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Articles 391 - 420 of 742
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Developing A Model-Based Approach To Forecast A Competitor's System, Christopher A. Del Vecchio
Developing A Model-Based Approach To Forecast A Competitor's System, Christopher A. Del Vecchio
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research is to develop a model-based approach to intelligence forecasting of a competitor’s system. This analysis currently uses a document-based practice to capture all knowledge of the forecast and its development. A framework of antithesis processes, or Anti-Processes, were derived from the systems engineering technical processes. This was then combined with analytical tradecraft from the field of competitive technical intelligence to build a SysML reference model, which was then applied to a small case study to enhance and refine the model. The Anti-Process framework and SysML reference model provide a rigorous, model-based approach to intelligence forecasts …
Computational Speed Improvement Of The Well Optimized Linear Finder (Wolf) Transfer Function Estimation Methodology For Phase-Diverse Atmospheric Turbulence Compensation (Atc) Applications Using Pre-Calculated, Parallel Complex Exponential Phase Difference Chains, Erlin He
Theses and Dissertations
The Well-Optimized Linear Finder (WOLF) high-speed, phase-dominant, transfer function estimation method was developed by Professor William W. Arrasmith at Florida Institute of Technology. The novel, high-speed, transfer function estimation method is robust and can be applied to atmospheric turbulence compensation (ATC)/blind deconvolution optical imaging problems. The WOLF methodology uses a diversitybased approach with an adapted error metric to quickly remove effects of atmospheric turbulence and system noise effects present in an incoherent, optical imaging system. In this research, we improve performance of the WOLF algorithm by investigating the impact of applying parallel processing technology to pre-calculate an expanding set of …
Forecasting Hypotension By Learning From Multivariate Mixed Responses.., Jodie Ritter
Forecasting Hypotension By Learning From Multivariate Mixed Responses.., Jodie Ritter
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Blood Pressure is the main determinant of blood flow to organs. Hypotension is defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure less than 50 mmHg. The severity and duration of hypotension is associated with low blood flow to organs often result in organ damage and a high mortality rate. Predicting hypotension prior to surgery and during the surgery can reduce the incidence and duration resulting in better patient outcomes. This thesis uses preoperative bloodwork and vital signs as well as perioperative vital signs in 5-minute increments as inputs to forecast hypotension. Hypotension can …
Hierarchical Value Decomposition For Effective On-Demand Ride Pooling, Hao Jiang, Pradeep Varakantham
Hierarchical Value Decomposition For Effective On-Demand Ride Pooling, Hao Jiang, Pradeep Varakantham
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
On-demand ride-pooling (e.g., UberPool, GrabShare) services focus on serving multiple different customer requests using each vehicle, i.e., an empty or partially filled vehicle can be assigned requests from different passengers with different origins and destinations. On the other hand, in Taxi on Demand (ToD) services (e.g., UberX), one vehicle is assigned to only one request at a time. On-demand ride pooling is not only beneficial to customers (lower cost), drivers (higher revenue per trip) and aggregation companies (higher revenue), but is also of crucial importance to the environment as it reduces the number of vehicles required on the roads. Since …
Model-Based Operational Performance Evaluation Of Augmented Reality Applications In Supported Employment Training, Ruo Lun Pan
Model-Based Operational Performance Evaluation Of Augmented Reality Applications In Supported Employment Training, Ruo Lun Pan
Theses and Dissertations
Supported employment is a service provided by social enterprises to help persons with disabilities (PWD) to assimilate into their work environment and maintain their jobs for as long as possible. Social enterprises that provide such services are able to receive incentives from the government but they still rely on a limited funding. Augmented reality (AR) has been tested in various fields such as remote support and training employees, including PWDs. This thesis aims to evaluate the operational performance of augmented reality in supported employment using a model-based systems engineering approach paired with a simulation model. The simulation model evaluates three …
Design, Development, And Calibration Of An Electric Field Probe For Use On Sounding Rockets, Anthony Oreo
Design, Development, And Calibration Of An Electric Field Probe For Use On Sounding Rockets, Anthony Oreo
Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses
Earth’s ionosphere is a dynamic environment that has yet to be fully understood. Interactions of high-energy particles from space with atmospheric plasma and the Earth’s natural magnetic field create many interesting interactions, many of which have direct impacts on the planet and human life. Understanding the dynamics of the upper atmosphere is a compelling endeavor, with much of the research being conducted through high-altitude sounding rockets. These rockets allow for in-situ measurements of the physical parameters of the upper atmosphere which in turn helps in the answering of important questions in space science. In order to quantify the force a …
Optimizing Class Access - Owlgo, Matthew Pendley, Bright Uchehara, Renji Maliakal, Jorge Solorzano
Optimizing Class Access - Owlgo, Matthew Pendley, Bright Uchehara, Renji Maliakal, Jorge Solorzano
Senior Design Project For Engineers
This is the senior design project for Optimizing Class Access using OwlGo. The researcher examine the Marietta campus of Kennesaw State University, in hopes of improving the assigned class locations for each major.
Développement D’Une Méthodologie Pour Évaluer La Performance Des Gants À Isoler Des Vibrations En Tenant Compte De La Dextérité Ainsi Que De La Force De Préhension, Pierre Marcotte, Subhash Rakheja, Christian Larivière, Yumeng Yao, Chantal Gauvin, Karim Hamouda, Hakim Mecheri
Développement D’Une Méthodologie Pour Évaluer La Performance Des Gants À Isoler Des Vibrations En Tenant Compte De La Dextérité Ainsi Que De La Force De Préhension, Pierre Marcotte, Subhash Rakheja, Christian Larivière, Yumeng Yao, Chantal Gauvin, Karim Hamouda, Hakim Mecheri
Rapports de recherche scientifique
L'efficacité des gants antivibrations pour réduire les vibrations transmises à la main est actuellement évaluée en laboratoire selon la méthodologie décrite dans la norme ISO 10819:2013. Cette norme évalue la transmission des vibrations à la paume de la main, mais ne tient pas compte de la transmission des vibrations aux doigts ni de l’effet du port de ces gants sur la dextérité manuelle et l’effort de préhension. Cette étude visait à développer une méthodologie afin d’améliorer l’évaluation de la transmission des vibrations par les gants antivibrations à la paume et aux doigts, tout en tenant compte de l’effet de ces …
Nanoparticulate Carriers For Drug Delivery, Samantha Lokelani Crossen, Tarun Goswami
Nanoparticulate Carriers For Drug Delivery, Samantha Lokelani Crossen, Tarun Goswami
Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering Faculty Publications
Drug delivery with nanoparticulate carriers is a new and upcoming research area that is making major changes within the pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticulate carriers are discussed, particularly, engineered nanoparticulate carriers used as drug delivery systems for targeted delivery. Nanoparticulate carriers that are used for drug delivery systems include polymers, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, ceramics, metals, and various forms of biological materials. The properties of these nanoparticulate carriers are very advantageous for targeted drug delivery and result in efficient drug accumulation at the targeted area of interest, reduced drug toxicity, reduced systemic side effects, and more efficient use of the drug overall. Nanoparticlulate …
Research On Discrete Workshop Task Assignment Based On Improved Water Filling Algorithm, Kaituan Feng, Jie Yuan
Research On Discrete Workshop Task Assignment Based On Improved Water Filling Algorithm, Kaituan Feng, Jie Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the unsatisfactory the results of the real-time dynamic task allocation in discrete workshops are not ideal, an improved water filling algorithm is proposed. Compared with the equal cost allocation of the water injection algorithm, the processing rate and cost factors are added to the improved water injection algorithm to coordinate the processing rate, the cost and the workpieces. The allocation of the different cost workpieces is realized and the result is adjusted, which can meet the requirements of discrete distribution. The improved water injection algorithm can dynamically allocate the newly added workpieces in real time. The proposed …
Virtual Scene Stereoscopic Panorama Generation And Viewport Rendering Algorithm, Haoxiang Li, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Yunbiao Liu, Qiwei Xing
Virtual Scene Stereoscopic Panorama Generation And Viewport Rendering Algorithm, Haoxiang Li, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Yunbiao Liu, Qiwei Xing
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the nonuniform sampling in map projection and the redundancy in aspheric projection, spherical Fibonacci lattices is used to sample the visible spherical area to generate spherical Fibonacci lattice panorama with low-redundancy and high-quality. On the basis of panoramic stereo imaging model, the binocular ray direction generation algorithm for spherical stereo panorama is proposed. With Fibonacci grid, an adaptive filtering method of light-visibility map for panorama is designed to generate spherical panorama with approximate soft shadow. The nearest neighbor interpolation is used to render the viewport of panorama. Extensive experiments show that the frame frequency of the viewport …
Study On Near-Body Pressure Characteristics Of Bionic Robotic Fish Undulating In Near Wall Region, Ou Xie, Aiguo Song, Qixin Zhu
Study On Near-Body Pressure Characteristics Of Bionic Robotic Fish Undulating In Near Wall Region, Ou Xie, Aiguo Song, Qixin Zhu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To avoid unbalanced workload assignment, we studied the vehicle routing problem with refined oil secondary distribution considering workload balance. A bi-objectivemixed integer programming model was built to minimize the total distribution cost and the maximum difference in vehicle route length. A heuristic variable neighborhood tabu search algorithm was designed. An improved Solomon_I1 insertion algorithm was developed to generate afeasible initial solution such that the total distribution cost was as small as possible. Then, the variable neighborhood tabu search algorithm was used to improve the initial solution and thereby obtain the approximate optimal solution. The simulation results show that in …
Key Technology Research On Stall Spin Simulation Training System Of An Aircraft, Guangxu Xi, Yongyi Liu, Chong Wu, Junjie Zhang, Yinghao Chen
Key Technology Research On Stall Spin Simulation Training System Of An Aircraft, Guangxu Xi, Yongyi Liu, Chong Wu, Junjie Zhang, Yinghao Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to realize the simulation continuity of the multi-state evolution of traffic and to solve the problem that multi-state traffic can only be simulated by single state traffic through multiple times, the middleware model of continuous traffic event simulation is built by the secondary development interface of VISSIM simulation software, and the original two related traffic simulation events are jointly driven. The secondary development of VISSIM-com is carried out by C# and database. The survey data of the intersection of Ganghua Road and Baihua Road in the Yuzhong District of Chongqing is selected as the example, and the …
Simulation On Mutual Interference Of Laser Radar In Road Environments, Xuesong Mao, Runlong Lei, Shaowei Huang, Xuetao Mao
Simulation On Mutual Interference Of Laser Radar In Road Environments, Xuesong Mao, Runlong Lei, Shaowei Huang, Xuetao Mao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Transmission line inspection is an important work to ensure the safe operation of the power grid. It involves the live-work, the power-outage-maintenance and the fault-diagnosis. Training using only 3D virtual technology cannot achieve realistic results. It is necessary to combine 3D virtual scenes with digital grids. To this end, using the collected monitoring data and multi-time-scale calculation models, a twin state digital power grid has been constructed for the live-work, a parallel state digital power grid has been constructed for the power-outage-maintenance, and corresponding analog devices have been added to the parallel digital power grid to complete the training …
Multi-Modality Affective Computing Model Based On Personality And Memory Mechanism, Sijin Zhou, Dicheng Chen, Geng Tu, Dazhi Jiang
Multi-Modality Affective Computing Model Based On Personality And Memory Mechanism, Sijin Zhou, Dicheng Chen, Geng Tu, Dazhi Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the development of affective computing, the correlation of memory, individuation and emotion is more and more important. Focus on the machine emotion shortcomings in the perception, understanding and expression, an emotion computing model integrating the emotion perception, understanding and expression is proposed. The model is a memory-oriented deep network perception model that accepts multiple modal inputs (visual, auditory, lexical) and applies a fuzzy emotion integration decision to realize the understanding of uncertain emotions. The simulation experiments prove that the model has a good performance in all kinds of multimodal affective computing.
Simulation On Cold Chain Distribution Path Of Fresh Agricultural Products Under Low-Carbon Constraints, Tao Ning, Tao Gou, Xiangdong Liu
Simulation On Cold Chain Distribution Path Of Fresh Agricultural Products Under Low-Carbon Constraints, Tao Ning, Tao Gou, Xiangdong Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The freshness distribution requirements of fresh agricultural products may increase the carbon emissions of the cold chain distribution process. A cold chain distribution scheduling strategy and simulation method for the fresh agricultural products under low-carbon constraints is proposed. Based on the quantitative analysis of the carbon tax mechanism, a mathematical model of minimizing the carbon emissions and minimizing the overall cost of distribution is established. Comprehensively analyzing the conventional factors such as the product delivery volume, delivery time and loading and unloading time in logistics distribution, an improved quantum ant colony algorithm based on adaptive rotation angle …
Simulation Optimization On Joint Production And Preventive Maintenance Scheduling For Distributed Job-Shop, Fei Ye, Ziqing Li, Yuanjun Laili
Simulation Optimization On Joint Production And Preventive Maintenance Scheduling For Distributed Job-Shop, Fei Ye, Ziqing Li, Yuanjun Laili
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Distributed job-shop production scheduling is the key to high efficient production. Preventive maintenance, an essential means to ensure the safety and reliability of equipment, should be the necessary content of the production decision-making. Aiming at the production delay caused by equipment maintenance, a simulation-corrected optimization method is proposed. The mathematical model and simulation model for the joint production and preventive maintenance scheduling are established. The sequence exchange-based genetic algorithm is combined with the simulation-corrected optimization method to form a fast simulation optimization scheme. Experimental results on typical cases show that the proposed simulation optimization method can improve the solution …
Safety Evaluation Of Amusement Rides Using Accumulated Accident Data: Accident Data Framework, Kathryn Woodcock
Safety Evaluation Of Amusement Rides Using Accumulated Accident Data: Accident Data Framework, Kathryn Woodcock
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
Amusement rides and devices are a popular form of recreation and important component of the tourism industry. Injury-producing accidents are rare, and the viability of the industry relies on perceived safety of the activity. Some existing metrics use accumulated accident reports. Several metrics tabulate the number of injuries, but none collect enough information about the context of accidents to analyse the accumulated data to deduce patterns. This paper describes an Accident Data Framework for a minimal set of variables from reports of amusement device accident, and the structure for a useful narrative to aid reporters and recorders to avoid introducing …
When The Magic Closes: Examining How Disney Fans Coped With Theme Park And Resort Closures Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Cody Havard, Carissa A. Baker, Daniel L. Wann, Rick Grieve
When The Magic Closes: Examining How Disney Fans Coped With Theme Park And Resort Closures Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Cody Havard, Carissa A. Baker, Daniel L. Wann, Rick Grieve
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
This essay discusses a qualitative investigation we conducted with fans of the Disney parks and resorts during the summer of 2020 regarding the company’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, 22 people responded to open-ended questions from an online survey to discuss their views of the closures and planned reopenings of the Disney parks and resorts amid the early days of the pandemic. Using social identity theory (Tajfel, 1978) and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), we discuss how fans react to and cope with the temporary loss of a favorite activity and how companies in the themed entertainment …
Covid-19 And Immersion: Physical, Virtual, And Home Spaces, Scott Lukas
Covid-19 And Immersion: Physical, Virtual, And Home Spaces, Scott Lukas
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
This article considers the dramatic adaptations that have occurred in themed immersive spaces as they have dealt with the challenging dynamics of COVID-19. As COVID-19 has been a respiratory disease, it has impacted the operations of theme parks, casinos, cruise ships, and other immersive spaces, especially as such spaces have relied, traditionally, on physical forms of entertainment and immersion. The writing begins with a consideration of the COVID-19 challenges noted in the theme park and cruise ship industries. OceanMedallionTM and MyMagic+ technologies are considered for their possible positive role in addressing the operational dynamics during the pandemic. Issues of guest …
Brighter But Not Clearer: Entertainment-Dependent Destinations Dealing With Long Covid, Louis-Etienne Dubois, Frederic Dimanche
Brighter But Not Clearer: Entertainment-Dependent Destinations Dealing With Long Covid, Louis-Etienne Dubois, Frederic Dimanche
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we explored a range of very different possible outcomes for destinations that rely heavily on their entertainment sector (Dubois & Dimanche, 2021). Several months later, this article seeks to revisit those outcomes, while also highlighting the ongoing recovery efforts and evolving strategies of entertainment-dependent destinations (EDDs). To do so, we reconnected with the panel of respondents from various destinations (i.e., Las Vegas, Nashville, New Orleans etc.) to take stock of both new challenges and opportunities, as well as emerging factors impacting their respective markets. Our results show that while EDDs are facing a …
Theme Parks, Staycation Practices, And Covid-19: Opportunities And Uncertainties, Salvador Anton Clavé
Theme Parks, Staycation Practices, And Covid-19: Opportunities And Uncertainties, Salvador Anton Clavé
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
The effects of COVID-19 on the market transformation of the theme park industry has been significant in the short term because of travel restrictions. Challenges, impacts, responses, and strategies might vary from one region to another and even from one theme park to another. However, it can be assumed that domestic travel will continue to have an effect on the theme park industry during the months to come and likely beyond the pandemic. In this context, the “staycation” is becoming a booming trend in the leisure, entertainment, and tourism industry, creating new, current, and future unexpected economic winners and losers. …
Disney During Covid-19: The Tourist And The Actor’S Nightmare, Jennifer A. Kokai, Tom Robson
Disney During Covid-19: The Tourist And The Actor’S Nightmare, Jennifer A. Kokai, Tom Robson
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
In this essay, we argue that the experience of being at Disney theme parks in COVID times was a waking version of what is sometimes called “The Actor’s Nightmare.” Due to safety regulations, theme parks either dropped live entertainment that structures the day as a show with a clear beginning and end (e.g. park-opening rope drop performances, and the fireworks), attempted to include references to COVID in live entertainment (like in
the Frozen Ever After singalong, which added some COVID jokes), or to ignore it (like the Festival of the Lion King). In any case, due to these measures the …
The “Politics Of Inclusion/Exclusion” In Times Of The Pandemic, Florian Freitag
The “Politics Of Inclusion/Exclusion” In Times Of The Pandemic, Florian Freitag
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
As commercial enterprises that depend on attracting a maximum number of visitors in order to be economically successful, theme parks have generally been careful to avoid unpleasant, sensitive, or controversial themes (or aspects of a theme) that might offend or alienate potential customers. Due to official regulations concerning e.g. the wearing of masks in waiting lines and during rides, however, the pandemic cannot simply be “excluded” from the parks and remains constantly visually present, thus seriously undermining the companies’ efforts to keep the park grounds rigidly separated from the rest of the world. Particular operational decisions by some theme park …
“It Takes People To Make The Dream A Reality”: Disney’S Hr Strategy In Response To Covid-19, Jaime L. Williams, Allison A. Toth
“It Takes People To Make The Dream A Reality”: Disney’S Hr Strategy In Response To Covid-19, Jaime L. Williams, Allison A. Toth
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
From January 2020 to the beginning of fall 2021, theme parks around the world have been required to engage in abnormal, abrupt, and major shifts in operations caused by the ongoing global pandemic (COVID-19). Through the process of sensemaking, this paper will focus on the human resources related decisions made by The Walt Disney Company in an effort to better understand the organization’s responses to changes in the external environment and the resulting outcomes during the pandemic. The overall management of Cast Members in the United States during this time period with specific focuses on the layoff and re-hiring of …
Are European Theme Parks Likely To Suffer From Long Covid?, Pieter Cornelis
Are European Theme Parks Likely To Suffer From Long Covid?, Pieter Cornelis
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
COVID-19 has had a major impact on the theme park industry. Visits to European parks were significantly lower in 2020 than the year before. This article discusses the short-term and long-term economic consequences of the pandemic for the theme park industry. Attitudinal loyalty, inertia effects of guest satisfaction on repeat visits, (deferred) reinvestments, and the difference between theme and amusement parks will be considered. To compensate for losses in 2020, many parks increased their visitor numbers in the 2021 season to the maximum permitted capacity, especially in the summer months. As a result, analysis of waiting times at 22 investigated …
Introduction: Theme Parks And Covid-19, Salvador Anton Clavé, Florian Freitag
Introduction: Theme Parks And Covid-19, Salvador Anton Clavé, Florian Freitag
Journal of Themed Experience and Attractions Studies
In the tourism industry, “crises” have been conceptualized as local and temporary phenomena, interval states that may require imminent action, but that can eventually be overcome, with business simply resuming. At the moment of writing, however, it is not at all clear when or if the theme park sector can simply return to a pre-pandemic state of affairs. Even if tourism may once again attain pre-COVID numbers, it may well be through entirely new and different forms. The essays collected here provide scholarly and professional snapshots of the current (winter 2021/2022) state of the theme park industry, with special attention …
Carbon Nanotori Reinforced Lubricants In Plastic Deformation Processes, Jaime Taha-Tijerina, Juan Manuel Martinez, Daniel Euresti, Patsy Yessenia Arquieta-Guillen
Carbon Nanotori Reinforced Lubricants In Plastic Deformation Processes, Jaime Taha-Tijerina, Juan Manuel Martinez, Daniel Euresti, Patsy Yessenia Arquieta-Guillen
Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering Faculty Publications
This research presents the effects of carbon nanotori structures (CNst) dispersed as reinforcement for metal-working and metal-forming lubricants. Synthetic (SL) and deep drawing (DD) nanolubricants were prepared following a two-step method at 0.01 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, and 0.10 wt.% filler fractions. Slight increases in viscosity (oz) increased by 16% and 22% at merely 0.01 wt.% CNst reinforcement and up to 73% and 107% at 0.10 wt.% filler fraction for SL and DD nanolubricants, respectively, compared to conventional materials. Additionally, at 0.10 wt.% wear scar evaluations showed a highest benefit of 16% and 24%, for SL and DD nanolubricants, respectively. This …
Research On Credibility Assessment Of Cloud Simulation System, Wei Li, Huan Zhang, Ping Ma, Ming Yang
Research On Credibility Assessment Of Cloud Simulation System, Wei Li, Huan Zhang, Ping Ma, Ming Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The cloud simulation platform supports the "cloud simulation" mode, which can automatically find simulation resources and dynamically build the cloud simulation system. Because the cloud simulation platform has the characteristics of simulation services establishment on demand and multi-granularity resources sharing, the credibility evaluation of the cloud simulation system faces new challenges in the credibility of the simulation resources, the credibility of the simulation subsystems and the reliability of the simulation environment, etc. From the whole life cycle perspective of the cloud simulation system, the credibility evaluation process model and the credibility evaluation index system of the cloud simulation system …
Design And Development Of A Simulation System For Scheduling In Cloud Manufacturing Based On Microservice Architecture, Yongkui Liu, Ming Zeng, Lin Zhang, Jinwei Guo, Siyang Yuan, Yaoyao Ping
Design And Development Of A Simulation System For Scheduling In Cloud Manufacturing Based On Microservice Architecture, Yongkui Liu, Ming Zeng, Lin Zhang, Jinwei Guo, Siyang Yuan, Yaoyao Ping
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view of the lack of the low coupling and highly extensible cloud manufacturing scheduling simulation system, that leads to inconvenience of the performance test on scheduling algorithms, a scalable cloud manufacturing scheduling model with the scheduling goal of the minimization of cost and completion time and the maximization of quality of service is proposed. A micro-service architecture based cloud manufacturing scheduling simulation system is designed and developed, which realizes the functions of system management, resource management, task management and simulation management, and has the characteristics of flexible autonomy, stability and scalability. The simulation system facilitates the …