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Articles 151 - 180 of 845
Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering
Evolutionary Simulation Of Medical Products Export Safety Supervision Considering Regulation Of Importing Country, Xiaoli Li, Cejun Cao, Fanshun Zhang
Evolutionary Simulation Of Medical Products Export Safety Supervision Considering Regulation Of Importing Country, Xiaoli Li, Cejun Cao, Fanshun Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to investigate the impacts of the regulation of importing country on export safety supervision regarding medical products in the COVID-19 epidemic situation, an evolutionary game model considering the relation between export enterprise and supervision of government is constructed. Based on MATLAB simulation, the influences of different factors including regulation level of importing country, punishment mechanism on export safety supervision of medical products are analyzed. Results show that the illegal behaviors of the export enterprises of medical products can be restrained when the regulation level of importing country reaches a certain threshold. But that would fuel the passively …
Research On Simulation Object Interfaces Oriented To Plug-In-Play Pattern, Zhongwei Lin, Xiuhe Li, Yiping Yao, Shen Yang, Shaoqi Dai, Qianqian Shi
Research On Simulation Object Interfaces Oriented To Plug-In-Play Pattern, Zhongwei Lin, Xiuhe Li, Yiping Yao, Shen Yang, Shaoqi Dai, Qianqian Shi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Models and simulation engines provide services mainly in the format of executable files in cloud environment, thus plug-in-play pattern becomes the first choice of simulation, which needs necessitating interfaces to connect the model processing logics and the simulation engine control logics. A set of simulation object interfaces that covers the simulation full life cycle of initialization, event scheduling, processing and cancel, publish and processing of subscription, roll-back and termination is proposed, and then defined in C++ language. Two examples show the process of the interfaces and the effectiveness of constructing the simulation objects. With the instantiation and disposal …
Research And Implementation Of A High Performance Distributed Object-Oriented Simulation Engine, Xiaodong Huang, Kongshu Xie
Research And Implementation Of A High Performance Distributed Object-Oriented Simulation Engine, Xiaodong Huang, Kongshu Xie
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Simulation engine is the core of simulation platform and the operating system of simulation field. On the basis of the reflection-based object-oriented simulation modeling framework and programing specification, aiming at the developing integration and operation requirements for the large-scale multi-granularity computation intensive simulation system, a High-performance Distributed Object-oriented Simulation Engine (HDOSE) is developed. Combined with the brief review of HDOSE development, on the basis of expounding the HDOSE function services and architecture, the key technology, large-scale multi-granularity parallel computation, programming model and interface, parameterized componentized modeling and so on are mainly introduced. The HDOSE typical application cases …
Research And Application On Space-Launching Mission Simulated Rehearsal Technology, Xiuluo Liu, Wang Jia, Wu Feng, Liu Yang, Ailiang Zhang, Wang Min
Research And Application On Space-Launching Mission Simulated Rehearsal Technology, Xiuluo Liu, Wang Jia, Wu Feng, Liu Yang, Ailiang Zhang, Wang Min
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: High-density space launching tasks need the new requirements for space-launching mission rehearsal. The new concept of space-launching mission simulated rehearsal is proposed, the definition and content are presented in detail,and the technology research objective and key works are analyzed. The technology implementation architecture is established on five dimensions of the domain resources, developing tools, simulation modeling, fundamental function design and domain application. On the basis of simulation, the working process is given, the simulation software architecture is designed, and the simulation application tool is developed. The simulation results are also given, which validate the method and technology.
Visual Analysis Method Of Tobacco Quality Data Based On Dimension Reduction, Tian Dong, Guihua Shan, Xuebin Chi, Yanling Zhang, Weihua Feng, Jianwei Wang, Aiguo Wang, Wang Rui
Visual Analysis Method Of Tobacco Quality Data Based On Dimension Reduction, Tian Dong, Guihua Shan, Xuebin Chi, Yanling Zhang, Weihua Feng, Jianwei Wang, Aiguo Wang, Wang Rui
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to meet the requirements of tobacco leaf matching across regions in tobacco material selection, a visual analysis method of tobacco leaf quality data that incorporating dimension reduction and correlation analysis methods is developed. Through the dimension reduction algorithm, the comparison algorithm and the visual interaction method based on the classification of aroma area for tobacco leaf quality data, a visual analysis method for exploring space division and correlation analysis of tobacco leaf quality data is provided. National tobacco leaf quality data analysis cases and expert demonstrations show that the method can carry out the tobacco leaf quality …
Order Sorting Optimization For Four-Way Shuttle System Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Xinjie He, Shaowu Zhou, Hongqiang Zhang, Lianghong Wu, Zhou You
Order Sorting Optimization For Four-Way Shuttle System Based On Improved Genetic Algorithm, Xinjie He, Shaowu Zhou, Hongqiang Zhang, Lianghong Wu, Zhou You
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: During the batch outbound operations of the four-way shuttle system, the different execution order of the system's outbound leads to the different interaction time between the four-way shuttle and the hoist will be different, which will affect the system's outbound operation time. According to the operation process of batch outbound, with the order of batch order outflow as the variable and the system outflow time as the objective function, a system order sort optimization model i established. Based to the characteristics of the model, with the improved genetic algorithm, the optimal order of the system is obtained. By changing …
Learning Ant Colony Algorithm For Green Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem, Hu Rong, Wenbo Chen, Bin Qian, Guo Ning, Fenghong Xiang
Learning Ant Colony Algorithm For Green Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem, Hu Rong, Wenbo Chen, Bin Qian, Guo Ning, Fenghong Xiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering the congested roads situation of urban central areas in China, a speed calculation method based on vehicle driving sections is designed, and a model for the Green Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem with Total Fuel-Consumption cost Criterion (TFC-GMDVRP) is established, considering simultaneously the vehicle travel distance, load, and speed factors. A learning ant colony optimization algorithm (LACO), combining a knowledge model and an ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), is proposed for solving the TFC-GMDVRP. In order to improve the performance and robustness of the algorithm's global search, the parameter knowledge that contains the different …
Mechanism Design For Entities' Passive Dimensional Sensing Interaction In Discrete Event Simulations, Yan Fei, Bin Gan, Zhaodi Chen, Wenjuan Ma, Luyao Li, Zhang Ke
Mechanism Design For Entities' Passive Dimensional Sensing Interaction In Discrete Event Simulations, Yan Fei, Bin Gan, Zhaodi Chen, Wenjuan Ma, Luyao Li, Zhang Ke
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Dimensional sensing interaction mechanism is a method of computing the entities' visibility on the basis of the position and visible range, and informing when and where the entities can perceive each other. Entities' active computing on the relative position needs a lot of computation and is low efficiency, and slow down the simulation execution at last. The mechanism and framework of the passive dimensional sensing interaction, including the spatial grid models, discrete movement models, and passive sense models are researched. Dimensional sensing interaction manager is designed to realize the computation of entities' dimensional sensing interaction in discrete event-based battle …
Research On The Issues Of Next Generation Wargame System Model Engine, Yubo Tang, Bilong Shen, Shi Lei, Yi Xing
Research On The Issues Of Next Generation Wargame System Model Engine, Yubo Tang, Bilong Shen, Shi Lei, Yi Xing
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the more and more complex war systems, widely used artificial intelligence technology is needed to make up the human deficiencies in future wargame deduction, which is necessary for the next generation wargame system model engine. To address these challenges, a framework prototype of the next generation wargame model engine based on the experience of the long-term development and application is proposed. The decoupling method for the complexity of structure and computation is researched. The human-computer integration architecture on digital twinning technology is studied. Some new modeling techniques which the threshold of model development is reduced and the …
Fault Diagnosis Of Industrial Process Based On Lle And K-Means Clustering Algorithm, Li Yuan, Zewei Geng
Fault Diagnosis Of Industrial Process Based On Lle And K-Means Clustering Algorithm, Li Yuan, Zewei Geng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Because of the similarity of various types of data in the industrial process. The fault diagnosis using the K-means algorithm has a large error rate. A K-means clustering algorithm based on Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) is proposed. the normal data is reduced by the LLE algorithm and the projection matrix is obtained. The projection matrix is used to map the original fault data to the low-dimensional space and the K-means algorithm clusters is used to carry out the data to establish a detection and diagnosis model. The method is applied to the fault detection and diagnosis in the TE …
Optimization Algorithm Of Mine Ventilation Based On Sa-Ipso, Liangshan Shao, Wang Zhen, Changming Li
Optimization Algorithm Of Mine Ventilation Based On Sa-Ipso, Liangshan Shao, Wang Zhen, Changming Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A non-linear optimization mathematical model aiming at the minimum total power of the mine ventilation network is established, in which SA-IPSO algorithm is applied for the optimization. The mutation operation is introduced in the PSO algorithm, in which a new inertia weight is proposed and a new particle selection method is constructed to control the number of particles violating the constraints, and the ability of the PSO algorithm to find boundaries is improved. The constraint conditions of the mine ventilation law are transformed into the penalty term of the objective function. IPSO optimizes the objective function and uses SA …
An Improved Srgan Infrared Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction Algorithm, Hu Lei, Zugen Wang, Chen Tian, Yongmei Zhang
An Improved Srgan Infrared Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction Algorithm, Hu Lei, Zugen Wang, Chen Tian, Yongmei Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the low resolution of infrared images, an improved SRGAN super-resolution reconstruction algorithm is designed. In the generative network, the method of applying the residual dense network to obtain the image features extracted from each network layer so as to retain more high-frequency information of the image, and adopting a progressive upsampling method to improve the super-resolution reconstruction effect under a large scaling factor. In terms of the loss function, the perceptual loss that is more in line with human senses is adopted to make the generated image being closer to the real high-resolution image of senses and …
Trajectory Planning Of 6-Dof Manipulator Based On Inverse Multi-Objective Optimization, Xianyin Duan, Can Zhang, Zerun Zhu, Zhaoyang Sun, Guozhang Jiang, Xiang Feng
Trajectory Planning Of 6-Dof Manipulator Based On Inverse Multi-Objective Optimization, Xianyin Duan, Can Zhang, Zerun Zhu, Zhaoyang Sun, Guozhang Jiang, Xiang Feng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to optimize the machining quality and production efficiency of manipulator, an inverse multi-objective determination method based on the optimization of manipulator stiffness and global travel is proposed. Establishing the forward kinematics model of manipulator, the inverse kinematics is solved by using behaviour tree. The stiffness performance evaluation index and the mathematical model of total stroke of joint angle are constructed to carry out the inverse solution multi-objective optimization. The 7-5-7 order polynomial joint space interpolation algorithm is designed for the trajectory planning. Compared with the commonly used cubic polynomial programming method, the manipulator trajectory obtained by …
Chaotic Gravitational Search Iterative Identification For Wiener Systems, Shanling Xu, Junhong Li, Mengru Liu, Hua Liang
Chaotic Gravitational Search Iterative Identification For Wiener Systems, Shanling Xu, Junhong Li, Mengru Liu, Hua Liang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The Wiener nonlinear system is composed of a dynamic linear subsystem and a series of nonlinear static subsystems, which is widely used in the fields of automatic control, chemical engineering, electrical and other fields. Considering the identification of the Wiener Output Error Autoregressive (Wiener OEAR) system, a chaotic gravitational search iterative identification algorithm is proposed, in which the chaotic optimization mechanism is introduced into the gravitational search algorithm to estimate the unknown parameters of the Wiener OEAR system and the convergence is proved. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed identification algorithm, the gravitational search algorithm and …
Multi-Uav Trajectory Planning Simulation Based On Adaptive Extended Potential Field, Wang Ning, Jiyang Dai, Ying Jin, Yeding Li, Liangliang Lu
Multi-Uav Trajectory Planning Simulation Based On Adaptive Extended Potential Field, Wang Ning, Jiyang Dai, Ying Jin, Yeding Li, Liangliang Lu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To address the defects of the traditional artificial potential field method, such as unreachable targets, easy to fall into local minimums, inability to avoid obstacles, and lack of trajectory optimization strategies, and to solve the problem of slow planning rate due to more layers in the layered potential field algorithm, the model of the UAV is established, in which the influence factor of the attractive and repulsive force is introduced into the layered potential field function to solve the problem of unreachable targets, and the " auxiliary force" is introduced to solve the problem of easily falling into local …
Simulation On Aviation Maintenance Support System Based On Goal-Driven, Jiping Cong, Lijie Cui, Ding Gang, Ren Bo
Simulation On Aviation Maintenance Support System Based On Goal-Driven, Jiping Cong, Lijie Cui, Ding Gang, Ren Bo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the large investment and long time for optimization in aviation maintenance support model practice, for the first time, based on Netlogo platform, the multi-agent aviation maintenance support simulation system is constructed, which provides a reference to adapt the current support tasks and improve the evaluation efficiency. Selecting the annual mission flight time, echelon status, aircraft intact rate, and mission completion rate as the goal drivers, the simulation on different aviation maintenance support process is carried out, which displays the changes in flight arrangements, aircraft status, personnel, support equipment, etc. The simulation experiment shows that the multi-agent …
Whole Ship Simulation Training Platform Based On Virtual Reality, Jiawen Sun, Hongxiang Ren, Fangbing Xiao, Xiaobin Jiang
Whole Ship Simulation Training Platform Based On Virtual Reality, Jiawen Sun, Hongxiang Ren, Fangbing Xiao, Xiaobin Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Under the current navigation education mode, it is common that trainees lack the overall navigation knowledge and the operation practice on onboard equipment and instruments. It is necessary to develop a whole ship simulation training platform that is not limited by time and sites. The six-degree freedom mathematical model of ship motion is established by using the separation modeling theory of ship maneuverability. The flexible object simulation technology, the modeling and rendering of ocean wave technology, and the reverse dynamics technology are adopted to realize the ship scene roaming and equipment interaction. The simulation results show that …
Classification Of Flight Delay Based On Nonlinear Weighted Xgboost, Tang Hong, Wang Dong, Song Bo, Wenkui Chu, Linyuan He
Classification Of Flight Delay Based On Nonlinear Weighted Xgboost, Tang Hong, Wang Dong, Song Bo, Wenkui Chu, Linyuan He
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the classification of flight delay under imbalance data, a novel method based on nonlinear weighted XGBoost (extreme gradient boosting) is proposed. The imbalance of flight delay data and the influence for classification performance caused by the data imbalance are analyzed. A heuristic nonlinear weighting method based on sample proportion is proposed, and the negative log likelihood loss function is optimized. The real flight delay dataset is used to validate the performance of the classification algorithm. The experiment results show that the proposed nonlinear weighted XGBoost algorithm can improve the classification accuracy of flight delay, while ensuing a …
Hidden In Plain Sight: Why Sustainment Is So Critical To The Circular Supply Chains For Technical Products, Dave Peterson
Hidden In Plain Sight: Why Sustainment Is So Critical To The Circular Supply Chains For Technical Products, Dave Peterson
Operations Management Presentations
- Technical products are typically complex, long-lived and high-cost equipment—such as: aircraft, vehicles, ships, capital equipment/machinery and utilities infrastructure. While many technical products are manufactured via traditional linear supply chains, their useful lives often rely upon sustainment systems incorporating significant aspects of circular supply chains. This webinar takes a closer look at technical products and the critical role of systems sustainment to achieve and fulfill circular supply chains. The key takeaways from this webinar are:
- The Earth is running out of resources which will have a direct impact upon maintaining/improving our quality of life.
- The circular economy philosophy has definite relevance …
Quantifying Time-Frequency Co-Movement Impact Of Covid-19 On U.S. And China Stock Market Toward Investor Sentiment Index, Rui Nian, Yijin Xu, Qiang Yuan, Chen Feng, Amaury Lendasse
Quantifying Time-Frequency Co-Movement Impact Of Covid-19 On U.S. And China Stock Market Toward Investor Sentiment Index, Rui Nian, Yijin Xu, Qiang Yuan, Chen Feng, Amaury Lendasse
Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
The Worldwide Spread of Covid-19 Dramatically Influences the World Economic Landscape. in This Paper, We Have Quantitatively Investigated the Time-Frequency Co-Movement Impact of Covid-19 on U.S. and China Stock Market Since Early 2020 in Terms of Daily Observation from National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations Index (Ndx), Dow Jones Industrial Average (Djia), Standard & Poor's 500 Index (Spx), Shanghai Securities Composite Index (Ssec), Shenzhen Securities Component Index (Szi), in Favor of Spatiotemporal Interactions over Investor Sentiment Index, and Propose to Explore the Divisibility and the Predictability to the Volatility of Stock Market during the Development of Covid-19. We Integrate …
Deep Learning For Weather Clustering And Forecasting, Nathaniel R. Beveridge
Deep Learning For Weather Clustering And Forecasting, Nathaniel R. Beveridge
Theses and Dissertations
Clustering weather data is a valuable endeavor in multiple respects. The results can be used in various ways within a larger weather prediction framework or could simply serve as an analytical tool for characterizing climatic differences of a particular region of interest. This research proposes a methodology for clustering geographic locations based on the similarity in shape of their temperature time series over a long time horizon of approximately 11 months. To this end an emerging and powerful class of clustering techniques that leverages deep learning, called deep representation clustering (DRC), are utilized. Moreover, a time series specific DRC algorithm …
Enterprise Resource Allocation For Intruder Detection And Interception, Adam B. Haywood
Enterprise Resource Allocation For Intruder Detection And Interception, Adam B. Haywood
Theses and Dissertations
This research considers the problem of an intruder attempting to traverse a defender's territory in which the defender locates and employs disparate sets of resources to lower the probability of a successful intrusion. The research is conducted in the form of three related research components. The first component examines the problem in which the defender subdivides their territory into spatial stages and knows the plan of intrusion. Alternative resource-probability modeling techniques as well as variable bounding techniques are examined to improve the convergence of global solvers for this nonlinear, nonconvex optimization problem. The second component studies a similar problem but …
New Methods In Wavelet Analysis For Applications Of The Wavelet Transform, Jeffrey D. Williams
New Methods In Wavelet Analysis For Applications Of The Wavelet Transform, Jeffrey D. Williams
Theses and Dissertations
A commonality in the many applications and domains where signal processing (SP)is applied is the detection of events. Detection in SP requires the identification of the occurrence of an event, within a signal, and distinguishing the occurrence from no event. In a classical application of SP, seismologists seek to detect abnormalities in an electromagnetic (EM) signal to detect or not detect the occurrence of an earthquake, represented as an anomalous EM pulse. Since many signals are noisy, such as those produced by a seismograph, it can be challenging to distinguish a significant EM pulse from incident noise. In SP, smoothing …
Wavelet Methods For Very-Short Term Forecasting Of Functional Time Series, Jared K. Nystrom
Wavelet Methods For Very-Short Term Forecasting Of Functional Time Series, Jared K. Nystrom
Theses and Dissertations
Space launch operations at Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (KSC/CCSFS) are complicated by unique requirements for near-real time determination of risk from lightning. Lightning forecast weather sensor networks produce data that are noisy, high volume, and high frequency time series for which traditional forecasting methods are often ill-suited. Current approaches result in significant residual uncertainties and consequentially may result in forecasting operational policies that are excessively conservative or inefficient. This work proposes a new methodology of wavelet-enabled semiparametric modeling to develop accurate and timely forecasts robust against chaotic functional data. Wavelets methods are first used to …
Collaborative All-Source Navigation With Integrity, Jonathon S. Gipson
Collaborative All-Source Navigation With Integrity, Jonathon S. Gipson
Theses and Dissertations
The novel ARMAS-SOM framework fuses collaborative all-source sensor information in a resilient manner with fault detection, exclusion, and integrity solutions recognizable to a GNSS user. This framework uses a multi-filter residual monitoring approach for fault detection and exclusion and is augmented with an additional "observability" EKF sub-layer for resilience. We monitor the a posteriori state covariances in this sub-layer to provide intrinsic awareness when navigation state observability assumptions required for integrity are in danger. This is used to selectively augment the framework with offboard information to preserve resilience. By maintaining split parallel collaborative and proprioceptive estimation instances and employing a …
Interdependent Infrastructure Recovery Using Multilayered Networks And Optimization, Brigham A. Moore
Interdependent Infrastructure Recovery Using Multilayered Networks And Optimization, Brigham A. Moore
Theses and Dissertations
Interdependent infrastructure recovery modeling and simulation are complicated due to various interdependent connections and complexities. Current efforts have identified both operational and restoration interdependency subtypes and coupling strategies that have not been integrated into one comprehensive model. This research presents a model which simultaneously integrates nine interdependency subtypes and four coupling strategies in a multi-objective format to provide the most tailorable and comprehensive network-based recovery model available. This research also created a defense-centric interdependent infrastructure database by modifying the existing CLARC database. This research then addressed assumptions regarding recovery work management in order to address the impact of work crew …
Applying Model-Based Systems Engineering And Fidelity Quantification To Support Fair Fight In A Distributed Simulation System, Nathaniel Erbe, David Lemmer
Applying Model-Based Systems Engineering And Fidelity Quantification To Support Fair Fight In A Distributed Simulation System, Nathaniel Erbe, David Lemmer
Theses and Dissertations
Current 5th and 6th generation fighter aircraft capabilities, and the DoD's push towards digital engineering have created an environment in which simulated testing using live, virtual, and constructive assets has increasing utility. These simulations need to be credible in the eyes of the stakeholders, which for distributed simulation systems includes establishing fair fight between simulation services. Fair fight is when multiple simulations interoperate without generating one-sided systematic advantages. Issues that impede fair fight can be categorized into interoperability issues at the simulations implementation level and incompatible representations of reality between underlying models. This research used model-based systems engineering to generate …
Requirements Analysis And Architecture For An Operational Study Of Fatigue In Usaf Mobility Aircrew, Jonathan F. Mecham
Requirements Analysis And Architecture For An Operational Study Of Fatigue In Usaf Mobility Aircrew, Jonathan F. Mecham
Theses and Dissertations
Aircrew fatigue in flight operations is a known hazard that has driven the creation of fatigue-reducing regulation and fatigue risk management systems industry wide. In addition, biomathematical models have been created and tested to forecast the effectiveness of aircrew under conditions of time-zone shifts and long duty days. However, limited operational studies exist to validate these models or to help understand how individual factors can affect them. Operational studies have a variety of limitations that make gathering typical data regarding fatigue or sleep difficult. This research takes systems requirement analysis approach to design a study that measures effects of circadian …
Performance Improvement Through Better Understanding Of Supply Chain Resilience, Amanda L. Femano
Performance Improvement Through Better Understanding Of Supply Chain Resilience, Amanda L. Femano
Theses and Dissertations
Businesses operate every day in a disruptive environment. Supply and demand uncertainty, natural disasters, global pandemics, and mishaps can all cause chaos to a supply chain’s flow. It is impossible to predict every disruption a supply chain may encounter. The best an organization can do to protect network performance is to build resilience in the supply chain and life-blood of its operations. Ensuring that a supply chain has the proper built-in mechanisms to resist and recover from disruptions is referred to as Supply Chain Resilience (SCR). While it is generally agreed that SCR can be improved through the implementation of …
A Learning And Optimization Framework For Collaborative Urban Delivery Problems With Alliances, Jingfeng Yang, Hoong Chuin Lau
A Learning And Optimization Framework For Collaborative Urban Delivery Problems With Alliances, Jingfeng Yang, Hoong Chuin Lau
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
The emergence of e-Commerce imposes a tremendous strain on urban logistics which in turn raises concerns on environmental sustainability if not performed efficiently. While large logistics service providers (LSPs) can perform fulfillment sustainably as they operate extensive logistic networks, last-mile logistics are typically performed by small LSPs who need to form alliances to reduce delivery costs and improve efficiency, and to compete with large players. In this paper, we consider a multi-alliance multi-depot pickup and delivery problem with time windows (MAD-PDPTW) and formulate it as a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model. To cope with large-scale problem instances, we propose a two-stage …