is inadequate in corresponding instructions and methods. Therefore, based on the traditional map design method and fully taking into account the characteristics of the army tactical level hexagonal wargame map, the principle and process of army tactical level hexagonal wargame map design are proposed, and the critical steps in the process of the wargame …
Remote Real-Time Rendering System Based On Graphics Cluster, Haiyang Liu, Xiaofeng Hu, Lei Xu
Remote Real-Time Rendering System Based On Graphics Cluster, Haiyang Liu, Xiaofeng Hu, Lei Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problems of rendering application for many remote users with different requirements, according to the multi-user oriented asynchronous distributed application mode in graphics cluster environment, a general framework of remote real-time rendering system based on graphics cluster is proposed, and the main functional modules are designed. The integrated application of key technologies, including GPU rendering based on Docker, dynamic load balancing and real-time transmission control of images, is analyzed. The effectiveness of system solution is demonstrated by concrete examples.
Simulation Analysis Of Vehicle Electromagnetic Environment Under Excitation Of Vhf Antenna, Xiaoying Sun, Hanqing Wang, Jinpeng Yang, Zhao Yu
Simulation Analysis Of Vehicle Electromagnetic Environment Under Excitation Of Vhf Antenna, Xiaoying Sun, Hanqing Wang, Jinpeng Yang, Zhao Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the issue of distribution regularity of field strength in vehicle cab under excitation of vehicle-borne high-power VHF antenna, a method of numerical simulation combining with extreme value theory to predict maximum field strength is proposed, which minimizes sample collecting difficulty and fitting deviation. CST simulation software is applied to get field strength sample in vehicle cab, and generalized extreme value (GEV) is used to fitting entire field strength distribution. peak over threshold (POT) model based on Generalized Pareto distribution is used to research high field strength value sample statistical characteristics. Resultsshow that under antenna excitation of 92.5 …
Spatial Spectrum Estimation Method Of Flank Twin-Line Array Based On Cross-Spectrum Correlation, Zhizhong Li, Wang Sen, Zhongliang Xu, Weiguo Dai, Qijun Liu
Spatial Spectrum Estimation Method Of Flank Twin-Line Array Based On Cross-Spectrum Correlation, Zhizhong Li, Wang Sen, Zhongliang Xu, Weiguo Dai, Qijun Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering the structural features of the flank twin-line array, researches on spatial spectrum estimation of twin-line array based on adaptive beam-forming and cross-spectrum correlation were carried out. A spatial spectrum estimation method based on cross-spectrum correlation is proposed according to the theory of cross-spectrum. The study of spectrum estimation performance comparison of the twin-line array was finished by that method combined with the conventional beam-forming and the adaptive beam-forming respectively. The results prove that the method based on cross-spectrum correlation has a better capability in noise suppression; and the method, which combined adaptive beam-forming with cross-spectrum correlation, is the …
Robustness Analysis Of Interdependent Networks For Cascading Failure, Congdong Li, Wenbo Li, Cejun Cao, Wang Yu
Robustness Analysis Of Interdependent Networks For Cascading Failure, Congdong Li, Wenbo Li, Cejun Cao, Wang Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For guiding interdependent system construction and improving its vulnerability, it is helpful to research on the robustness of interdependent networks. Based on the related works, the cascading failure model of interdependent networks coupled by nodes’ betweenness was built, which considered comprehensively the nodes’ overload, interdependent nodes’ failure, and links’ loss. The robustness of interdependent networks was studied from the perspective of different coupled intensities, coupled patterns, and different nodes’ failure. Simulation results manifest that the robustness of assortative link interdependent networks is the best, the robustness of disassortative link interdependent networks is the worst. The robustness of interdependent networks …
Cloud-End Cooperative Manufacturing And Simulation Application In Electrical Equipment Industry, Ruijie Shi, Zou Ping, Xike Wu, Liu Gang, Gao Chen, Junyuan Zhang, Li Lin, Guo Li
Cloud-End Cooperative Manufacturing And Simulation Application In Electrical Equipment Industry, Ruijie Shi, Zou Ping, Xike Wu, Liu Gang, Gao Chen, Junyuan Zhang, Li Lin, Guo Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Electrical equipment manufacturing industry hopes to achieve cloud-end cooperative manufacturing of the whole industry chain services by means of national network e-commerce cloud platform. On the basis of explaining the role of simulation in cloud-end cooperative manufacturing, this paper analyses the practical problems faced by enterprises in electrical equipment industry to realize cloud-end cooperative manufacturing, and presents effective solutions and overall solution; all kinds of the necessary application services are provided, which coincide with the actual requirement of electrical equipment manufacturing industry; and the research results of the key problems for realization about them are introduced. The overall industry …
Ti-A* Based Multi-Robot Dynamic Planning And Coordination Method, Zhao Ping, Xinyu Lei, Bozhi Chen, Jiaoyun Yang
Ti-A* Based Multi-Robot Dynamic Planning And Coordination Method, Zhao Ping, Xinyu Lei, Bozhi Chen, Jiaoyun Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Multiple robots path planning problem in dynamic environment is one of the significant and basic problems of cluster robot perception and coordination. The planning problem is decomposed into two modules: the path planning and the conflict coordination. By introducing time-cost function, the Time Integrated A* algorithm (TI-A*) is introduced. Variable speed is employed simultaneously to coordinate the motion and hereby to avoid the deadlock and conflict. By adjusting the timing when the coordination phase is involved, two different coordination TI-A* algorithms are presented, including the speed-changing algorithm and path-changing algorithm. The two algorithms are compared and the respective …
Smart Design And Simulation Of Aerospace Control System Based On Digital Twin, Xiaoxiang Liu, Tang Liang, Haibo Zeng, Yubai Liu, Xinbang Zhang
Smart Design And Simulation Of Aerospace Control System Based On Digital Twin, Xiaoxiang Liu, Tang Liang, Haibo Zeng, Yubai Liu, Xinbang Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In accordance with the demand for intelligent development of spacecraft, and on the basis of the existing model-driven aerospace control design and simulation system, the new technological architectures using the digital twin and digital thread technique are carried out to achieve intelligent scheme design, simulation verification and in-orbit analysis. Employing the intelligent interconnection concept of cyber-physical systems, the space-ground integrated big data analysis and knowledge automation system are proposed. Based on this, the practical application scenarios are put forward through the full development flow and the entire life cycle. Not only it covers the smart application of information technology, …
Overview Of Digital Twins Application And Safe Development, Li Xin, Liu Xiu, Xinxin Wan
Overview Of Digital Twins Application And Safe Development, Li Xin, Liu Xiu, Xinxin Wan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The Digital Twins simulate the whole process of the manufacture, and promote the development of smart manufacturing and other fields. In view of the rapid development and application of Digital Twins, the concept and history of Digital Twins are outlined, and its related technology system is given. The main application and development trend of Digital Twins in intelligent manufacturing as while as the main characters of Digital Twins in smart cities are combed. The cyber security problem of Digital Twins is discussed for intelligent manufacturing and smart cities. The scheme and suggestion are given for ensuring the cyber security …
Spatiotemporal Characteristics Of Air Pollutants, Meteorology And Traffic During Heavy Haze Pollution In Beijing, Dongmei Hu, Jianping Wu, Kun Tian, Lüchao Liao, Yiman Du
Spatiotemporal Characteristics Of Air Pollutants, Meteorology And Traffic During Heavy Haze Pollution In Beijing, Dongmei Hu, Jianping Wu, Kun Tian, Lüchao Liao, Yiman Du
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: We analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollutants, meteorology, and average road speed during a heavy haze pollution period; and explored the combined impacts of temporary traffic restrictions and meteorological conditions on air quality. The results showed that five pollution stages were identified with remarkable variation patterns based on the evolution of PM2.5 concentration and weather conditions; and it also showed that the southern sites experienced heavier pollution than the northern sites. Stage P3 exhibited a combined effect of meteorology and traffic restrictions with delayed functions. A good AQI was more likely with higher temperature and lower humidity. …
Stereo Matching Based On Enhanced Message Passing For Investigation Of Traffic Accident Scenes, Jingzhou Huang, Houpan Zhou, Liliang Wang, Xiaofang Huang, Li Na
Stereo Matching Based On Enhanced Message Passing For Investigation Of Traffic Accident Scenes, Jingzhou Huang, Houpan Zhou, Liliang Wang, Xiaofang Huang, Li Na
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The investigation of traffic accident scenes requires restoring real scenes in a given time, and it can be implemented through binocular vision technique. For its core procedure—stereo matching, we studied the popular hierarchical belief propagation (HBP) algorithm and presented an improved approach which contained two modules: optimization in the native level and cost transmission between adjacent levels. The optimization ability is improved by enhancing the impact of message passing within and between levels for estimating disparities of unmatched points and correcting wrong disparities. Experiment results show that the optimization ability of the improved approach has been enhanced, and …
Visual Simulation Of Dynamic Burning Scene Of Single Plant, Weilong Ding, Linfeng Luo, Zheng Lei, Fuli Wu, Lifeng Xu
Visual Simulation Of Dynamic Burning Scene Of Single Plant, Weilong Ding, Linfeng Luo, Zheng Lei, Fuli Wu, Lifeng Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: At present, the research of the interactive process between plants and the flame mainly focuses on the visual simulation of forest fire scenario, but it is lack of the study on description of the interaction of individual plants and flame in detail. Aiming at this issue, this paper proposed a visual solution to model the process of a single plant burning. We established a plant model based on the branch node relationship and used particle system to model the flame. We set up a distance temperature field around a flame by using bounding sphere, and used a collision …
Simulation Analysis Of Self-Driving Travelling Routes, Sun Ling, Ya Dong, Liu Wei, Guanyun Yang
Simulation Analysis Of Self-Driving Travelling Routes, Sun Ling, Ya Dong, Liu Wei, Guanyun Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: China's tourism industry develops rapidly. By building self-driving traveling plan model and using traversal algorithm and stochastic optimization algorithm, the area optimal travel plans with Matlab simulation are obtained. If traveling time is too long in one area, the K-mean clustering algorithm can be used to divide it into two parts for simulation. A case study of 5A attractions in China is used for establishing a national self-driving traveling plan model. The concept of the Time Value is proposed. By comparing the travel modes of plane, train and car, the common model is established. The sensitivity analysis of Time …
Travel Time Reliability Of Inside Area Of Roundabouts, Yuzhou Duan, Tingting Chai, Jian Jie
Travel Time Reliability Of Inside Area Of Roundabouts, Yuzhou Duan, Tingting Chai, Jian Jie
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the travel time reliability, this paper analyzes the traffic states in the inside area of the roundabout. The travel time reliability model is established from three aspects: route path, entrance and system, and the practicability of the model is verified by the VISSIM simulation. On this basis, the correlation analysis is made on between the adjacent paths of the same entrance and adjacent paths of the adjacent entrances, and the fitting equations are obtained. Taking the number of lanes, traffic volumes, proportion of left-turns and the rate of heavy vehicles as variables, a sensitivity analysis …
Integrated Simulation Optimization Of Hard Shoulder Running Combined With Speed Harmonization, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li
Integrated Simulation Optimization Of Hard Shoulder Running Combined With Speed Harmonization, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: We have a study on hard shoulder running (HSR) combined with speed harmonization. The breakdown events were screened out during the study period from massive detector data. The impact of hard shoulder volume on breakdown probabilities was analyzed. The nonparametric breakdown probabilities distribution model and logistic regression model were put forward based on highway mainline traffic volume, hard shoulder volume and ramp volume from the study case which was divided into three factors-basic segment, on-ramp merging segment and off-ramp diverging segment. The speed harmonization and HSR were optimized through reducing the traffic breakdown probabilities of a congested traffic network. …
Dynamic Interference Detection Algorithm For Bearing With Scar, Jinyuan Jia, Naihao Zheng
Dynamic Interference Detection Algorithm For Bearing With Scar, Jinyuan Jia, Naihao Zheng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the dynamic interference detection problem of scar bearing in visual assembly, an efficient dynamic interference inspection algorithm for scar bearing is proposed. The first step is to perform vertex management on the 3D reconstructed scar bearing model through the quad-tree; the second step is to select the appropriate algorithm for the calculation of the maximum interference distance by considering bearing shape and its motion characteristics. The research shows that the algorithm can quickly and efficiently test the dynamic interference and calculate the interference distance for the bearing with scar, which can effectively improve the efficiency of bearing …
Optimal Compensation Control Strategy For Four-Axle Vehicle With All-Wheel Steering System, Baohua Wang, Yu Chao
Optimal Compensation Control Strategy For Four-Axle Vehicle With All-Wheel Steering System, Baohua Wang, Yu Chao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem of poor stability of traditional multi-axle commercial vehicles, an optimal control strategy for multi-axle steering wheel is proposed. Through the establishment of the four-axis vehicle model, the wheel angle proportional feed-forward control algorithm and the yaw rate feedback control algorithm are studied. The optimal compensating control algorithm of the wheel angle proportional feed-forward and yaw rate feedback is proposed, and the control strategy is also verified through joint simulation. The results show that the full-wheel steering optimal compensation control strategy can keep the center-of-mass skew angle close to zero at all vehicle speeds, …
Adaptive Backstepping Control Based Closed-Loop I/F Control Of Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, Chang Da, Yu Yang, Zengqiang Mi, Xiaoming Zheng, Chenjun Sun
Adaptive Backstepping Control Based Closed-Loop I/F Control Of Sensorless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, Chang Da, Yu Yang, Zengqiang Mi, Xiaoming Zheng, Chenjun Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A novel strategy applied closed-loop adaptive back-stepping control to permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is proposed targeting the problem of the modification of torque for mechanical elastic energy storage (MEES) system utilizing PSMG as power source. This paper establishes the mathematical model of MEES system and PMSG, and presents the closed-loop adaptive backstepping control which makes the angle between the dq axis oriented by the current of stator and the dq axis oriented by the rotor a constant value via the speed and current closed-loop based on the analysis of open-loop I/f control. The closed-loop adaptive back-stepping control can …
Future Traffic Accident Risk Investigation Based On Human-Machine-Environment Factors, Yuan Quan, Gao Yan, Chenlu Qiu
Future Traffic Accident Risk Investigation Based On Human-Machine-Environment Factors, Yuan Quan, Gao Yan, Chenlu Qiu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the theory of human-machine-environment system engineering, this paper investigated the developing trends of autonomous vehicles and the types of traffic crashes in China, and integrated changing human-vehicle-road factors of traffic system to speculate the possible new types and scenarios of traffic crashes. The recent occurred crash cases involving autonomous vehicles were concerned and investigated. In future, some new affecting factors such as the mix traffic with various autonomous vehicles and piloted vehicles, the switching of driving behavior between human and machine, and the information security of intelligent traffic system, may cause traffic crashes. Among these, the human …
Potential Users Of Battery Electric Vehicle Based On Big Data Of Floating Vehicles, Kong Yuan, Yiman Du, Jianping Wu, Kezhen Hu
Potential Users Of Battery Electric Vehicle Based On Big Data Of Floating Vehicles, Kong Yuan, Yiman Du, Jianping Wu, Kezhen Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Nowadays, the Chinese government is strongly pushing the adoption of new energy vehicles, so it is of great significance to find the most suitable users of EV (Electric Vehicle). This paper did a data mining work to find out target user group of EV based on two-month traveling data, driver information and vehicle attribute information of 12,000 floating vehicles in Beijing. The results show that residential area is more suitable to push the adoption of EV than other functional areas; adding charging piles in the destination area can turn the 9.2% of drivers who are not suitable for EV …