Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2019

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 241 - 270 of 1263

Full-Text Articles in Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering

Evaluating The Resiliency Of Industrial Internet Of Things Process Control Using Protocol Agnostic Attacks, Hector L. Roldan Dec 2019

Evaluating The Resiliency Of Industrial Internet Of Things Process Control Using Protocol Agnostic Attacks, Hector L. Roldan

Theses and Dissertations

Improving and defending our nation's critical infrastructure has been a challenge for quite some time. A malfunctioning or stoppage of any one of these systems could result in hazardous conditions on its supporting populace leading to widespread damage, injury, and even death. The protection of such systems has been mandated by the Office of the President of the United States of America in Presidential Policy Directive Order 21. Current research now focuses on securing and improving the management and efficiency of Industrial Control Systems (ICS). IIoT promises a solution in enhancement of efficiency in ICS. However, the presence of IIoT …

Go to article

Improving Grapheme-To-Phoneme Translation With The Use Of Nalu Attention Mechanisms, Brian Sheldon Smith Dec 2019

Improving Grapheme-To-Phoneme Translation With The Use Of Nalu Attention Mechanisms, Brian Sheldon Smith

Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, Natural Language Processing in the field of machine learning has seen some major improvements. Data scientists have shown that neural networks are capable of breaking down semantics of sentences, translating languages, and answering complex questions with fast recall. While impressive, these feats all hinge on having access to a massive amount of clean text, or data sets with almost perfect grammar and spelling. Without this, neural networks will usually fail to converge on a meaningful result. To partially this dependency, Grapheme-to-Phoneme conversion can be employed. This is the conversion of words from their spellings to a form …

Go to article

A Case Study: The First Coastal Nuclear Decommissioning Project In California, Willie Aaron Quiros Dec 2019

A Case Study: The First Coastal Nuclear Decommissioning Project In California, Willie Aaron Quiros

Construction Management

San Onofre Nuclear Generating System (SONGS) is one of two nuclear power plants in California. Since the shut down in 2012, there is only one actively remaining, Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, which is set to shut down in 2024. This paper will examine the decommissioning of SONGS thus far; the first coastal nuclear decommissioning project in California’s stringent permitting process. This project was awarded as a joint venture to AECOM and Energy Solutions, both having experiencing in the field of nuclear decommissioning. This paper will outline what nuclear decommissioning challenges have been in the past; general steps of decommissioning …

Go to article

Aisle Design For Order Picking Operations With Unit-Load Replenishment., Dominic Ian Sleigh Dec 2019

Aisle Design For Order Picking Operations With Unit-Load Replenishment., Dominic Ian Sleigh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The warehouse design problem has been addressed in the last decade with fewer constraints than ever before. Between optimization for unit load and order picking warehouses, the former has had extensively more research performed. Unit load optimization efforts have promised labor savings of 20-22%. Of the existing research for order-picking warehouses, only small improvements of less than 4% have been claimed. We propose the design optimization for order-picking warehouses requires consideration for inherently incurred unit load operations from pallet inbound activities, as well as forward-pick area replenishment. We perform experiments comparing optimization of aisle design using order picking data with …

Go to article

Effects Of Musical Ability On Flight Planning, Situational Awareness, And Flight Path Deviations, Andrew P. Henry Dec 2019

Effects Of Musical Ability On Flight Planning, Situational Awareness, And Flight Path Deviations, Andrew P. Henry

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

Numerous studies have been conducted on music education and the benefits that learning an instrument has on the brain. However, there is little research that connects a pilot’s ability to play an instrument to a pilot’s ability to fly an airplane. When learning an instrument, students learn non-musical abilities, such as executive functions, which may correspond with the skills necessary to be a good pilot. The purpose of this study was to find a relationship between learning a musical instrument and pilot performance, specifically related to flight planning, situational awareness, and flight path deviations. This study was a quasi-experimental design …

Go to article

Correction To: Better Beware: Comparing Metacognition For Phishing And Legitimate Emails (Metacognition And Learning, (2019), 14, 3, (343-362), 10.1007/S11409-019-09197-5), Casey I. Canfield, Baruch Fischhoff, Alex Davis Dec 2019

Correction To: Better Beware: Comparing Metacognition For Phishing And Legitimate Emails (Metacognition And Learning, (2019), 14, 3, (343-362), 10.1007/S11409-019-09197-5), Casey I. Canfield, Baruch Fischhoff, Alex Davis

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The article "Better beware: comparing metacognition for phishing and legitimate emails", written by Casey Inez Canfield, Baruch Fischhoff and Alex Davis, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 20 July 2019 without open access.

Go to article

Predicting The Daily Return Direction Of The Stock Market Using Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms, X. Zhong, David Lee Enke Dec 2019

Predicting The Daily Return Direction Of The Stock Market Using Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms, X. Zhong, David Lee Enke

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Big data analytic techniques associated with machine learning algorithms are playing an increasingly important role in various application fields, including stock market investment. However, few studies have focused on forecasting daily stock market returns, especially when using powerful machine learning techniques, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), to perform the analyses. DNNs employ various deep learning algorithms based on the combination of network structure, activation function, and model parameters, with their performance depending on the format of the data representation. This paper presents a comprehensive big data analytics process to predict the daily return direction of the SPDR S&P 500 …

Go to article

Hedge Fund Replication Using Strategy Specific Factors, Sujit Subhash, David Lee Enke Dec 2019

Hedge Fund Replication Using Strategy Specific Factors, Sujit Subhash, David Lee Enke

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Hedge funds have traditionally served wealthy individuals and institutional investors with the promise of delivering protection of capital and uncorrelated positive returns irrespective of market direction, allowing them to better manage portfolio risk. However, the financial crisis of 2008 has heightened investor sensitivity to the high fees, illiquidity, lack of transparency, and lockup periods typically associated with hedge funds. Hedge fund replication products, or clones, seek to answer these challenges by providing daily liquidity, transparency, and immediate exposure to a desired hedge fund strategy. Nonetheless, although lowering cost and adding simplicity by using a common set of factors, traditional replication …

Go to article

Better Beware: Comparing Metacognition For Phishing And Legitimate Emails, Casey I. Canfield, Baruch Fischhoff, Alex Davis Dec 2019

Better Beware: Comparing Metacognition For Phishing And Legitimate Emails, Casey I. Canfield, Baruch Fischhoff, Alex Davis

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Every electronic message poses some threat of being a phishing attack. If recipients underestimate that threat, they expose themselves, and those connected to them, to identity theft, ransom, malware, or worse. If recipients overestimate that threat, then they incur needless costs, perhaps reducing their willingness and ability to respond over time. In two experiments, we examined the appropriateness of individuals' confidence in their judgments of whether email messages were legitimate or phishing, using calibration and resolution as metacognition metrics. Both experiments found that participants had reasonable calibration but poor resolution, reflecting a weak correlation between their confidence and knowledge. These …

Go to article

Effects Of Resampled Data On Time Series Forecasting Accuracy, Jennifer Garland Dec 2019

Effects Of Resampled Data On Time Series Forecasting Accuracy, Jennifer Garland

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis will look at time series forecasting of the air pollutants in Beijing, China and the power consumption of an individual household located in Sceaux, France. The forecast will be taken from two classical methods, the Holt-Winters’ methods and the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) method. The Holt-Winters’ method will be looked at from the additive, multiplicative and damped methods. The SARIMA model will be looked at as a uni-variate model. In this thesis, it will be shown that less complex algorithms, such as the Holt-Winters’ methods can process larger data sets without the need of resampling, and …

Go to article

Assessing The Repeatability Of Clinical Tests In People With And Without Flexion-Induced Neck Pain, Ashton Human Dec 2019

Assessing The Repeatability Of Clinical Tests In People With And Without Flexion-Induced Neck Pain, Ashton Human

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The accessibility of mobile technology has improved productivity but can contribute to musculoskeletal disorders due to the posture associated with using such devices. Neck flexion, a posture assumed by smartphone users, has been shown as a risk factor for the development of clinical neck pain if sustained for prolonged periods. Determining the individuals who are naturally more predisposed to develop flexion-induced neck pain can aid in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the repeatability of clinical tests between trials over the course of two days in young adults who do and …

Go to article

Deep Learning Models For Visibility Forecasting, Luz Carolina Ortega Gomez Dec 2019

Deep Learning Models For Visibility Forecasting, Luz Carolina Ortega Gomez

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation addresses the task of visibility forecasting via deep learning models using data from weather stations. Visibility is one of the most critical weather impacts on transportation systems. Low visibility conditions can seriously impact safety and traffic operations, leading to adverse scenarios, causing accidents, and jeopardizing transportation systems. Accurate visibility forecasting plays a key role in decision-making and management of transportation systems. However, due to the complexity and variability of weather variables, visibility forecasting remains a highly challenging task and a matter of significant interest for transportation agencies nationwide. This dissertation explores the use of deep learning models for …

Go to article

Deep Brain Stimulation: Prediction Model For Volume Of Tissue Stimulated, Melissa Jones, Tarun Goswami Nov 2019

Deep Brain Stimulation: Prediction Model For Volume Of Tissue Stimulated, Melissa Jones, Tarun Goswami

Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering Faculty Publications

An attempt has been made to understand deep brain stimulation in humans via marketable devices that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The electrode characteristics were presented to influence the volume of tissue stimulated. Experimental data were digitized and VTS data were presented a function of electrode diameter, aspect ratio, applied current, pulse duration, voltage and frequency. Amongst other trends voltage and VTS were found to exhibit a three-stage relation, where Stage II characteristics were represented by a linear equation. It is in this stage, the VTS was found to be stable and where the most effective …

Go to article

Robust And Self-Synchronous Steganography For Voice-Over-Ip Based On Ldpc Codes, Zhanzhan Gao, Guangming Tang, Haitao Song Nov 2019

Robust And Self-Synchronous Steganography For Voice-Over-Ip Based On Ldpc Codes, Zhanzhan Gao, Guangming Tang, Haitao Song

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: VoIP (Voice over IP) is a kind of voice communication technology based on UDP/IP protocols, so packet loss will inevitably happen when the channel environment deteriorates. Besides that, stego VoIP data flows are real-time and have no head or tail, which pose more challenges to accurately extract the secret messages. This paper proposes a robust and self-synchronous VoIP steganography method, which solves the above two problems under the premise of maintaining good imperceptibility. In this method, low density parity check (LDPC) codes are introduced to preprocess the secret data, and the encoded data are embedded into voice …

Go to article

No-Collision Curling Trajectory Simulation System, Tian Yu, Xu Ming Nov 2019

No-Collision Curling Trajectory Simulation System, Tian Yu, Xu Ming

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In just a few decades, China’s curling accomplished splendid work. But it’s scientific research falling behind a lot. Applying computer simulation technology in sports training can effectively help the athletes to understand the problems that exist in the training. When curling stone slides on the ice, it can be regarded as two-dimensional motion of rigid body, which can be decomposed into two parts: translation of the center of mass and rotation of a fixed axis around the center of mass. Using computer simulation technology to simulate the curling trajectory, and with the help of this system, the athletes can …

Go to article

Locally Weighted Learning Control For Dynamic Restricted Manipulators, Wang Gang, Tairen Sun, Shengpei Ding Nov 2019

Locally Weighted Learning Control For Dynamic Restricted Manipulators, Wang Gang, Tairen Sun, Shengpei Ding

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper proposes a locally weighted learning control law for a manipulator with state and input constraints and modeling uncertainties. By visualizing the control input as an extended state, the control problem is converted into control design for a state-constraint uncertain nonlinear system. Barrier Lyapunov functions are introduced into a backstepping procedure and a locally weighted learning control is designed, which ensures the exponential convergence of the barrier functions to a small neighborhood of zero and then guarantees satisfaction of system constraints and the tracking error convergence. The control feasibility and effectiveness is validated by theoretical analysis and …

Go to article

Simulation Analysis Of Vehicle Electromagnetic Environment Under Excitation Of Vhf Antenna, Xiaoying Sun, Hanqing Wang, Jinpeng Yang, Zhao Yu Nov 2019

Simulation Analysis Of Vehicle Electromagnetic Environment Under Excitation Of Vhf Antenna, Xiaoying Sun, Hanqing Wang, Jinpeng Yang, Zhao Yu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the issue of distribution regularity of field strength in vehicle cab under excitation of vehicle-borne high-power VHF antenna, a method of numerical simulation combining with extreme value theory to predict maximum field strength is proposed, which minimizes sample collecting difficulty and fitting deviation. CST simulation software is applied to get field strength sample in vehicle cab, and generalized extreme value (GEV) is used to fitting entire field strength distribution. peak over threshold (POT) model based on Generalized Pareto distribution is used to research high field strength value sample statistical characteristics. Resultsshow that under antenna excitation of 92.5 …

Go to article

Ti-A* Based Multi-Robot Dynamic Planning And Coordination Method, Zhao Ping, Xinyu Lei, Bozhi Chen, Jiaoyun Yang Nov 2019

Ti-A* Based Multi-Robot Dynamic Planning And Coordination Method, Zhao Ping, Xinyu Lei, Bozhi Chen, Jiaoyun Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Multiple robots path planning problem in dynamic environment is one of the significant and basic problems of cluster robot perception and coordination. The planning problem is decomposed into two modules: the path planning and the conflict coordination. By introducing time-cost function, the Time Integrated A* algorithm (TI-A*) is introduced. Variable speed is employed simultaneously to coordinate the motion and hereby to avoid the deadlock and conflict. By adjusting the timing when the coordination phase is involved, two different coordination TI-A* algorithms are presented, including the speed-changing algorithm and path-changing algorithm. The two algorithms are compared and the respective …

Go to article

Integrated Simulation Optimization Of Hard Shoulder Running Combined With Speed Harmonization, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li Nov 2019

Integrated Simulation Optimization Of Hard Shoulder Running Combined With Speed Harmonization, Ruimin Li, Ye Zhen, Bin Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: We have a study on hard shoulder running (HSR) combined with speed harmonization. The breakdown events were screened out during the study period from massive detector data. The impact of hard shoulder volume on breakdown probabilities was analyzed. The nonparametric breakdown probabilities distribution model and logistic regression model were put forward based on highway mainline traffic volume, hard shoulder volume and ramp volume from the study case which was divided into three factors-basic segment, on-ramp merging segment and off-ramp diverging segment. The speed harmonization and HSR were optimized through reducing the traffic breakdown probabilities of a congested traffic network. …

Go to article

Simulation Estimation On Directional Green-Wave Traffic Control In Nanning City, Yiman Du, Hongfan Su, Chen Yu, Longfei Liu, Jianping Wu Nov 2019

Simulation Estimation On Directional Green-Wave Traffic Control In Nanning City, Yiman Du, Hongfan Su, Chen Yu, Longfei Liu, Jianping Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Due to the noticeable development of Nanning city, traffic congestion has become a serious problem, especially during the peak hours along the Binhu road. The development of Nanning city is restricted by the imbalance distribution of traffic flow. In order to ease the overload burden of traffic along the Binhu road during the peak hours, the current problems are analyzed and some solutions with directional green-wave traffic control are proposed. Traffic microscopic simulation software is used to estimate the improvement between before and after implementations of the solutions.

Go to article

Multi-Agent Modeling And Simulation On China's Marine Energy Channel Security, Yongchen Guo, Shen Yang Nov 2019

Multi-Agent Modeling And Simulation On China's Marine Energy Channel Security, Yongchen Guo, Shen Yang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Security factors influencing China's offshore energy channel are analyzed, and the actual situation of China's oil import and transportation is described. Based on multi-agent modeling and simulation method, and starting at the micro level, the energy transport process is simulated and a multi-agent model of China's offshore energy channel (middle east lines) is built; and the simulation program on the NetLogo platform is conducted. The results show that the quantity of China’s VLCC is far from enough; the security impact of tropical cyclones is more serious than that of pirates; the increase proportion of carrier’s quantity is usually lower …

Go to article

Simulation Of Gas-Liquid Mixing Flow In A Stirred Tank With Inverted Umbrella-Type Surface Aerator, Wenli Wei, Weili Lou, Panpan Li, Yuling Liu Nov 2019

Simulation Of Gas-Liquid Mixing Flow In A Stirred Tank With Inverted Umbrella-Type Surface Aerator, Wenli Wei, Weili Lou, Panpan Li, Yuling Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The way of computational fluid dynamics with k-ε turbulence model as well as multiple reference frame method was used to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of gas-liquid mixing flow in a stirred tank installed with an inverted umbrella-type surface aerator. The inverted umbrella aerator consists of eight blades, and rotates at 5.23rad/s. The main purpose of this simulation is to study the distributions of air volume fraction and characteristics of mixing flow. The simulation results show that the distribution of the mixing flow is symmetrical; the change rules of the gas distribution at different positions along the axis direction are …

Go to article

Parameter Matching Optimization Of Pure Electric Vehicle Based On Firefly Algorithm, Li Yan, Yigang He Nov 2019

Parameter Matching Optimization Of Pure Electric Vehicle Based On Firefly Algorithm, Li Yan, Yigang He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the design requirements and technical index of pure electric vehicle, the parameters of motor and battery related to power and economic performance are selected based on the computing results. Based on ADVISOR, a vehicle model of pure electric vehicle is established in MATLAB environment with the corresponding parameters validating the simulation results. On this basis, the multi-objective function is established, which includes the power performance, economic performance and cost price. This function is optimized by the firefly algorithm, which makes the dynamic parameters, the dynamic performance and economy performance of pure electric vehicle be improved significantly and …

Go to article

Colored Petri Net Based Modeling On Warship Command And Control Information Flow, Xueguang Zhou, Weidong Lü, Zhimin Yuan Nov 2019

Colored Petri Net Based Modeling On Warship Command And Control Information Flow, Xueguang Zhou, Weidong Lü, Zhimin Yuan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the current problems of the complexity, influence of human factors, reusability and others, this paper built a warship command and control (C2) information flow model and obtained the warship C2 model with command and feedback information flow. This paper also defined standard information flow and position structure, and solved the reusing issue. The authenticity of information flow guaranteed the objectivity of this model, which met the demands of different kinds of vessels, and promoted the compactness and fitness between C2 system and warship reality on the model level.

Go to article

Identification And Prediction Of Room Temperature Delay Neural Network Model For Vav Air Conditioning, Xiuming Li, Jili Zhang, Tianyi Zhao, Tingting Chen Nov 2019

Identification And Prediction Of Room Temperature Delay Neural Network Model For Vav Air Conditioning, Xiuming Li, Jili Zhang, Tianyi Zhao, Tingting Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of mathematical description for dynamic response characteristic of indoor temperature time-delay system, the fundamental principle of neural network model identification is introduced in regulation process of variable air volume (VAV) air conditioning system. Considering the model structure of Elman neural network, this paper presents an optimal selection algorithm for layer delay coefficient in order to determine delay time between indoor temperature and regulation parameters; and a multiple-step prediction model of indoor temperature time-delay system based on Elman neural network is built. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through the simulation experiment.

Go to article

Design Of Adaptive Predictive Controller For Superheated Steam Temperature Control, Qian Hong, Yuqing Feng Nov 2019

Design Of Adaptive Predictive Controller For Superheated Steam Temperature Control, Qian Hong, Yuqing Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An adaptive model predictive controller for overheating steam temperature control of thermal power plants is designed, which is based on the control object with large delay, large inertia, nonlinearity and strong time-varying properties. Through the on-line identification and control of different models, compared with predictive controllers in a general model, in terms of adjusting the superheat steam temperature, the adjusting time can be shortened drastically, the overshoot can be reduced or even eliminated, and the dynamic performance is improved greatly when applying in adaptive model predictive controller. The results show that the adaptive model predictive controller, because of its …

Go to article

Smart Design And Simulation Of Aerospace Control System Based On Digital Twin, Xiaoxiang Liu, Tang Liang, Haibo Zeng, Yubai Liu, Xinbang Zhang Nov 2019

Smart Design And Simulation Of Aerospace Control System Based On Digital Twin, Xiaoxiang Liu, Tang Liang, Haibo Zeng, Yubai Liu, Xinbang Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In accordance with the demand for intelligent development of spacecraft, and on the basis of the existing model-driven aerospace control design and simulation system, the new technological architectures using the digital twin and digital thread technique are carried out to achieve intelligent scheme design, simulation verification and in-orbit analysis. Employing the intelligent interconnection concept of cyber-physical systems, the space-ground integrated big data analysis and knowledge automation system are proposed. Based on this, the practical application scenarios are put forward through the full development flow and the entire life cycle. Not only it covers the smart application of information technology, …

Go to article

Spatiotemporal Characteristics Of Air Pollutants, Meteorology And Traffic During Heavy Haze Pollution In Beijing, Dongmei Hu, Jianping Wu, Kun Tian, Lüchao Liao, Yiman Du Nov 2019

Spatiotemporal Characteristics Of Air Pollutants, Meteorology And Traffic During Heavy Haze Pollution In Beijing, Dongmei Hu, Jianping Wu, Kun Tian, Lüchao Liao, Yiman Du

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: We analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollutants, meteorology, and average road speed during a heavy haze pollution period; and explored the combined impacts of temporary traffic restrictions and meteorological conditions on air quality. The results showed that five pollution stages were identified with remarkable variation patterns based on the evolution of PM2.5 concentration and weather conditions; and it also showed that the southern sites experienced heavier pollution than the northern sites. Stage P3 exhibited a combined effect of meteorology and traffic restrictions with delayed functions. A good AQI was more likely with higher temperature and lower humidity. …

Go to article

Stereo Matching Based On Enhanced Message Passing For Investigation Of Traffic Accident Scenes, Jingzhou Huang, Houpan Zhou, Liliang Wang, Xiaofang Huang, Li Na Nov 2019

Stereo Matching Based On Enhanced Message Passing For Investigation Of Traffic Accident Scenes, Jingzhou Huang, Houpan Zhou, Liliang Wang, Xiaofang Huang, Li Na

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The investigation of traffic accident scenes requires restoring real scenes in a given time, and it can be implemented through binocular vision technique. For its core procedure—stereo matching, we studied the popular hierarchical belief propagation (HBP) algorithm and presented an improved approach which contained two modules: optimization in the native level and cost transmission between adjacent levels. The optimization ability is improved by enhancing the impact of message passing within and between levels for estimating disparities of unmatched points and correcting wrong disparities. Experiment results show that the optimization ability of the improved approach has been enhanced, and …

Go to article

Visual Simulation Of Dynamic Burning Scene Of Single Plant, Weilong Ding, Linfeng Luo, Zheng Lei, Fuli Wu, Lifeng Xu Nov 2019

Visual Simulation Of Dynamic Burning Scene Of Single Plant, Weilong Ding, Linfeng Luo, Zheng Lei, Fuli Wu, Lifeng Xu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: At present, the research of the interactive process between plants and the flame mainly focuses on the visual simulation of forest fire scenario, but it is lack of the study on description of the interaction of individual plants and flame in detail. Aiming at this issue, this paper proposed a visual solution to model the process of a single plant burning. We established a plant model based on the branch node relationship and used particle system to model the flame. We set up a distance temperature field around a flame by using bounding sphere, and used a collision …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last